In the context of Environment Act 1986, give

details on general powers of the Central

Government and prevention, control and
abatement of environment pollution.

Under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, the Central

Government in India has been vested with several powers to address
environmental pollution. Here are some key aspects:

General Powers of the Central Government:

1. The Act empowers the Central Government to take measures

to protect and improve the quality of the environment.
2. It allows the Central Government to lay down standards for
emissions or discharges of environmental pollutants from
various sources.

Prevention, Control, and Abatement of Environmental Pollution:

1. The Act mandates the Central Government to take measures

for the prevention, control, and abatement of environmental
pollution.
2. It authorizes the Central Government to inspect, assess, and
monitor pollution levels and enforce compliance with
environmental standards.
3. The government can issue directions, guidelines, and orders
to industries, factories, and other entities to mitigate
pollution.
4. It establishes authorities such as the Central Pollution Control
Board (CPCB) and State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) to
oversee and enforce these measures.
 Regulation of Hazardous Substances:

1. The Act provides for the regulation and management of

hazardous substances, including their handling,
transportation, and disposal.
2. It empowers the Central Government to prescribe
procedures for handling hazardous substances to prevent
environmental damage.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA):

1. The Act includes provisions for conducting Environmental

Impact Assessments (EIA) for new projects, industries, or
activities that could have significant environmental
implications.
2. The Central Government can specify the categories of
projects or activities that require prior environmental
clearance based on their potential environmental impact.

Penalties and Offences:

1. The Act outlines penalties for contravening its provisions,

including fines and imprisonment for specified offences.
2. It enables the Central Government to take punitive actions
against violators of environmental laws to ensure compliance
and deter future violations.

Overall, the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, empowers the Central

Government to play a proactive role in safeguarding the environment
and mitigating pollution through stringent regulations, monitoring
mechanisms, and enforcement measures.
 Biomedical Waste Management and
Handling Rules, 1989

The Biomedical Waste Management and Handling Rules, 1989, were

among the initial regulations in India specifically addressing the
management and disposal of biomedical waste. Here are the key details:
Objective:
1. The rules aim to regulate the management of biomedical
waste generated from healthcare facilities, including
hospitals, clinics, laboratories, and research institutions.
2. They ensure that biomedical waste is handled, treated, and
disposed of in an environmentally sound manner to prevent
adverse health and environmental impacts.
Classification of Biomedical Waste:
1. Biomedical waste is categorized into various types based on
its characteristics (e.g., infectious, hazardous, radioactive) to
determine appropriate handling and disposal methods.
2. The categories include human anatomical waste, animal
waste, microbiological waste, blood and blood products,
discarded medicines, etc.
Responsibilities of Healthcare Facilities:
1. Healthcare facilities generating biomedical waste are
required to segregate waste at the point of generation into
different categories.
2. They must ensure proper collection, storage, transportation,
and treatment of biomedical waste through authorized
agencies or common biomedical waste treatment facilities
(CBWTFs).
 Treatment and Disposal:
1. Biomedical waste must be treated through appropriate
methods such as autoclaving, microwaving, incineration, or
chemical treatment to render it non-infectious before
disposal.
2. Disposal of treated biomedical waste must adhere to
specified guidelines to prevent contamination of water
bodies, land, or air.
Role of State Pollution Control Boards:
1. State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) are responsible for
implementing and enforcing the rules within their respective
states.
2. They issue authorizations to healthcare facilities and CBWTFs,
conduct inspections, and monitor compliance with
biomedical waste management practices.
Amendments and Updates:
1. Since the initial rules in 1989, there have been amendments
and updates to strengthen biomedical waste management
practices, aligning with advancements in technology and
environmental standards.
2. Notably, the Biomedical Waste Management Rules were
comprehensively revised in 2016 to enhance regulatory
framework and improve waste management practices.
Overall, the Biomedical Waste Management and Handling Rules, 1989,
laid the foundation for regulating biomedical waste in India,
emphasizing safe handling, treatment, and disposal to protect public
health and the environment.
 The Noise Pollution Regulation and Control
Rules, 2000

