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CSS English Essay CSS PMS

Preparations
By Prof. Syed Hasnain Jilani

Panacea Institute CSS PMS & all Competitive Exams Multan 0300-80-70-666

CSS Essay
1. Understanding Syllabus and Paper Instructions
2. Understanding General Instructions
3. How to choose a topic?
4. How to evaluate Past Papers?
5. What is Pre-writing?
6. What is the structure of an essay?
7. What are the components of an Essay?
8. How to write an outline
9. How to write an Introduction
10. How to write Paragraphs
11. How to write a conclusion

1. Understanding Paper Instructions

NOTE: (i) Make an outline and write a COMPREHENSIVE ESSAY (2500-3000) on any ONE of the given
topics. Make sure you use different forms of discourses, e.g. exposition, argumentation,
description and narration. Credit will be given for organization, relevance and clarity.
(ii) No Page/Space be left blank between the answer. All the blank pages of answer book
must be crossed.

What is a discourse?
1. Connected speech or writing (Mw)
2. Communication in speech or writing about a particular subject or topic. (Cam)
3. A long and serious treatment or discussion of a subject in speech or writing (Ox)
What is exposition in an essay?
1. Information:
The purpose of expository writing in essays is to provide information or to explain a topic,
without expressing the writer’s biases.
2. Facts, Examples, Evidences
In expository essays, the writer supports his stance by providing relevant facts, examples, case
studies, statistical data etc.
3. Analysis and Explanation:
The expository writer presents an analysis or explanation of a particular topic.
4. Organization: COBWEB
An expository essay should revolve around the main argument. It means each paragraph
should address a specific aspect of the topic.
5. Formal and Objective:
The tone of expository writing in essays is often formal and objective. The writer should avoid
using personal pronouns.

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CSS English Essay CSS PMS
Preparations
By Prof. Syed Hasnain Jilani

Panacea Institute CSS PMS & all Competitive Exams Multan 0300-80-70-666

6. Clear, simple and precise language

What is argumentation in an essay?

An Argumentative discourse may have the following characteristics:
1. Statement
2. Logic
3. Evidence
4. Reasoning
5. Counterarguments and contradictions
6. Rebuttal

Example:
Title: Not Economy, but Politics is the Key to Success
1. Statement:
Although economy is vital for prosperity, politics plays a significant role in shaping the fate of a
nation.
2. Logic:
Politics is a process for making decisions and implementing policies. It directly influences the
efficiency of the economy.
3. Evidence-1:
Nelson Mandela’s visionary leadership in South Africa played a crucial role in the country's
transition into a democratic and economically prosperous country.
4. Evidence-2:
The political policies implemented by Scandinavian countries have led to equality, justice,
educational excellence and economic success.
5. Reasoning -1:
Stable political process creates a steady environment for businesses. Rule of law, and transparent
institutions attract investments, and increase economic growth.
6. Reasoning -2:
Steady political environment improve infrastructure, healthcare, and education, which have a
strong impact on human capital development.
5. Counterarguments:
It is also considered that the economy's performance directly determines political success. A
strong economy can enhance a nation's standing in national and international affairs.
6. Rebuttal: Though a strong economy is essential for a nation’s success, yet without strong political
decisions and governance economic projects may stagger.

What is Narration in an essay?

Narration in an essay involves: (1) a series of events, (2) happenings, (3) background information,
(4) examples, or (5) case studies.

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CSS English Essay CSS PMS
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Panacea Institute CSS PMS & all Competitive Exams Multan 0300-80-70-666

What is description in an essay?

“Description” in an essay involves the detailed description of: (1) a series of events, (2)
happenings, (3) background information, (4) examples, or (5) case studies.
1. Description in an essay refers to the use of sensory details and vivid language to create a
mental image of a person, place, object, or event for the reader.

What is Organization in an essay?

1. No grammar, punctuation and spelling mistakes
2. Statement, logic, evidence and reasoning
3. Smooth transition of Paragraphs
4. No repetition of thoughts or words
5. Argumentative Balance
6. Consistent tone and style

Topic: Boys will be Boys (2023)

Paragraph-1
"Boys will be boys" seems to be a justification for certain set of behaviour young males adopt. It means
actions, like bossiness, stubbornness, and rudeness, are inherent traits in boys and should be expected
and accepted. However, it is imperative to examine the consequences of such a concept critically. Gender
differences should not be a blanket excuse for irresponsible behaviour. Society progresses if harmful
gender stereotypes are discouraged.

Paragraph-2: Please Compare

Okay, so there's this thing people say, you know, "boys will be boys." It's like, they use it to excuse what
guys do. But is that really okay? We should all be held accountable for our actions, right? It's just not fair
to let boys do whatever they want just because they're boys. So, let's, like, teach them to be better and
stuff, and not use this saying to make excuses. We gotta, like, change the way we think about boys and
how we raise them, you know?
What is Relevance in an essay?
1. Introduction, arguments and conclusion
2. Statement, logic, evidence and reasoning
3. No interpolation
4. Paragraphs should embrace the main argument

Topic: People have become overly dependent on technology (2023)

Paragraph-1
Modern man feels incomplete rather handicapped without the use of technology. Relying on gadgets for
ordinary tasks has increased. This dependence has resulted in both physical, mental and behavioural
dilemmas, among which diffidence, lack of self-reliance and weak relational intimacy are some. This digital
and technological life can be led fruitfully if humans don’t become slaves to their own creations, and if
they ensure a balance in their lives.

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CSS English Essay CSS PMS
Preparations
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Panacea Institute CSS PMS & all Competitive Exams Multan 0300-80-70-666

Paragraph-2 (Please Compare)

In the ancient kingdom of Eldoria, a civilization flourished without modern technology. Citizens lived in
harmony with nature. The absence of advanced gadgets and digital communication did not hinder their
progress. Eldorians developed strong interpersonal connections through face-to-face interactions and
written correspondence. On the other hand, the rest of the world progressed with technological
advancements, Eldoria found joy in the simplicity of life.

What is Clarity in an essay

1. No grammar, punctuation and spelling mistakes
2. Clear stance
3. Strong arguments
4. Well-structured paragraphs
5. Simple and clear sentences
6. Proof-reading and editing

Topic: The one who uses force is afraid of reasoning (2023)

Paragraph-1
Use of force is rooted in a deficiency to convince others. Reasoning demands intellectual exertion which
many are unable to make. Though making arguments is tough, yet it enables to understand and digest
contradictory concepts. Thus, it favours nonviolent conflict resolution and develops an environment of
mutual respect. On the other hand, force can oppress but cannot resolve. All wars end into peace through
talks and agreements. Past and present instances can analyzed to demonstrate the effectiveness of logical
reasoning and diplomacy. This enables both individuals and nations to overcome challenges and promote
harmony.
Paragraph-2 (Please Compare)
This topic is quite interesting, and it talks about people who use force being afraid of reasoning. Using
force is bad, and we shouldn't do it because it's not right. People who use force are weak and don't want
to listen to others' opinions. It's better to use reasoning and have a discussion instead of resorting to
force. If we use reasoning, we can solve problems peacefully and have a better understanding of each
other. Force is not the answer; it only leads to more problems. We should all try to be more reasonable
and avoid using force. In conclusion, using force shows that someone is afraid of reasoning, and it's not
the right way to handle situations.

Understanding Syllabus Instructions

Candidates are expected to reflect comprehensive and research-based knowledge on a selected topic.
Candidate’s articulation, expression and technical treatment of the style of English Essay writing will be
examined.

