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UNIT 1 Introduction To Microprocessor Components of A Microprocessor

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20 views

UNIT 1 Introduction To Microprocessor Components of A Microprocessor

MPI note

Uploaded by

kinjalbenanilbhaisolanki
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIT:1

Introduction to Microprocessor Components


of a Microprocessor
Outline:
Introduction to Microprocessor, Components of a

Microprocessor

Registers, ALU and control & timing, System bus

(data, address and control bus),

Microprocessor systems with bus organization


Introduction to Microprocessor
What is a Microprocessor?
The microprocessor is mostly used in embedded control applications such as
household applications, automobiles, and computer peripherals.

It is an integrated electronic circuit that controls all functions of the CPU, or


central processing unit, of a computer or other digital devices.

The entire function of the CPU is controlled by a single integrated circuit that
accepts binary data as input and processes that data according to the given
instructions then generates the output.

This processor contains millions of tiny components like transistors,


registers, and diodes.
The block diagram of this processor is shown in the
below figure:
The microprocessors are made by silicon or germanium. Silicon and germanium are
semiconductors, almost all electronic components are made by these semiconductors.

Generations of Microprocessor

There are five generations of this processor that mainly include the following.

First Generation Microprocessor: The first generation processors are 4 – bit microprocessor
introduced in 1971 – 1972.

Second Generation Microprocessor: The second-generation processors are 8 – bit


microprocessor introduced in 1973.

Third Generation Microprocessor: The third-generation processors are 16 – bit


microprocessor introduced in 1978.

Fourth Generation Microprocessor: The fourth-generation processors are 32 – bit


microprocessors.

Fifth Generation Microprocessor: The fifth-generation processors are 64 – bit


microprocessor.
Microprocessor structure
Working of Microprocessor
To get the output, the first microprocessor fetches the instructions from the computer memory
and then decodes it and executes those instructions as a result in a binary form. The power of
the given microprocessor is measured in terms of bits.

This processor executes the instruction using the following steps :

• Fetching (IF): It is the first step of the microprocessor which fetches the instruction from the
memory.

• Decoding (ID): It is the second step of the microprocessor used to decodes the instruction.

• Executing (EX): It is the last step of this processor that executes the instructions and the
output.
Types of Microprocessors
Components of the Microprocessor

ALU (Arithmetic logic unit)

Control unit,

Input-output devices,

Register array.
ALU (arithmetic logic unit) performs both arithmetic and logical operations.

Arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplications, divisions,

and logical operations such as NOR, AND, NAND, OR, XOR, NOT, XNOR, etc.

The control unit is used to control the instructions and it generates the signals

to operate the other components.

The register array consists of registers. Registers that are used by the

programmer to store arbitrary data are known as general-purpose registers and

the registers which are not used by a programmer to store the data are known as

the reserved registers.

Input-output devices are used to transfer data between microcomputers and

external devices.
Microprocessor systems with bus organization

A bus organization is a group of conducting wires which carries information,


all the peripherals are connected to microprocessor through the bus. A system
bus is nothing just a group of wires to carry bits.

The MPU (Micro Processing Unit) performs primarily four operations :

Memory Read: Read data (or instructions) from memory.

Memory Write: Write data (or instructions) into memory.

I/O Read: Accepts data from I/P devices.

I/O Write: Sends data to O/P devices.


The diagram to represent the bus organization of
8085 microprocessor is given below:-

fig:- Bus organization of 8085


microprocessor
Types of Bus in the microprocessor are:-
• Address Bus
• Data Bus
• Control Bus
1) Address Bus:-
The address bus carries information about the location of data in the memory. The
addresses bus is unidirectional because of data flow in one direction, from the
microprocessor to memory or from the microprocessor to input/out devices.
Length of Address bus of 8085 microprocessor is 16 bit (That is, four hexadecimal
digits), ranging from 0000H to FFFF H. The microprocessor 8085 can transfer maximum
16-bit address which means it can address 65,536 different memory location i.e 64KB
memory.
Address Bus is used to perform the first function, identifying a peripheral or a memory
location.
2) Data Bus:-
The data bus allows data to travel between the microprocessor (CPU) and memory
(RAM). The data bus is bidirectional because of data flow in both directions, from the
microprocessor to memory or input/output devices and from memory or
input/output devices to microprocessors. Length of Data bus of 8085 microprocessor
is 8 bit (that is, two hexadecimal Digits0, ranging from 00H to FF H.
The data bus is used to perform the second function, transferring binary information.

3) Control Bus:-
The control bus carries the control signals to control all the associated peripherals, the
microprocessor uses control bus to process data, that is what to do with selected
memory location signals are:-
a. memory card
b. memory write
c. input/output , write.
THANK YOU

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