The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000, were

introduced in India to manage and mitigate the adverse effects of noise
pollution. Here are the key aspects of these rules:
Objective:
1. The rules aim to regulate and control noise pollution, which
can have detrimental effects on human health and well-
being, as well as on the environment.
Definitions and Categories:
1. The rules define various categories of areas based on their
sensitivity to noise, such as industrial areas, commercial
areas, residential areas, and silence zones (areas near
educational institutions, hospitals, and courts).
2. Different permissible noise limits are specified for these
categories to minimize disturbance to residents and sensitive
institutions.
Permissible Noise Limits:
1. The rules prescribe permissible noise limits in decibels (dB)
during different times of the day and night for various zones.
For example, residential areas typically have lower
permissible limits compared to industrial zones.
2. Silence zones have the strictest limits to ensure minimal
disturbance.
 Restrictions on Use of Loudspeakers and Public Address
Systems:
1. The rules regulate the use of loudspeakers and public address
systems to prevent excessive noise during events, festivals,
and public gatherings.
2. Permissions are required for using such equipment, and
specific time restrictions may apply.
Enforcement and Responsibilities:
1. Local authorities, such as municipal corporations and district
administrations, are responsible for enforcing these rules.
2. They conduct monitoring and take actions against violations,
including issuing fines and penalties for exceeding noise
limits or unauthorized use of loudspeakers.
Public Awareness and Compliance:
1. The rules emphasize public awareness and education
regarding the harmful effects of noise pollution.
2. They encourage compliance through awareness campaigns
and outreach activities.
Amendments and Updates:
1. Since their introduction in 2000, the Noise Pollution Rules
have been periodically amended to address emerging issues
and improve enforcement mechanisms.
2. Amendments may include updates to permissible noise
limits, expansion of silence zones, and incorporation of new
technologies for noise monitoring.
Overall, the Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000, play
a crucial role in safeguarding public health and maintaining
environmental quality by regulating noise levels in various settings
across India.
 The Batteries Management and Handling
Rules, 2001

The Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001, were formulated in

India to regulate the management, handling, recycling, and disposal of
batteries. Here are the key aspects of these rules:
Objective:

1. The rules aim to minimize the adverse impact of batteries,

especially lead-acid batteries, on the environment and human
health by promoting their proper management and disposal.

Applicability:

1. The rules apply to all types of batteries, including lead-acid

batteries used in vehicles, industrial batteries, nickel-cadmium
batteries, and others.

Responsibilities of Stakeholders:

1. Producers: Producers of batteries are responsible for

establishing collection centers or take-back systems for used
batteries, ensuring their proper management, and meeting
recycling targets.
2. Consumers: Consumers are encouraged to return used batteries
to authorized collection centers rather than disposing of them as
regular waste.
3. Recyclers: Recyclers are required to follow environmentally
sound recycling practices to recover materials from batteries and
minimize environmental contamination.

Collection and Recycling:

1. The rules mandate the establishment of collection systems for

used batteries, either by producers themselves or through
authorized agencies.
 2. Batteries collected are sent to authorized recycling facilities for
treatment and recycling of materials such as lead, cadmium, and
nickel.

Prohibited Actions:

1. Disposal of batteries as ordinary municipal waste is prohibited

under the rules due to the potential for environmental
contamination.
2. Unauthorized recycling methods that do not comply with
environmental standards are also prohibited.

Monitoring and Compliance:

1. State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) monitor compliance with

the Batteries Rules and enforce penalties for violations.
2. Producers and recyclers are required to submit reports to SPCBs
detailing their collection, recycling, and disposal activities.

Public Awareness and Education:

1. The rules emphasize public awareness campaigns to educate

consumers, producers, and other stakeholders about the
importance of proper battery management and recycling.

Amendments and Updates:

1. Since their enactment in 2001, the Batteries Rules have been

periodically amended to align with technological advancements,
improve recycling efficiencies, and address emerging
environmental concerns related to battery disposal.

Overall, the Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001, serve to

promote sustainable practices in battery management, reduce environmental
pollution, and conserve resources through effective recycling and disposal
mechanisms.
 No objection certificate from statutory
authorities like Pollution Control Board.