1. What is Comprehensive and research based knowledge in an essay?

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CSS English Essay CSS PMS
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Panacea Institute CSS PMS & all Competitive Exams Multan 0300-80-70-666

1. To explore various aspects of the topic

2. Events, reports, books, opinions, statistical data etc.
3. Authentic sources
4. Unbiased and critical approach
2. What is articulation in an essay?
1. Proper grammar, spelling and punctuation
2. Clarity, organization, relevance
3. What is expression in an essay?
All characteristics
4. What is technical treatment of the style in essay?
1. Beginning middle and End
2. Paragraph organization
3. Transitions
4. Objectivity

Common Characteristics of Syllabus and Paper Instructions

1. Comprehensive Well Researched Essay
2. Exposition, argumentation, description and narration
3. Organization, relevance and clarity
4. Articulation and expression
5. Technical treatment of the style of English Essay

2. Understanding General Instructions

1. Total words required: 2500/3000 (1200-2400)

2. Stopwatch Test
Average speed: 1 minute [20 words]
[1 hour – 1200] and [2 hours – 2400]
3. Total line of CSS answer sheet = 27
4. Average word per line: 5
5. Average words per page: 120
6. Total leaves of the sheet: 11
7. Target time: 2:00 Hours
8. Grammar Mistakes (BAN)
9. Vocabulary Mistakes (BAN)
10. I, We, You Family (BAN)
11. Personal Experiences (BAN)
12. Headings in the Essay (BAN)
a. Topic
b. Outline

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CSS English Essay CSS PMS
Preparations
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Panacea Institute CSS PMS & all Competitive Exams Multan 0300-80-70-666

c. Essay
13. Commencement and Conclusion with a quote (BAN)
14. Cutting in introduction and conclusion (BAN)
15. Bullets numbering, maps, diagrams, charts (BAN)
16. How to cut the misstakes or misstakes mistakes and √ insert words in the line?
17. New Paragraph starts from the middle
18. Magnitude of the Paragraph (Every page should witness a New Para)
19. Quotation Margins and citation
20. Left Alignment
21. What to highlight if necessary
22. Where to write the topic?
23. Capital and small letters in the topic
24. Difference between topic and prompt
25. Recheck: At least Beginning and end
26. Diction, tone and style of the essay
27. Gap between the words, angle and size
28. Note: Don’t leave any data heirless

3. How to choose a topic?

1. Statement form and Prompt Understanding:

a. Choose the topic whose underlying prompt you understand clearly.
b. For example, the form of “Gender equality is a Myth-2016” conceals a prompt which
triggers a debate whether gender equality is a realistic concept or not. Or equality has
been given to all genders?
2. Deconstruction and Cartography:
a. Choose the topic which you can easily deconstruct and whose argument cartography
clearly occurs to your mind.
3. Introduction and Conclusion - Expression:
a. Choose the topic on which you can write an expressionistic contention and conclusion.
Don’t be afraid that almost every candidate would be writing essay on the same topic as
you have chosen. The expression in your contention and your strong stance will make the
difference.
4. Subject Matter:
Choose the topic for which you can produce as much external data as possible. The external data
would make you interpret, criticize and evaluate the prompt.
5. Broad scope:
Be careful in choosing broad scope or open-ended topics; they are difficult to narrow down. For
example “Meaning and Purpose of Education” is a broad scope topic. Such topics are too demanding.
Try to choose those topics which demand debate, analysis, evaluation, interpretation and sift-
application. For example, “What are the hurdles in our way to becoming a truly independent state?”

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CSS English Essay CSS PMS
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Panacea Institute CSS PMS & all Competitive Exams Multan 0300-80-70-666

is a topic which can be thinned down, and cartography can be applied on it. BUT, it doesn’t mean that
broad scope topics are not attemptable. Keen deconstruction, expressionistic contention and
systematic arguments can justify such topics.
6. Previously written Essays:
Choose those topics on which or on whose aspects you have already written essays. Familiarity
with the topic will make you write efficiently.
7. Analysis, Interpretation and critical comments:
While deconstructing the topic, and making cartography, think about the possible analysis,
interpretation and critical comments. This will facilitate you to write effortlessly.

4. Statistical Data of the past Papers (18 Years)

CSS ESSAY 2023-1

No Topic Essay Type Statistics
1. Instruction in youth is like engraving in stone. Creative
2. The one who uses force is afraid of reasoning. Creative
3. Not all recycling projects are cost-effective. Factual
4. The fool speaks, and the wise listen. Creative
5. A friend walks in when everyone else walks out. Creative Factual
6. Online learning is not only convenient but often more effective Factual 5
than traditional classroom instruction. Creative
7. To encourage healthy eating, higher taxes should be imposed on Factual 5
soft drinks and junk food.
8. People have become overly dependent on technology. Factual
9. Both parents should assume equal responsibility in raising a child. Creative
10. Boys will be boys. Factual

CSS ESSAY 2022-2

No Topic Essay Type Statistics
1. An analysis of the concept of globalization of markets. Factual Factual
2. Digital democracy: social media and political participation. Factual 9
3. Global trade and trade policies of China. Factual Creative

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Panacea Institute CSS PMS & all Competitive Exams Multan 0300-80-70-666

4. “Imagination is more important than knowledge”. Creative 1

5. Global politics and international relations. Factual
6. The controversial issues of feminism in contemporary women’s Factual
rights movements.
7. World food systems: the economics of agriculture. Factual
8. Is there such a thing as ethical consumerism? Factual
9. Human development and economic sustainability. Factual
10. How are terrorism and its perception shaped by the Mass Media? Factual

CSS ESSAY 2021-3

No Topic Essay Type Statistics
1. Do not waste water even if you were at a running stream. Factual
2. Meaning purposive education. Factual
3. COVID-19: A wake-up call for Pakistani researchers. Factual
4. Human inventions move societies backward. Factual
Factual
5. Universal human equality is utopic. Factual
9
6. Bureaucracy doldrums. Factual
Creative
7. Gender equality: A popular slogan. Factual
1
8. Pros and cons of globalization. Factual
9. Intercultural communication is a panacea to avoid the 3rd world Factual
war.
10. I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed. Creative

CSS ESSAY 2020-4

No Topic Essay Type Statistics
1. Do We really need literature in our lives? Literature
2. Women universities as agents of change. Factual
3. Pakistan and the future of Kashmir cause. Factual
4. Polarized politics: the issues and challenges of democracy in Factual
Pakistan. Factual
5. Global power dynamics and Pakistan’s foreign policy. Factual 9
6. Pakistan’s informal economy: the way forward Factual Creative
7. Promoting tourism in Pakistan: opportunities and challenges. Factual 1
8. I do not agree with what you have to say, but I’ll defend to the Creative
death your right to say it.
9. Is Pakistan ready for the digital revolution? Factual
10. IMF bailouts: roads to stability or recipes for disaster. Factual

CSS ESSAY 2019-5

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CSS English Essay CSS PMS
Preparations
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Panacea Institute CSS PMS & all Competitive Exams Multan 0300-80-70-666

No Topic Essay Type Statistics

1. Let there be more light in the corridors of worship places. Factual Factual 7
(Exposition) Creative 3

Exposition:
1. How I understood the topic
2. What is my stance
3. What I am going to write in the essay

Tolerance and optimism promise prosperity for a society and a

nation. Religious places can be the centres of training and
development for almost everyone. If the worshippers are taught
hope, brotherhood and equality, the task of the government of
bringing peace would be better.
2. New war fronts lie in economic zones. (Argument) Factual
3. Urdu Literature and Progressive Movement Factual
4. Art for Peace Creative
5. Truth is lived, not taught. Creative
6. New waves of feminism and our culture. (Opinion) Factual
7. Democracy and illiteracy do not move together. (Argument) Factual
8. Sometimes we do not see what we see. (Exposition) Creative
9. Expanding information technology: A curse or blessing. Factual
(Argument)
10. Class rooms decide the future of the nation. (Opinion) Factual

CSS ESSAY 2018-6

No Topic Essay Type Statistics
1. Real development should transform people’s lives, not just Factual
economic statistics.
2. Higher education in Pakistan: Ills and Remedies Factual
3. Too many of us are not living our dreams because we are living Creative
our fears.
Factual 8
4. China – Pakistan Economic corridor (CPEC) and its socio- Factual
Creative 2
economic implications for the region and the world.
5. Beware the barrenness of a busy life. Creative
6. The emerging power of social media: Prospects and Problems. Factual
7. In the fight against terrorism and corruption, it is imperative not Factual
to compromise human rights and civil liberties.
8. The threat of global warming and the ways to counter it. Factual
9. Will “rule of law” always remain an impracticable myth in our Factual
country?

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10. Democracy in Pakistan: Hopes and Hurdles. Factual

CSS ESSAY 2017-7

No Topic Essay Type Statistics
1 Is colonial mentality impeding Pakistan’s Progress? Factual
2 Brexit means globalization is the rhetoric of the privileged, and Factual
capitalism will return ferociously as ever.
3 More and more international military engagements by the United Factual Factual 4
Nations; is the world moving towards peace? Creative 6
4 Modernity is an unending project. Creative
5 Feminism is not really a third world issue. Creative
6 Literature is a lonely planet of idealists. Creative
7 Being a minority is a fate no one wants. Can nationalism be really Factual
inclusive?
8 Ideologies thrive on notions of resistance, yet change is a Creative
simulation.
9 Are modern wars not holy wars? Creative
10 Life without controversy is no life. But why one should not Creative
choose the safe haven of conformism?

CSS ESSAY 2016-8

No Topic Essay Type Statistics
1 World as a global village: Learning to live together Factual
2 We have to learn to be our best friends, because we fall too Creative
easily into the trap of being our own worst enemies.
3 Water crisis and national unity Factual
4 The place of Urdu in Pakistan and supreme court’s ruling on Factual
making Urdu the official language of the country.
Factual 8
5 Crisis of good governance in Pakistan: Need for reforms and Factual
Creative 2
institution building.
6 Promotion of tax culture in Pakistan, perspective, prospects and Factual
challenges.
7 Gender equality is a myth. Factual
8 The creation of new provinces in Pakistan: implications for an Factual
integrated country
9 Does foreign aid help to achieve economic stability? Factual
10 Frailty, thy name is women. Creative

CSS ESSAY 2015-9

No Topic Essay Type Statistics

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CSS English Essay CSS PMS
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1 The war on terror has contributed to the growing abuse of Factual

human rights.
2 Anticipation is often greater than realization
3 Punctuality is virtue of bored.
4 The introduction of new digital technologies has radically altered Factual
identities
5 In a hierarchy, every employee tends to rise to his level of
incompetence
6 I disapprove what you say, but I defend to death your right to
say.
Factual 4
7 Luxury of predecessors become the necessity of successors
Creative 6
8 When life throws you lemons, make lemonade.
9 Government should eliminate subsidies and incentives for Factual
manufacturers and consumers of electric cars as they are costly
and do not do enough to protect environment.
10 Labour saving devices are more troublesome than they worth. Factual

CSS ESSAY 2014-10

No Topic Essay Type Statistics
1 Literature as a great cultural artifact
2 Language is a fit data for research in humanities and social Factual
science.
3 Privatizing higher education generating knowledge or making Factual
more money for the opulent
4 Women sportspersons are new ambassadors of the soft image of Factual Factual 5
Pakistan Creative 5
5 Post modern ethos – a challenge to the West Creative
6 Look to the East for the holistic progress Creative
7 Great nations win without fighting Factual
8 Can meaning be fixed? Creative
9 The character of a nation can be judged by its symbolic Creative
narratives.
10 Violence is the last refuge of the incompetent Factual

CSS ESSAY 2013-11

No Topic Essay Type Statistics
1 There should be colleges and schools just for men/boys and some Factual Factual 6
just for women/girls. Creative 4
2 Let me take care of today, tomorrow shall take care of itself. Creative
3 The traditional male role changed in the last 20 years. Creative

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4 Gender equality is a myth. Factual

5 Meaning and purpose of education. Creative
6 If gold rusts what shall the iron do? Creative
7 Country life is better than city life. Factual
8 Free speech should have limitations. Factual
9 Not economy but politics is a key to success. Factual
10 Modern day communication via social networks puts an end of Factual
true and sincere relationships.

CSS ESSAY 2012-12

No Topic Essay Type Statistics
1 Energy Crises in Pakistan: Causes and Consequences Factual
2 Obesity is the root cause of all diseases Factual
3 Beggars cannot be choosers Creative
4 The United nations in the 21st Century: Obligations and Factual
Factual 6
Limitations
Creative 4
5 Brains, Like hearts, go where they are appreciated Creative
6 The emerging power of public opinion Creative
7 The suffering soul in the scientific age Creative
8 A critical analysis of education systems in Pakistan. Factual
9 Democracy is a culture rather than a process Factual
10 Social and Economic securities for women in Islam. Factual

CSS ESSAY 2011-12

No Topic Essay Type Statistics
1 Truth is a rare commodity despite the freedom by the print and Creative
electronic media
2 Without good communication skills, life becomes impossible in Creative
the modern world.
3 The time we live in is the winter of the world. Factual
4 In this country reason does not apply to anything. Creative
Factual 4
5 Does Pakistan society regard woman as the angel in the house or Factual
Creative 6
source of all evils?
6 Disaster management and government preparedness Factual
7 Fair play and life, as it is lived,in the land of the pure. Creative
8 The pleasures of reading Creative
9 What are the hurdles in our way to becoming a truly independent Factual
state?
10 Insanity in individuals is something rare but in groups, parties and Creative
nations it is the rule.

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CSS ESSAY 2010-14

No Topic Essay Type Statistics
1 Literature is the best criticism of life. Creative
2 Dialogue is the best course to combat terrorism. Factual
3 Pakistan is rich in natural resources but very poor in their Factual
management.
4 The U.N.O has failed to measure up to the demands of its charter. Creative
5 All humans are born equal in dignity and rights but they are in Creative
Factual 7
shackles everywhere.
Creative 3
6 Can women be equal to men in Pakistan? Factual
7 Why is there no status of the third gender in Pakistan? Factual
8 Without independent truth-finding commission, accountability is Factual
unachievable.
9 Religion has done more harm than help to human relations in the Factual
world.
10 The world politics stands more derisive than it was ever before Factual
due to the specific imperialist designs.

CSS ESSAY 2009-15

No Topic Essay Type Statistics
1 The Future of Democracy in Pakistan. Factual
2 Health is not a condition of matter, but of mind. Creative
3 Co-education, Merits and Demerits Factual
4 The food crisis: problems, challenges and opportunities for Factual
Pakistan. Factual 9
5 English as the Medium of Education in Pakistan. Factual Creative 1
6 The future of UNO, Hopes and Hurdles Factual
7 There is no great genius without a mixture of madness. Factual
8 Status of Women in Islam Factual
9 Pakistan's War on terror and its impact on our psyche and Factual
politic.socio.economic fronts.
10 Power of Media in the Modern World. Factual

CSS ESSAY 2008-16

N Topic Essay Type Statistics
o
1 Moral depravity is the root cause of poverty. Creative Factual 6
2 Peace the essential message of our religion Creative Creative 4
3 Time management is the key note of success Factual
4 Lack of discipline - a national disaster Factual Modernism

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5 Materialism in the death of spirituality Creative Democracy

6 Poetry is the highest form of expression - the greatest proof is the Factual Global
Holy Quran Warming
7 Dreams for future rely on the work of today Creative
8 Can be prevent the Third World War? Factual
9 Global Warming, fact or fiction? Factual

CSS ESSAY 2007-17

No Topic Essay Type Statistics
1 The more developed a country, the more lethally it is armed. Factual
2 Higher Education as an agent of change Factual
3 The future of mankind in a global warming perspective Factual
4 The image of Islam in the western world and responsibilities of the Factual
Muslim Ummah. Factual 9
5 A country is backward because it's people are backward Factual Creative 1
6 Globalization and electronic media Factual
7 The present system of Education must assume some of Factual
responsibilities of our failure
8 Politics is the art of possible Creative
9 Terrorism as a new threat to the contemporary world Factual
10 The state of women rights in Pakistan Factual

CSS ESSAY 2006-18

No Topic Essay Type Statistics
1 Truth In Short Supply Creative
2 Liberalism Creative Factual 4
3 Humour In Udru Literature Creative Creative 6
4 Foreign Direct Investment In Pakistan Factual
5 Personalization Of Pakistani Politics Factual
6 Global Warming Factual
7 Nuclear Weapons Are 'not Only A Great Peril, But A Great Hope' Factual
8 Brain, Like Hearts, Go Where They Are Appreciated. Creative
9 Lots of Folks Confuse Bad Management with Destiny. Creative
10 There comes a time to put aside principles and do what's right. Creative
11 We Grow Too Old Soon And Too Late Smart. Creative
12 Every Solution Breeds New Problems. Creative

Topic Wise Essays (140)

Economy -14
1. Not all recycling projects are cost-effective. (2023)

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2. An analysis of the concept of globalization of markets. (2022)