A No Objection Certificate (NOC) from statutory authorities like

Pollution Control Boards (PCBs) is a document issued to certify that a
particular activity or project complies with environmental regulations
and poses no objection from an environmental perspective. Here's how
it typically works:
Purpose:
1. The main purpose of obtaining an NOC from PCBs or other
statutory bodies is to demonstrate compliance with
environmental norms and regulations before initiating a new
industrial, commercial, or developmental project.
Application Process:
1. Applicants (such as industries, construction projects, etc.) are
required to submit detailed proposals, environmental impact
assessments (EIAs), and other relevant documents to the PCB
or concerned authority.
2. The application should outline the nature of the proposed
activity, its potential environmental impacts, and the
mitigation measures planned.
Evaluation and Assessment:
1. The PCB conducts a thorough evaluation of the proposed
project or activity based on the submitted documents.
2. This evaluation includes assessing the project's compliance
with environmental standards, its potential impact on air
quality, water resources, noise levels, waste management,
etc.
 Issuance of NOC:
1. If the project or activity is found to meet all regulatory
requirements and environmental standards, the PCB issues
an NOC.
2. The NOC certifies that the project can proceed without
causing significant harm to the environment and that the
concerned authority has no objection to its implementation.
Validity and Conditions:
1. NOCs are typically valid for a specified period and may
include conditions or stipulations that the project proponent
must adhere to during implementation.
2. Conditions may relate to monitoring environmental
parameters, implementing pollution control measures, and
maintaining compliance with specified norms.
Importance:
1. Obtaining an NOC is crucial for legal compliance and is often
a prerequisite for obtaining other clearances and permissions
from regulatory bodies and local authorities.
2. It ensures that developmental activities are conducted in an
environmentally responsible manner, minimizing adverse
impacts on the surroundings and public health.
In summary, a No Objection Certificate from statutory authorities like
Pollution Control Boards plays a pivotal role in ensuring that new
projects and activities are carried out in accordance with environmental
regulations, thereby promoting sustainable development and
environmental conservation.
 Air Act, 1981

The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, is a legislation

enacted by the Government of India to prevent and control air pollution.
Here are the key aspects of this Act:
1.

Objective:
1. The primary objective of the Air Act is to combat air pollution
and protect the quality of air in India.
2. It aims to establish effective mechanisms for the prevention,
control, and abatement of air pollution through regulatory
measures and enforcement actions.
Regulatory Framework:
1. The Act empowers central and state pollution control boards
(CPCB and SPCBs) to enforce regulations related to air
pollution control.
2. It provides for the formulation of national and state-level air
quality standards to limit emissions from industries, vehicles,
and other sources of pollution.
Powers and Functions:
1. The Act assigns responsibilities to CPCB and SPCBs for issuing
consent to operate to industries based on compliance with
emission standards.
2. It mandates periodic monitoring of air quality, emission
levels, and ambient air standards to assess compliance and
take corrective actions.
 Prohibited Activities:
1. Certain activities that significantly contribute to air pollution,
such as burning of waste, unauthorized industrial emissions,
and the use of polluting fuels, are prohibited or regulated
under the Act.
Enforcement and Penalties:
1. The Act includes provisions for penalties and punishments for
non-compliance with its provisions.
2. It empowers authorities to issue closure orders, impose fines,
and prosecute offenders who violate air pollution control
regulations.
Public Participation and Awareness:
1. The Air Act emphasizes public participation in the monitoring
and management of air quality.
2. It encourages public awareness campaigns to educate
communities about the harmful effects of air pollution and
the importance of pollution control measures.
Amendments and Updates:
1. Since its enactment, the Air Act has been amended to
strengthen regulatory frameworks, incorporate new
technologies for pollution control, and address emerging
challenges in air quality management.
Overall, the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, serves
as a critical legal framework in India's efforts to combat air pollution,
safeguard public health, and preserve the environment by regulating
emissions and promoting cleaner technologies and practices.
 Water Act, 1974

The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, is a key

legislation in India aimed at preventing and controlling water pollution.
Here are the main features and objectives of the Water Act, 1974:
Objective:

1. The primary objective of the Water Act is to prevent and control

water pollution and maintain or restore the wholesomeness of
water in the country.
2. It aims to establish comprehensive mechanisms for the
prevention, control, and abatement of pollution of water bodies,
including rivers, lakes, and groundwater.

Regulator Framework:

1. The Act empowers central and state pollution control boards

(CPCB and SPCBs) to implement and enforce regulations related
to water pollution control.
2. It provides for the setting of national and state-level standards
for the quality of water to be maintained in various water
bodies.