3. Global trade and trade policies of China (2022)
4. World food systems: the economics of agriculture. (2022)
5. Is there such a thing as ethical consumerism? (2022)
6. Human development and economic sustainability. (2022)
7. Pakistan’s informal economy: the way forward (2020)
8. IMF bailouts: roads to stability or recipes for disaster. (2020)
9. New war fronts lie in economic zones. (2019)
10. Real development should transform people’s lives, not just economic statistics. (2018)
11. China – Pakistan Economic corridor (CPEC) and its socio-economic implications for the region and the world. (2018)
12. Promotion of tax culture in Pakistan, perspective, prospects and challenges. (2016)
13. Does foreign aid help to achieve economic stability? (2016)
14. Not economy but politics is a key to success. (2013)
Education-10
15. Online learning is not only convenient but often more effective than traditional classroom instruction. (2023)
16. Both parents should assume equal responsibility in raising a child. (2023)
17. Meaning purposive education. (2021)
18. Women universities as agents of change. (2020)
19. Class rooms decide the future of the nation. (2019)
20. Higher education in Pakistan: Ills and Remedies (2018)
21. Privatizing higher education generating knowledge or making more money for the opulent (2014)
22. There should be colleges and schools just for men/boys and some just for women/girls. (2013)
23. Meaning and purpose of education. (2013)
24. A critical analysis of education systems in Pakistan. (2012)
Modernism, Digitalization, Technology – 13
25. People have become overly dependent on technology. (2023)
26. Human inventions move societies backward. (2021)
27. Is Pakistan ready for the digital revolution? (2020)
28. Expanding information technology: A curse or blessing. (2019)
29. Beware the barrenness of a busy life. (2018)
30. Modernity is an unending project. (2017)
31. The introduction of new digital technologies has radically altered identities (2015)
32. Labour saving devices are more troublesome than they worth. (2015)
33. Postmodern ethos – a challenge to the West (2015)
34. Modern day communication via social networks puts an end of true and sincere relationships. (2013)
35. The suffering soul in the scientific age (2012)
36. Without good communication skills, life becomes impossible in the modern world. (2011)
37. The time we live in is the winter of the world. (2011)
Gender – 14
38. Boys will be boys. (2023)
39. The controversial issues of feminism in contemporary women’s rights movements. (2022)
40. Gender equality: A popular slogan. (2021)

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41. New waves of feminism and our culture. (2019)

42. Feminism is not really a third world issue. (2017)
43. Gender equality is a myth. (2016)
44. Frailty, thy name is women. (2016)
45. Women sportspersons are new ambassadors of the soft image of Pakistan (2014)
46. The traditional male role changed in the last 20 years. (2013)
47. Gender equality is a myth. (2013)
48. Social and Economic securities for women in Islam. (2012)
49. Does Pakistan society regard woman as the angel in the house or source of all evils? (2011)
50. Can women be equal to men in Pakistan? (2010)
51. Why is there no status of the third gender in Pakistan? (2010)
Democracy – 9
52. Digital democracy: social media and political participation. (2022)
53. Polarized politics: the issues and challenges of democracy in Pakistan (2020)
54. Democracy and illiteracy do not move together. (2019)
55. Democracy in Pakistan: Hopes and Hurdles (2018)
56. Free speech should have limitations. (2013)
57. Democracy is a culture rather than a process (2012)
58. In this country reason does not apply to anything. (2011)
59. What are the hurdles in our way to becoming a truly independent state? (2011)
60. All humans are born equal in dignity and rights but they are in shackles everywhere. (2010)
Globalization and International Relations – 10
61. Global politics and international relations. (2022)
62. Universal human equality is utopic. (2021)
63. Pros and cons of globalization (2021)
64. Intercultural communication is a panacea to avoid the 3rd world war. (2021)
65. Global power dynamics and Pakistan’s foreign policy. (2020)
66. More and more international military engagements by the United Nations; is the world moving towards peace?
(2017)
67. Are modern wars not holy wars? (2017)
68. World as a global village: Learning to live together (2016)
69. The United nations in the 21st Century: Obligations and Limitations (2012)
70. The world politics stands more derisive than it was ever before due to the specific imperialist designs. (2010)
Terrorism – 4
71. How are terrorism and its perception shaped by the Mass Media? (2022)
72. In the fight against terrorism and corruption, it is imperative not to compromise human rights and civil liberties.
(2018)
73. The war on terror has contributed to the growing abuse of human rights. (2015)
74. Dialogue is the best course to combat terrorism. (2010)
Art and Literature – 10
75. Do We really need literature in our lives? (2020)
76. Literature is a lonely planet of idealists. (2017)

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77. The pleasures of reading (2011)

78. Literature is the best criticism of life. (2010)
79. Art for Peace (2019)
80. Urdu Literature and Progressive Movement (2019)
81. The place of Urdu in Pakistan and Supreme Court’s ruling on making Urdu the official language of the country.
(2016)
82. Literature as a great cultural artifact (2014)
83. Language is a fit data for research in humanities and social science. (2014)
84. The character of a nation can be judged by its symbolic narratives. (2014)
Creative – 27
85. The one who uses force is afraid of reasoning. (2023)
86. Instruction in youth is like engraving in stone. (2023)
87. The fool speaks, and the wise listen. (2023)
88. A friend walks in when everyone else walks out. (2023)
89. Imagination is more important than knowledge. (2022)
90. I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed. (2021)
91. I do not agree with what you have to say, but I’ll defend to the death your right to say it. (2020)
92. Let there be more light in the corridors of worship places. (2019)
93. Truth is lived, not taught. (2019)
94. Sometimes we do not see what we see. (2019)
95. Too many of us are not living our dreams because we are living our fears. (2018)
96. Ideologies thrive on notions of resistance, yet change is a simulation. (2017)
97. Life without controversy is no life. But why one should not choose the safe haven of conformism? (2017)
98. We have to learn to be our best friends, because we fall too easily into the trap of being our own worst enemies.
(2016)
99. Anticipation is often greater than realization (2015)
100. Punctuality is virtue of bored. (2015)
101. In a hierarchy, every employee tends to rise to his level of incompetence (2015)
102. I disapprove what you say, but I defend to death your right to say. (2015)
103. Luxury of predecessors become the necessity of successors (2015)
104. When life throws you lemons, make lemonade. (2015)
105. Can meaning be fixed? (2014)
106. Violence is the last refuge of the incompetent (2014)
107. Let me take care of today, tomorrow shall take care of itself. (2013)
108. If gold rusts what shall the iron do? (2013)
109. Brains, Like hearts, go where they are appreciated (2012)
110. Fair play and life, as it is lived,in the land of the pure. (2011)
111. Insanity in individuals is something rare but in groups, parties and nations it is the rule. (2011)
Water Crisis – 3
112. Do not waste water even if you were at a running stream. (2021)
113. Energy Crises in Pakistan: Causes and Consequences (2012)
114. Water crisis and national unity. (2016)

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Media – 2
115. The emerging power of social media: Prospects and Problems. (2018)
116. Truth is a rare commodity despite the freedom by the print and electronic media (2011
Governance, Management and accountability – 8
117. Will “rule of law” always remain an impracticable myth in our country (2018)
118. Is colonial mentality impeding Pakistan’s Progress? (2017)
119. Being a minority is a fate no one wants. Can nationalism be really inclusive? (2017)
120. Crisis of good governance in Pakistan: Need for reforms and institution building. (2016)
121. The creation of new provinces in Pakistan: implications for an integrated country (2016)
122. Pakistan is rich in natural resources but very poor in their management. (2010)
123. Without independent truth-finding commission, accountability is unachievable. (2010)
124. Disaster management and government preparedness (2011)
Miscellaneous – 35
125. Bureaucracy doldrums. (2021)
126. Pakistan and the future of Kashmir cause. (2020)
127. Promoting tourism in Pakistan: opportunities and challenges. (2020)
128. The threat of global warming and the ways to counter it. (2018)
129. Brexit means globalization is the rhetoric of the privileged, and capitalism will return ferociously as ever. (2017)
130. Government should eliminate subsidies and incentives for manufacturers and consumers of electric cars as
they are costly and do not do enough to protect environment. (2015)
131. Look to the East for the holistic progress (2014)
132. Great nations win without fighting (2014)
133. Country life is better than city life. (2013)
134. Obesity is the root cause of all diseases (2012)
135. Beggars cannot be choosers (2012)
136. The emerging power of public opinion (2012)
137. The U.N.O has failed to measure up to the demands of its charter. (2010)
138. Religion has done more harm than help to human relations in the world. (2010)
139. To encourage healthy eating, higher taxes should be imposed on soft drinks and junk food. (2023)
140. COVID-19: A wake-up call for Pakistani researchers. (2021)

5. Prewriting workshop
A. Questions/Deconstruction
B. Prompt Understanding
C. Stance
D. Rough outline
E. Rough introduction
Example:
Topic: Online learning is not only convenient but often more effective than traditional classroom
instruction. (2023)

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1. Questions/Deconstruction (Make as many questions as you can.)

1. What essay type is it?
2. What is online learning?
3. What is are means of online learning?
4. Is online learning convenient?
5. Is there any context to claim that online learning is convenient?
6. What is the significance of the “not only – but also”?
7. What is traditional classroom instruction?
8. Am I agree completely agree to the statement?
9. Am I partially agree to the statement?
10. Is it logical to claim that online learning is more effective than traditional classroom instruction?
2. Prompt Understanding:
1. The statement exhibits two main points:
a. Online line learning is convenient
b. Online learning is more effective than traditional classroom instruction

3. Stance:
Online learning is convenient, but it is inappropriate to claim that it is more effective than
traditional classroom instruction in all circumstances. Both are effective for comprehensive
learning environment.
4. Rough Outline:
1. Introduction
2. Embracing the online classrooms
3. Rediscovering the traditional classrooms
4. Analysis of the online learning impact
5. Effectiveness of the traditional classrooms
6. Factors of variable effectiveness
7. Hybrid education
5. Rough Introduction:
Topic: Online learning is not only convenient but often more effective than traditional classroom
instruction. (2023)

The landscape of education has experienced a significant transformation. The rise of online learning
along with the traditional classroom instruction has become more beneficial for the learners. The
analysis of two apparently distinct approaches reveals that valuing one method to the other may lead
to biasness. Online learning platforms facilitate both the teacher and students and modernize
educational endeavours. The traditional classroom instruction also promotes face-to-face interactions
and a sense of community among learners. It is essential to recognize that both approaches have
certain limitations along with the advantages. The effectiveness of both fluctuates depending on
various conditions. The combination of both promises compressive development.

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6. Structure of an Essay
1. Introduction
2. Arguments (Paragraphs)
3. Conclusion
7. Components of the essay
1. Data (import)
2. Comments (export)
8. How to write an outline
1. Phrase mode -1 (Preposition and Conjunctions)
2. Phrase mode -2 (Punctuation)
3. Block mode
4. Clause mode

Topic: Not economy but politics is a key to success. 2103

Phrase Mode (Preposition and conjunction)

1. Understanding politics beyond traditional notions
2. Transformational energy of politics
3. Politics, diplomacy and global success
4. Political solidarity and individual welfare
5. Economic development in stable political environment
6. International trade and foreign relations
7. Investors’ confidence and economic growth
8. Consistency of economic policies with reliable political policies
9. Management of public finances and debt
10. Rethinking the path to success

Phrase Mode (Punctuation)

1. Understanding Politics: Beyond Traditional Notions!
2. Energy of politics – Transformational
3. Politics, diplomacy and global success
4. Political solidarity – individual welfare
5. Economic development – stable political environment
6. International trade – foreign relations
7. Investors’ confidence: economic growth
8. Consistency of economic policies – reliable political policies
9. Management of public finances and debt

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10. Rethinking the path to success

Block mode
1. Understanding politics beyond traditional notions
Traditional notions about politics focus on its conventional association with economic growth.
Modern global market has redefined the scope of both politics and economy.
2. Transformational energy of politics
Politics transforms the entire form of economic dynamics of a country. Political movements
and visionary leaders can empower people to strive for a better future.
3. Politics, diplomacy and global success
Skilful diplomatic engagement and strategic political decisions enable countries to foster
international cooperation, resolve conflicts, and enhance their influence on the world stage.
4. Political solidarity and individual welfare
Political solidarity ensures collective commitment and cooperation that results in improved
individual welfare and social well-being
5. Economic development in stable political environment
Economy flourishes in an environment that is politically stable, so the interdependence of
both is obvious.
6. International trade and foreign relations
International trade and foreign relations are linked. Diplomacy plays a vital role in establishing
and maintaining strong economic partnerships between nations.
7. Investors’ confidence and economic growth
Investors, although take risks to maximize profit, yet they don’t invest in those countries
where political institution is not strong.
8. Consistency of economic policies with reliable political policies
The ruling political parties of wise nations don’t discontinue the economic projects of the
previous governments.
9. Management of public finances and debt
Strong political culture ensures the management of public finances and debt. This includes
issuance of bonds, treasure bills etc. to further economic projects.
10. Rethinking the path to success
While both strong economy and stable politics are interrelated and interdependent, the path
to a nation’s success also lies the synergy of both.

Clause Mode
1. Understanding politics beyond traditional notions in essential.
2. Transformational energy of politics plays a vital role.
3. Politics, diplomacy and global success are interrelated.
4. Political solidarity and individual welfare reciprocate.
5. Economic development in stable political environment furthers.
6. International trade and foreign relations shake hands.
7. Investors’ confidence ensures economic growth

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8. Consistency of economic policies lies in reliable political policies

9. Management of public finances and debt is possible through stable politics.
10. Rethinking the path to success is the need of the hour.

9. How to write an Introduction

1. Context and Thesis Statement
 Thesis statement is the main argument of the essay. It is
the stance around which the entire essay revolves.
 The combination of context and thesis statement
constitutes the introduction of the essay.

Example-1:
Topic: Not all recycling projects are
cost-effective. (2023)
Introduction:
Recycling is an effective weapon in the battle against
environmental degradation and waste crisis. Despite the
importance of recycling, its effectiveness can be hindered by a
variety of factors. Several instances reveal that recycling
projects may prove to be economically inefficient or even
impracticable in the long run. The analysis of the key
elements such as technological advancements, market
demand for recycled materials, policy frameworks, and
public engagement, highlights the complexity of achieving

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cost-effectiveness in recycling endeavours. By reducing the

hindrances better results can be achieved. (80)

Example-2:
Topic: People have become overly dependent on
technology. (2023)
Introduction:
In the complex drama of human progress, technology has
taken major role with its enchanting performance.
Technology is meant to be beneficial, facilitating and
advantageous for all, yet the behavioural transformation it
caused in humans need to be analysed. Initially, it created awe
in humans, which turned into felicity, then lethargy and
dependency. Humans seem to be the slave to their own
creation. It is necessary to untie the intricate knots of human
dependency on technology. Moreover, it is also essential to
re-embrace self-reliance, industry and ingenuity.

2. Contention and Expansion

Contention does not need context. This type of Introduction
commences with the stance directly and then expands.

Topic: People have become overly dependent on technology.

(2023)
Introduction:
Technology is meant to be a benediction not an addiction.
Humans’ excessive dependency on technology has made

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humans slave to their own creations. Lethargy and

disconnectivity along with lack of relational intimacy have
mushroomed. Self-reliance seems to be withering gradually.

3. Domain Commencement
Modern technology brings numerous benefits to society,
developing communication, efficiency, and convenience. It
enables instant global connectivity, facilitates access to vast
knowledge, streamlines tasks through automation, and
revolutionizes industries.
On the other hand, constant connectivity and reliance on
gadgets can result in addiction, decreased face-to-face
interactions, and a loss of privacy. The pressure go along with
rapid technological changes can lead a loss of autonomy.