Pollution Control Measures:

1. The Water Act requires industries, municipalities, and other

polluting sources to obtain consent from SPCBs for discharging
effluents into water bodies.
2. It mandates industries to treat their effluents to meet the
prescribed standards before discharge.

Powers and Functions:

1. CPCB and SPCBs have powers to inspect premises, take samples,

issue directions for compliance with standards, and impose
penalties for non-compliance.
 2. They are responsible for monitoring water quality, conducting
surveys, and assessing pollution levels in water bodies.

Prohibited Activities:

1. The Act prohibits the discharge of pollutants in excess of

prescribed standards into water bodies without prior treatment.
2. It restricts activities such as disposal of hazardous substances
and dumping of solid waste into water bodies to prevent
pollution.

Enforcement and Penalties:

1. The Water Act includes provisions for penalties, fines, and

imprisonment for violations of its provisions, including
unauthorized discharge of pollutants.
2. It empowers authorities to issue closure orders, suspend
operations, or impose financial penalties on offenders.

Public Participation and Awareness:

1. The Act emphasizes public participation in the prevention and

control of water pollution through awareness programs and
community involvement in pollution monitoring.

Amendments and Updates:

1. Since its enactment, the Water Act has been amended to

strengthen regulatory frameworks, incorporate new
technologies for pollution control, and address emerging
challenges in water quality management.

Overall, the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, plays a
crucial role in regulating industrial and municipal activities to protect and
preserve water resources, ensure sustainable development, and safeguard
public health and the environment in India.
Central and State Boards for Prevention and
Control of Air Pollution

In India, the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and State

Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) are statutory bodies established
under the provisions of various environmental laws, including the Air
(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. Here's an overview of
their roles and responsibilities:
1.

Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB):

1. Establishment: CPCB was established in 1974 under the
Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, and
later tasked with responsibilities under the Air Act, 1981.
2. Jurisdiction: It operates under the Ministry of Environment,
Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) at the central level and
coordinates with SPCBs across states.
3. Functions:
1. Formulation of national policies and programs for
prevention, control, and abatement of pollution.
2. Coordination of activities between SPCBs and other
agencies related to environmental protection.
3. Conducting research and studies on pollution control
and promoting awareness and training programs.
4. Monitoring and assessing air quality at the national level
and providing technical assistance to SPCBs.
State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs):
 1. Establishment: SPCBs were established under the provisions
of the Water Act, 1974, and the Air Act, 1981, in each state
and union territory of India.
2. Jurisdiction: They operate under the administrative control
of respective state governments or union territories.
3. Functions:
1. Implementation and enforcement of pollution control
laws, rules, and standards within their jurisdiction.
2. Granting consent to industries for establishment and
operation based on environmental norms.
3. Monitoring and regulating industrial emissions, effluent
discharge, and environmental quality within the state.
4. Conducting inspections, issuing directives, and taking
legal actions against polluting industries and activities.
5. Collaborating with CPCB and other agencies on national
programs, standards adoption, and policy
implementation.

2.

Coordination between CPCB and SPCBs:

3.

1. CPCB acts as a coordinating body between the central

government and SPCBs to ensure uniformity in
environmental standards and practices across states.
2. It provides guidance, technical support, and capacity building
to SPCBs to enhance their effectiveness in pollution control
and management.
3. CPCB also assists in the formulation of national policies and
guidelines, which are implemented by SPCBs at the state
level.
In summary, CPCB and SPCBs play crucial roles in regulating and
controlling pollution in India, with CPCB overseeing national policies
and standards while SPCBs enforce these at the state and local levels,
ensuring environmental protection and sustainable development.

Powers and Functions of Central and State

Boards of Pollution Control Board

The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and State Pollution Control
Boards (SPCBs) in India are entrusted with specific powers and functions
aimed at preventing, controlling, and abating pollution. Here’s a detailed
overview of their respective roles:

Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB):

Formulation of Policies and Guidelines:

1. CPCB formulates and recommends national policies, guidelines,

and standards for pollution control and prevention across
various environmental domains, including air and water quality
management.

Monitoring and Assessment:

1. It conducts regular monitoring and assessment of environmental

quality at the national level, including air and water quality
parameters.
2. CPCB establishes and operates networks of monitoring stations
to collect data on pollutant levels and trends.