10. How to write Paragraphs

1. Coherence Glide
All paragraphs should revolve around the main argument or stance. Moreover, one
paragraph should glide over the next. For this coherence devices are beneficial.
a. Agreement and Furtherance Signals:
and, not only-but also, this, then, besides, also, too, but-as well,
equally important, further, moreover, furthermore, likewise, next,
what's more, in addition, additionally, in addition to this, first, second,
third, lastly, similarly, equally, another concept is, in the same manner,
together with, along with, as well as, as well, including, with,
correspondingly
b. Contrast Signals:
Whereas, on the other hand, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, on
the contrary, by comparison, up against, balanced against, conversely,

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meanwhile, after all, in contrast, though, although, even though,

where, when, while, in spite of, despite, regardless of, even with, in
the face of, In spite of that, despite that, but, yet, actually
c. Cause-effect Signals:
So, hence, henceforth, thus, consequently, resultantly, as a result,
therefore, thereupon, wherefore, subsequently, ergo,
d. Allusion
for example, for instance, in this case, in another case, on this
occasion, in this situation, take the case of, to demonstrate, to
illustrate, as an illustration, to put it more
e. Interpretation:
It can be inferred that, It is suggested that, These words manifest that, It
can be opined that, These words imply that, This event manifests that, It
can be alluded that, This indicates that, It is evident that, The report
indicates that, It is notable that, It is significant that, It is imperative that,
This mind set reveals that, This mind set exposes that

2. Thematic Glide
The coherence between the paragraphs is not a slave to the
coherence devices and jargons. If one paragraph is connected
to the other thematically, all paragraphs make an organic
whole.

11. How to write a conclusion

1. Summary of the essay (incorrect)
2. Compendium of the essay (incorrect)
3. The conclusion should always be positive. (Partially Correct)
4. The conclusion should trigger a new debate. (Incorrect)

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5. The debate you started should

have a logical end. (Correct)
Topic-1: Not all recycling projects are cost-effective. (2023)
Stance: Recycling projects are beneficial, but several might prove financially burdensome. If, before taking
recycling initiatives, the economic feasibility and the environmental benefits are taken into account, the
results can be fruitful.
Conclusion:
A balance approach between environmental concerns and financial considerations can make recycling
system efficient and impactful. Ultimately, through informed decision-making and collective efforts a
more sustainable future can be secured.

Topic-2: Class rooms decide the future of the nation. (2019)

Stance: The education imparted within the walls of classrooms not only kits individuals with knowledge
and skills but also fosters values to make a nation prosperous. An inclusive education system can
empower future generations for the development of their country.
Conclusion:
Education is the foundation stone of a society. By providing students with quality education, nurturing
their intellectual curiosity, and fostering a sense of responsibility, classrooms can produce capable
individuals that contribute to the overall advancement of their nation.

Essays
Topic: An analysis of the concept of
Globalization of Market
(CSS-2022)
Outline:
1. Introduction
1.1 Defining Globalization of Market
1.2 Background Information of Globalization of Market
1.3 Thesis Statement

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2. The concept of Globalization of Market

3. Key features of interconnected Market
4. Analysis of the concept
5. Advantages of Globalization of Market
5.1: Increased competition
Case in Point: China and India
5.2: Access to larger markets
Case in Point: Coca-Cola and McDonald's
5.3: Reach to new resources
Case in Point: Tesla and Nike
5.4: Increased foreign investment
Case in Point: IKEA in China
5.5: Bigger cultural exchange:
Case in Point: CPEC
6. Disadvantages of Globalization of Market:
6.1: MNC’s and their exploitation:
6.2: Job Losses:
Case in Point: Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Michigan
6.3: Environmental Degradation:
Case in Point: International Maritime Organization
6.4: Inequality
Case in Point: Covid-19 Episode and gig economy
6.5: Economic Dependency
Case in Point: Sub-Sahara Africa
7. Backlash against Globalization of Market:
8. Conclusion:

Essay
(Note: The headings above the paragraphs are only for the understanding for the
students. In CSS and PMS exams, DON’T give headings; only outline in the at the
beginning of the essay is sufficient)
1. Introduction
Globalization of the market is a phenomenon that has been shaping the world economy for
several decades, with its impact felt across the globe. The concept refers to the interconnectedness and
integration of economies worldwide, facilitated by advancements in technology, transportation, and
communication. The result is the creation of a global marketplace where goods, services, and capital
flow freely across borders, leading to increased trade, competition, and the growth of multinational
corporations. While globalization has brought many benefits, such as the expansion of job opportunities,
technological advancement, and the reduction of poverty, it has also generated significant challenges,
including social inequality, environmental degradation, and cultural homogenization. The analysis of the

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concept of globalization of the market examines its positive and negative impacts on the global
economy, social structure, and environment.

2. The concept of Globalization of Market:

Globalization of the market refers to the process of integrating economies, industries, and societies
across the world through the free flow of goods, services, capital, and people.
One example of interconnected markets is the global oil market. The oil market is linked to various
other markets, such as the transportation market, the manufacturing market, and the energy market.
Changes in the oil market, such as fluctuations in oil prices, can affect the cost of transportation, the
cost of manufacturing goods, and the price of other energy sources such as natural gas and coal.
Similarly, the stock market is also an example of an interconnected market. Changes in the stock market
can have ripple effects on other markets such as the bond market and the real estate market. For
example, if stock prices drop, investors may move their money into bonds, causing bond prices to rise
and interest rates to fall. This, in turn, can impact the real estate market as lower interest rates may
make it easier for people to obtain mortgages, leading to an increase in demand for homes and
potentially higher real estate prices.

3. Key features of Globalization of Market:

One of the key features of the globalization of the market is the rise of multinational corporations
(MNCs). These companies operate in multiple countries and are able to take advantage of lower labor
costs, tax incentives, and other benefits offered by different countries. This has led to increased
competition among businesses, as well as greater opportunities for consumers to access a wider range
of products and services.

4. Analysis
The analysis of the globalization of the market involves both negative and positive aspects of this
phenomenon.
5. Advantages of Globalization of Market
5.1: Increased competition: Globalization of the market leads to increased competition among firms,
which can drive down prices, increase quality, and drive innovation. This can ultimately benefit
consumers by providing them with more choices and better products.
Case in Point: Increased competition due to globalization of the market is the rise of low-cost
manufacturing in countries like China and India. As these countries have opened up to trade
and investment, firms from developed countries have faced increasing competition from low-
cost producers. This has led to a downward pressure on prices, forcing firms to become more
efficient and innovative in order to stay competitive. For example, in the electronics industry,
firms have had to continually develop new products and features to differentiate themselves
from their competitors and maintain their market share. This has resulted in better products for
consumers at lower prices.

5.2: Access to larger markets: Globalization of the market allows firms to access larger markets and sell
their products and services to a larger customer base. This can help firms achieve economies of scale
and reduce costs, which can lead to higher profits.
Case in Point: One example of access to larger markets due to globalization of the market is the
success of multinational corporations (MNCs) like Coca-Cola and McDonald's. These companies

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have been able to expand their operations and sell their products in countries all over the world.
As a result, they have been able to achieve economies of scale and reduce their costs by
spreading fixed costs over a larger customer base. This has allowed them to offer their products
at competitive prices and maintain their market share, even in highly competitive markets.
Additionally, MNCs have been able to adapt their products and marketing strategies to local
tastes and cultures, which has allowed them to successfully penetrate diverse markets. For
example, McDonald's has successfully adapted its menu to include items that are popular in
different countries, such as the McVeggie burger in India and the Teriyaki burger in Japan.

5.3: Access to new resources: Globalization of the market allows firms to access new resources such as
raw materials, skilled labor, and capital. This can help firms reduce their costs and increase their
efficiency, which can lead to higher profits.
Case in point:
To access new resources, Tesla has a global supply chain that includes sourcing materials from
various countries around the world. For example, the lithium used in Tesla's batteries is
sourced from countries like Chile and Argentina, while the cobalt is sourced from countries like
the Democratic Republic of Congo and Australia.
Case in point:
One real example of how globalization provides businesses with access to specific resources is
the case of Nike, a global sportswear company. Nike produces athletic shoes and apparel that
require materials like rubber and cotton. To access these resources, Nike has a global supply
chain that includes sourcing materials from various countries around the world. For example,
the rubber used in Nike's shoes is sourced from countries like Thailand, Indonesia, and
Malaysia, while the cotton is sourced from countries like the United States, India, and China.

5.4: Increased foreign investment: Globalization of the market can attract foreign investment, which
can help spur economic growth and development. Foreign investment can provide firms with access to
new markets, technology, and capital.
Case in Point:
IKEA is a multinational furniture retailer founded in Sweden in 1943. It is one of the world's
largest furniture retailers, offering a wide range of home furnishings and decor products at
affordable prices. For China, IKEA's investment has brought new technology and expertise to the
furniture industry, while also creating jobs and generating tax revenue for the government. IKEA
has also invested in social and environmental initiatives in China, such as programs to promote
sustainable forestry and reduce carbon emissions.

5.5: Increased cultural exchange: Globalization of the market can lead to increased cultural exchange
and understanding between different countries and peoples. This can help promote peace and
understanding among nations and can lead to the spread of ideas and innovation. Cultural exchange can
also occur through the exchange of ideas and information. As businesses and individuals interact with
one another across borders, they share knowledge and expertise that can lead to innovation and new
discoveries. This can be particularly important in fields such as science, technology, and medicine, where
collaboration across borders can lead to breakthroughs that benefit people around the world.

6. Disadvantages of Globalization of Market:

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6.1: MNC’s and their exploitation:

However, the globalization of the market has also led to concerns about its impact on workers,
communities, and the environment. The exploitation of workers, including low wages, lack of job
security, restriction on labour rights, and discrimination, in MNCs is often driven by the desire to
maximize profits and cut costs. It can have significant negative impacts on workers and their families, as
well as on the wider economy and society. It is important for MNCs to be held accountable for their
labor practices and to ensure that workers are treated fairly and with dignity.

6.2: Job Losses: Globalization can lead to job losses in developed countries as businesses move
operations to countries with lower labor costs. This can result in unemployment and underemployment,
particularly for workers in industries such as manufacturing.
Case in Point: One example of job losses resulting from the globalization of markets is the
decline of the US manufacturing sector. Over the past few decades, many American
manufacturing companies have moved their operations to countries with lower labor costs, such
as China, India, and Mexico. This has resulted in significant job losses in the US, particularly in
the rust belt states such as Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Michigan, which were once home to a
thriving manufacturing industry.

6.3: Environmental Degradation: Increased trade and transportation can lead to environmental
degradation, as goods are shipped around the world and carbon emissions increase. This can have
negative impacts on local environments, including pollution and deforestation.
Case in Point: As global trade has increased, so has the number of cargo ships crossing the
world's oceans, which has led to a significant increase in emissions of greenhouse gases such as
carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide. According to a report by the International Maritime
Organization, international shipping accounts for around 2.2% of global greenhouse gas
emissions, and this is projected to increase by up to 250% by 2050 if action is not taken to
reduce emissions.

6.4: Inequality: Globalization can exacerbate economic and social inequality, both within and between
countries. It can lead to concentration of wealth and power in the hands of a few large corporations and
wealthy individuals, while leaving many others behind. While global companies benefit from the lower
labor costs and higher profits resulting from outsourcing, workers in developing countries often receive
only a small fraction of the value generated by their labor. This perpetuates economic and social
inequality, both within and between countries.
Case in Point: A recent example of inequality resulting from globalization is the impact of the
COVID-19 pandemic on low-wage workers and marginalized communities around the world.
The pandemic has highlighted and worsened existing inequalities in healthcare access,
employment opportunities, and social protections. In many developed countries, low-wage
workers in industries such as hospitality, retail, and gig economy jobs have been hit hard by
pandemic-related job losses and reduced working hours. These workers are often the most
vulnerable to economic shocks and have limited access to healthcare and social safety nets.

6.5: Economic Dependency: Developing countries may become dependent on exports to developed
countries, leading to vulnerability to fluctuations in global markets and economic instability.

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Case in Point: Many countries in sub-Saharan Africa rely heavily on exports of commodities
such as oil, minerals, and agricultural products to generate foreign exchange and support their
economies. However, this dependence on a narrow range of exports leaves these countries
vulnerable to fluctuations in global commodity prices and market demand. When prices fall, as
they did during COVID-19 pandemic, these countries can experience severe economic
downturns.
Case in Point: Moreover, economic dependency is the reliance of some countries on foreign aid
or remittances from their citizens working abroad. While these sources of income can provide
vital support for development and poverty reduction, they can also create dependency and limit
the ability of countries to develop their own industries and economies.

7. Backlash against Globalization of Market:

In recent years, there has been a growing backlash against the globalization of the market, with
some countries implementing protectionist policies to limit imports and promote domestic
industries. This has led to concerns about a potential shift towards economic nationalism and a
breakdown in the global trading system.
8. Conclusion:
Overall, the concept of the globalization of the market is a complex and multifaceted
phenomenon that has both positive and negative impacts on different aspects of society. An
analysis of this concept requires a keen understanding of the economic, social, and political
factors that drive it, as well as a consideration of the ethical implications of global trade and its
impact on different communities and the environment.

(Note: This is the way to attempt an essay in CSS and PMS Exams)

Topic: An analysis of the concept of Globalization of Market

Outline:
1. Introduction
1.1 Defining Globalization of Market
1.2 Background Information of Globalization of Market
1.3 Thesis Statement
2. The concept of Globalization of Market
3. Key features of interconnected Market
4. Analysis of the concept
5. Advantages of Globalization of Market
5.1: Increased competition
Case in Point: China and India
5.2: Access to larger markets
Case in Point: Coca-Cola and McDonald's

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5.3: Reach to new resources

Case in Point: Tesla and Nike
5.4: Increased foreign investment
Case in Point: IKEA in China
5.5: Bigger cultural exchange:
Case in Point: CPEC
6. Disadvantages of Globalization of Market:
6.1: MNC’s and their exploitation:
6.2: Job Losses:
Case in Point: Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Michigan
6.3: Environmental Degradation:
Case in Point: International Maritime Organization
6.4: Inequality
Case in Point: Covid-19 Episode and gig economy
6.5: Economic Dependency
Case in Point: Sub-Sahara Africa
7. Backlash against Globalization of Market:
8. Conclusion:

Essay
Globalization of the market is a phenomenon that has been shaping the world economy for
several decades, with its impact felt across the globe. The concept refers to the interconnectedness and
integration of economies worldwide, facilitated by advancements in technology, transportation, and
communication. The result is the creation of a global marketplace where goods, services, and capital
flow freely across borders, leading to increased trade, competition, and the growth of multinational
corporations. While globalization has brought many benefits, such as the expansion of job opportunities,
technological advancement, and the reduction of poverty, it has also generated significant challenges,
including social inequality, environmental degradation, and cultural homogenization. The analysis of the
concept of globalization of the market examines its positive and negative impacts on the global
economy, social structure, and environment.
Globalization of the market refers to the process of integrating economies, industries, and
societies across the world through the free flow of goods, services, capital, and people.
One example of interconnected markets is the global oil market. The oil market is linked to various
other markets, such as the transportation market, the manufacturing market, and the energy market.
Changes in the oil market, such as fluctuations in oil prices, can affect the cost of transportation, the
cost of manufacturing goods, and the price of other energy sources such as natural gas and coal.
Similarly, the stock market is also an example of an interconnected market. Changes in the stock market

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can have ripple effects on other markets such as the bond market and the real estate market. For
example, if stock prices drop, investors may move their money into bonds, causing bond prices to rise
and interest rates to fall. This, in turn, can impact the real estate market as lower interest rates may
make it easier for people to obtain mortgages, leading to an increase in demand for homes and
potentially higher real estate prices.
One of the key features of the globalization of the market is the rise of multinational
corporations (MNCs). These companies operate in multiple countries and are able to take advantage of
lower labor costs, tax incentives, and other benefits offered by different countries. This has led to
increased competition among businesses, as well as greater opportunities for consumers to access a
wider range of products and services.
The analysis of the globalization of the market involves both negative and positive aspects of
this phenomenon. Globalization of the market leads to increased competition among firms, which can
drive down prices, increase quality, and drive innovation. This can ultimately benefit consumers by
providing them with more choices and better products. Increased competition due to globalization of
the market is the rise of low-cost manufacturing in countries like China and India. As these countries
have opened up to trade and investment, firms from developed countries have faced increasing
competition from low-cost producers. This has led to a downward pressure on prices, forcing firms to
become more efficient and innovative in order to stay competitive. For example, in the electronics
industry, firms have had to continually develop new products and features to differentiate themselves
from their competitors and maintain their market share. This has resulted in better products for
consumers at lower prices.
Globalization of the market allows firms to access larger markets and sell their products and services to
a larger customer base. This can help firms achieve economies of scale and reduce costs, which can lead
to higher profits. One example of access to larger markets due to globalization of the market is the
success of multinational corporations (MNCs) like Coca-Cola and McDonald's. These companies have
been able to expand their operations and sell their products in countries all over the world. As a result,
they have been able to achieve economies of scale and reduce their costs by spreading fixed costs over
a larger customer base. This has allowed them to offer their products at competitive prices and maintain
their market share, even in highly competitive markets. Additionally, MNCs have been able to adapt
their products and marketing strategies to local tastes and cultures, which has allowed them to
successfully penetrate diverse markets. For example, McDonald's has successfully adapted its menu to
include items that are popular in different countries, such as the McVeggie burger in India and the
Teriyaki burger in Japan.
Globalization of the market allows firms to access new resources such as raw materials, skilled
labor, and capital. This can help firms reduce their costs and increase their efficiency, which can lead to
higher profits. To access new resources, Tesla has a global supply chain that includes sourcing materials
from various countries around the world. For example, the lithium used in Tesla's batteries is sourced
from countries like Chile and Argentina, while the cobalt is sourced from countries like the Democratic
Republic of Congo and Australia. One real example of how globalization provides businesses with access
to specific resources is the case of Nike, a global sportswear company. Nike produces athletic shoes and
apparel that require materials like rubber and cotton. To access these resources, Nike has a global
supply chain that includes sourcing materials from various countries around the world. For example, the
rubber used in Nike's shoes is sourced from countries like Thailand, Indonesia, and Malaysia, while the
cotton is sourced from countries like the United States, India, and China.