Coordination and Capacity Building:

1. CPCB coordinates with SPCBs, other government agencies, and

stakeholders to harmonize pollution control efforts nationally.
2. It provides technical assistance, capacity building, and training
programs to enhance the capabilities of SPCBs and other
stakeholders in pollution control.
 Research and Development:

1. CPCB undertakes research, studies, and surveys related to

pollution control technologies, best practices, and emerging
pollutants.
2. It promotes research collaborations and partnerships with
academic institutions and research organizations.

Enforcement and Compliance:

1. CPCB oversees the enforcement of national environmental laws

and regulations related to pollution control and prevention.
2. It conducts inspections, issues directives, and takes legal actions
against entities violating environmental norms at the national
level.

Public Awareness and Education:

1. CPCB initiates public awareness campaigns and outreach

programs to educate the general public, industries, and other
stakeholders about the impacts of pollution and the importance
of environmental conservation.

State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs):

Implementation of Laws and Regulations:

1. SPCBs are responsible for implementing and enforcing pollution

control laws, rules, and standards within their respective states
or union territories.
2. They grant consents to industries for establishment and
operation based on compliance with environmental norms.

Monitoring and Regulation:

1. SPCBs monitor and regulate industrial emissions, effluent

discharge, and environmental quality within their jurisdiction.
2. They establish and operate monitoring networks to assess
pollution levels and compliance with prescribed standards.

Inspections and Compliance:

 1. SPCBs conduct regular inspections of industries, commercial
establishments, and other sources of pollution to ensure
adherence to environmental regulations.
2. They issue directions, impose penalties, and initiate legal actions
against violators to enforce compliance.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA):

1. SPCBs review and assess Environmental Impact Assessments

(EIAs) for new projects and activities that could potentially
impact the environment.
2. They provide recommendations and conditions for
environmental clearance based on the findings of the EIA
process.

Public Participation and Grievance Redressal:

1. SPCBs engage with local communities, NGOs, and stakeholders

to promote public participation in pollution control and
environmental management.
2. They address grievances related to pollution and environmental
concerns raised by the public within their jurisdiction.

Collaboration with CPCB and Other Agencies:

1. SPCBs collaborate with CPCB, other state agencies, and local

authorities to implement national policies, guidelines, and
programs for pollution control.
2. They participate in inter-state coordination mechanisms to
address transboundary pollution issues and regional
environmental challenges.

In summary, CPCB and SPCBs work in tandem to enforce pollution control

laws, monitor environmental quality, promote sustainable practices, and
ensure compliance with regulatory standards across India. Their collective
efforts aim to safeguard public health, preserve natural resources, and
promote sustainable development.
Prevention and Control of Air Pollution and
Water Pollution as per , air act and water act

The Prevention and Control of Air Pollution and Water Pollution in

India are primarily governed by the Air (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Act, 1981, and the Water (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Act, 1974, respectively. Here’s how these Acts address these
forms of pollution:
Air Act, 1981:

Regulation of Industrial Emissions:

1. Air Standards: The Act empowers the Central Pollution
Control Board (CPCB) and State Pollution Control Boards
(SPCBs) to prescribe standards for emissions of air pollutants
from industries, automobiles, and other sources.
2. Consent Mechanism: Industries must obtain consent from
SPCBs for their operations, ensuring compliance with
emission standards.

Monitoring and Assessment:

1. Air Quality Monitoring: CPCB and SPCBs monitor ambient air
quality at various locations using networks of monitoring
stations.
2. Pollution Control Devices: Industries are required to install
pollution control devices to reduce emissions and maintain
air quality within permissible limits.
 Prohibited Activities:
1. The Act prohibits certain activities that contribute
significantly to air pollution, such as burning of waste,
unauthorized industrial emissions, and use of polluting fuels
without emission control devices.

Enforcement and Penalties:

1. CPCB and SPCBs enforce the Act by conducting inspections,
issuing directives, and imposing penalties on industries and
activities violating emission norms.
2. Penalties may include fines, closure orders, or prosecution
for severe violations.

Public Awareness and Participation:

1. The Act promotes public awareness about air pollution
through educational programs and encourages public
participation in monitoring and reporting violations.

Water Act, 1974:

Water Quality Standards:

1. Water Quality Criteria: The Act empowers CPCB and SPCBs
to establish water quality criteria and standards for different
classes of water bodies (e.g., rivers, lakes, and coastal
waters).
 2. Pollution Control: Industries and municipalities must treat
their effluents to meet these standards before discharge into
water bodies.
Monitoring and Surveillance:
1. Effluent Standards: CPCB and SPCBs monitor industrial
effluents and sewage discharges to ensure compliance with
prescribed effluent standards.
2. Environmental Monitoring: Regular monitoring of water
quality parameters in rivers, lakes, and groundwater helps
assess pollution levels and trends.
Prohibited Activities:
1. The Act prohibits the discharge of pollutants in excess of
prescribed standards into water bodies without prior
treatment.
2. Dumping of hazardous substances and solid waste into water
bodies is also restricted to prevent water pollution.
Enforcement and Penalties:
1. SPCBs enforce the Act by conducting inspections, issuing
directives, and imposing penalties on industries and
municipalities for violating effluent discharge standards.
2. Non-compliance may lead to fines, closure orders, or legal
action against offenders.
Public Participation and Awareness:
1. The Act encourages public participation in water pollution
control through awareness campaigns, public hearings on
pollution issues, and involvement in monitoring water
quality.
In summary, the Air Act, 1981, and the Water Act, 1974, provide
comprehensive frameworks for the prevention, control, and abatement
of air and water pollution in India. These laws establish regulatory
standards, promote pollution control technologies, and ensure
enforcement through monitoring, inspections, and penalties to protect
public health and the environment.

Fund ,Accounts and Audit and Penalties and

Procedures of Environment Act 1986

The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, establishes provisions related

to funds, accounts, audits, penalties, and procedures to ensure effective
implementation of environmental protection measures in India. Here’s
an overview of these aspects as per the Act:
Fund, Accounts, and Audit:
Environment Protection Fund:
1. The Act provides for the establishment of an Environment
Protection Fund at the national level.
2. This fund is used to finance and support activities aimed at
environmental protection, conservation of natural resources,
and sustainable development initiatives.
Sources of Fund:
1. The fund may receive contributions from the central
government, state governments, corporations, institutions,
international bodies, and other sources as prescribed by the
government.
Utilization of Funds:
1. Funds from the Environment Protection Fund are utilized for:

1. Implementing environmental protection and

conservation programs.
 2. Conducting research and development related to
environmental issues.
3. Promoting public awareness and education on
environmental conservation.
4. Supporting initiatives for pollution control, waste
management, and environmental remediation.
Accounts and Audit:
1. The Environment Protection Fund maintains proper accounts
and records of its receipts, expenditures, assets, and
liabilities.
2. These accounts are audited annually by the Comptroller and
Auditor General of India (CAG) or any other auditor
appointed by the central government.

Penalties and Procedures:

Offences and Penalties:
1. The Act specifies penalties for contravention of its provisions,
rules, and orders.
2. Penalties may include fines, imprisonment, or both,
depending on the severity of the offence and its impact on
the environment.
Prosecution and Legal Proceedings:
1. The Act outlines procedures for prosecution of offenders who
violate environmental laws.
2. It empowers designated authorities to investigate offences,
gather evidence, and initiate legal proceedings against
violators in courts of law.
Compounding of Offences:
1. Certain offences under the Act may be compounded by
paying a specified compounding fee as prescribed.
 2. Compounding allows for the settlement of minor violations
without undergoing a full legal trial, subject to the discretion
of authorities.
Appeals and Review:
1. Persons aggrieved by orders or decisions under the Act have
the right to appeal to higher authorities or appellate bodies.
2. Appellate processes provide opportunities for review and
reconsideration of decisions related to penalties, sanctions,
or enforcement actions.
Enforcement and Compliance:
1.

1. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), State Pollution

Control Boards (SPCBs), and other designated authorities
enforce the provisions of the Act through inspections,
monitoring, and compliance checks.
2. They ensure that industries, institutions, and individuals
comply with environmental standards and regulations to
prevent pollution and protect natural resources.
In conclusion, the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, establishes
mechanisms for financing environmental initiatives through the
Environment Protection Fund, outlines penalties for environmental
offences, and defines procedures for enforcement, prosecution, and
appeal to uphold environmental laws and ensure sustainable
development.