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Globalization of the market can attract foreign investment, which can help spur economic growth and
development. Foreign investment can provide firms with access to new markets, technology, and
capital.
IKEA is a multinational furniture retailer founded in Sweden in 1943. It is one of the world's
largest furniture retailers, offering a wide range of home furnishings and decor products at affordable
prices. For China, IKEA's investment has brought new technology and expertise to the furniture
industry, while also creating jobs and generating tax revenue for the government. IKEA has also invested
in social and environmental initiatives in China, such as programs to promote sustainable forestry and
reduce carbon emissions.
Globalization of the market can lead to increased cultural exchange and understanding
between different countries and peoples. This can help promote peace and understanding among
nations and can lead to the spread of ideas and innovation. Cultural exchange can also occur through
the exchange of ideas and information. As businesses and individuals interact with one another across
borders, they share knowledge and expertise that can lead to innovation and new discoveries. This can
be particularly important in fields such as science, technology, and medicine, where collaboration across
borders can lead to breakthroughs that benefit people around the world.
However, the globalization of the market has also led to concerns about its impact on workers,
communities, and the environment. The exploitation of workers, including low wages, lack of job
security, restriction on labour rights, and discrimination, in MNCs is often driven by the desire to
maximize profits and cut costs. It can have significant negative impacts on workers and their families, as
well as on the wider economy and society. It is important for MNCs to be held accountable for their
labor practices and to ensure that workers are treated fairly and with dignity.
Globalization can lead to job losses in developed countries as businesses move operations to
countries with lower labor costs. This can result in unemployment and underemployment, particularly
for workers in industries such as manufacturing.
One example of job losses resulting from the globalization of markets is the decline of the US
manufacturing sector. Over the past few decades, many American manufacturing companies have
moved their operations to countries with lower labor costs, such as China, India, and Mexico. This has
resulted in significant job losses in the US, particularly in the rust belt states such as Ohio, Pennsylvania,
and Michigan, which were once home to a thriving manufacturing industry.
Increased trade and transportation can lead to environmental degradation, as goods are
shipped around the world and carbon emissions increase. This can have negative impacts on local
environments, including pollution and deforestation. As global trade has increased, so has the number
of cargo ships crossing the world's oceans, which has led to a significant increase in emissions of
greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide. According to a report by the International
Maritime Organization, international shipping accounts for around 2.2% of global greenhouse gas
emissions, and this is projected to increase by up to 250% by 2050 if action is not taken to reduce
emissions.
Globalization can increase economic and social inequality, both within and between countries.
It can lead to concentration of wealth and power in the hands of a few large corporations and wealthy
individuals, while leaving many others behind. While global companies benefit from the lower labor
costs and higher profits resulting from outsourcing, workers in developing countries often receive only a
small fraction of the value generated by their labor. This perpetuates economic and social inequality,
both within and between countries.

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A recent example of inequality resulting from globalization is the impact of the COVID-19
pandemic on low-wage workers and marginalized communities around the world. The pandemic has
highlighted and worsened existing inequalities in healthcare access, employment opportunities, and
social protections. In many developed countries, low-wage workers in industries such as hospitality,
retail, and gig economy jobs have been hit hard by pandemic-related job losses and reduced working
hours. These workers are often the most vulnerable to economic shocks and have limited access to
healthcare and social safety nets.
Developing countries may become dependent on exports to developed countries, leading to
vulnerability to fluctuations in global markets and economic instability.
Many countries in sub-Saharan Africa rely heavily on exports of commodities such as oil,
minerals, and agricultural products to generate foreign exchange and support their economies.
However, this dependence on a narrow range of exports leaves these countries vulnerable to
fluctuations in global commodity prices and market demand. When prices fall, as they did during COVID-
19 pandemic, these countries can experience severe economic downturns. Moreover, economic
dependency is the reliance of some countries on foreign aid or remittances from their citizens working
abroad. While these sources of income can provide vital support for development and poverty
reduction, they can also create dependency and limit the ability of countries to develop their own
industries and economies.
In recent years, there has been a growing backlash against the globalization of the market, with
some countries implementing protectionist policies to limit imports and promote domestic industries.
This has led to concerns about a potential shift towards economic nationalism and a breakdown in the
global trading system.
Overall, the concept of the globalization of the market is a complex and multifaceted
phenomenon that has both positive and negative impacts on different aspects of society. An analysis of
this concept requires a keen understanding of the economic, social, and political factors that drive it, as
well as a consideration of the ethical implications of global trade and its impact on different
communities and the environment.

Topic: Boys will be Boys (2023)

Outline:
1.Introduction
1.1: Context
1.2: Thesis statement: Gender
stereotypes and social expectations

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2.Digging the phrase “Boys will be

boys”
2.1: Societal and cultural influences
2.2: Justification of harmful
behaviour based on gender
2.3: Desire for power and control
2.4: Insecurity and fear
2.5: Gender based violence – a
confluence of male dominated
society and culture
2.6: Socialization and upbringing
2.7: Misogynist behaviour of men

3.“Boys will be boys” strengthens

gender stereotypes
3.1: Normalizing and excusing
harmful behaviour
3.2: Limiting individuality
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3.3: Language based discrimination

3.4: Perpetuating inequality
4.Consequences of Biased Gender
Stereotypes
4.1: Violence and discrimination
Case in Point: Noor Muqaddam’s
brutal murder
4.2: Honour Killing
Case in Point: Qandeel Baloch (Media
representation of the Murder through
a play)
Case in Point: HRCP report – 90%
women in Pakistan faced domestic
violence in their life time
4.3: Harassment and rapes
Case in Point: Zainab’s rape and
murder

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Case in Point: Sialkot-Gujranwala

Motorway rape case
4.4: Impact on education and career
choices
4.5: Underrepresentation in
leadership roles
4.6: Deprivation in property and
inheritance
4.7: Inequitable treatment in
workplaces
4.8: Discrimination in education and
profession
5.Addressal to the norms like “Boys
will be boys”
5.1: Promoting accountability
5.2: Discouraging toxic masculinity
5.3: Introducing Gender Spectrum
5.4: Recognizing individuality
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5.5: Changing the concepts of Gender

Roles
5.6: Challenging Binary Thinking
5.7: Intersectionality
5.8: Celebrating Women
Empowerment
5.9: Role of media
5.10: The concept of fluid and flexible
gender roles
5.11: Legislation and Policy changes

6.Conclusion

Essay:
The phrase "boys will be boys" has been generally employed to justify the conduct of
young males. It suggests that specific actions are inherent traits in boys and should be expected
and accepted. However, it is imperative to critically examine the consequences of continuing
such a thought. Despite biological and psychological gender differences, this phrase should not
serve as a blanket excuse for irresponsible or harmful behaviour. Instead, promoting a culture
of respect, empathy, and accountability can encourage boys to explore their individuality and
interests. By doing so, society can move away from harmful gender stereotypes and adopt
respect and understanding for all individuals.

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Syed Hasnain Jilani