1

TRANSFORMER
 Transformer
i1(t) S i1(t)  i2(t) S2 i2(t)
1
V2

e1(t) e2(t)

Coil 1 Coil 2
N1 N2

A transformer is an electrical device that transfers

electrical energy from one electrical circuit to another
electrical circuit through the medium of magnetic field
and without a change in the frequency. It accomplishes
this by electromagnetic induction. 2
 Transformer Construction
Two types of iron-core construction:
a) Core - type construction
b) Shell - type construction

Material of core laminations: CRGO steel

(Cold Rolled Grain Oriented Steel)
This material, when magnetized in the rolling direction, has
low core loss and high permeability.
Thickness of lamination: 0.35 mm for 50 Hz Transformer

In order to reduce the eddy current losses, these

laminations are insulated from one another by thin layers
of varnish 3
 Transformer Construction
 CORE- TYPE CONSTRUCTION

vLV winding is placed adjacent to the steel core and HV winding

outside, in order to minimise the amount of insulation required

v Half of the winding is over one leg and the other half over the
second leg
- to reduce the leakage flux i.e. for better mutual coupling
4
 TRANSFORMER CONSTRUCTION
 SHELL - TYPE CONSTRUCTION

Interleaved or sandwiched coils for shell type transformers.

The bottom and top LV coils are of half the size of other LV coils

5
 Ideal Transformer
Ø Winding resistances are negligible.
Ø All the flux set up by the primary windings links with the secondary
windings, i.e. all the flux is confined to the magnetic core and
there is no leakage.
Ø The core losses (hysteresis and eddy current losses) are
negligible.
Ø The core has constant permeability, i.e. the magnetization curve
for the core is linear.

6
Transformer on load

7
 Transformer Equation
 For an AC sources,
 Let V(t) = Vm sint

i(t) = im sint
Since the flux is a sinusoidal function;
Then:

 (t )   m sin  t d (t )
Vind  Emf ind   N
Therefore: dt

d ( m sin t )
Vind  Emf ind   N
dt
  N  m cos t
Thus:

Vind  Emf ind (max)  N  m  2 f N  m

N  m 2 f N  m
Emf ind ( rms )    4.44 f N  m 8
2 2
 Transformer Equation
E1  2 f N1m
E2  2 f N 2m
E1 N1

E2 N 2
E1 E2
  2 f m
N1 N 2
EMF per turn in primary = EMF per turn in the
secondary
i1(t) S1 i1(t)  i2(t) S2 i2(t) V2

e1(t) e2(t)

N1 N2
9
 Transformer Equation
E1 N1 I 2
Therefore ,   a
E 2 N 2 I1

Where, ‘a’ is the Voltage Transformation Ratio; which will

determine whether the transformer is going to be step-up
or step-down

10
11
Ideal Transformer on no load

12
 Transformer Rating
 Transformer rating is normally written in terms of Apparent
Power.
 Apparent power is actually the product of its rated current
and rated voltage.

VA  V1 I1  V2 I 2
Where,
n I1 and I2 = rated current on primary and secondary winding.
n V1 and V2 = rated voltage on primary and secondary winding.
n Rated currents are actually the full load currents in
transformer

13
Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer

14
Referred to primary
 PC  I C2 R 0  V1' I C 
V 
1
' 2

R0
V1'
R0 
IC
V1'
xm 
Im

Secondary resistance drop when transferred to primary

N1 N N N
 ( I 2 r2 )  ( I 1 1 r2 ) 1  I 1 ( 1 ) 2 r2  I 1r2'
N2 N2 N2 N2
' N1 2
r2  r2 ( )
N2
15
 If resistance r2' is placed in the primary circuit,
then the relation between voltages V1 and V2 is
unaffected . This resistance r2' is called the
secondary resistance referred to primary.

The equivalent (or total) resistance referred to primary winding is

N1 2
re1  r1  r2 ( )  r1  r2'
N2
Similarly, the equivalent (or total) resistance referred to secondary is
N2 2
re 2  r2  r1 ( )  r2  r1'
N1
16
 Secondary leakage reactance drop when transferred to
primary
N1 N1 N1 N1 2
 ( I 2 x2 )  ( I1 x2 )  I1 ( ) x2  I1 x2'
N2 N2 N2 N2
' N1 2
x2  x2 ( )
N2
x2' is called the secondary leakage reactance referred to primary.
N1 2
xe1  x1  x2 ( )  x1  x2'
N2
Likewise,, the equivalent (or total) leakage reactance referred to
secondary is
N2 2
xe 2  x2  x1 ( )  x2  x1'
17

N1
The equivalent (or total) leakage impedance referred to primary is

ze1  re1  jxe1

The equivalent (or total) leakage impedance referred to secondary is

ze 2  re 2  jxe 2

N1 2 N2 2
z e1  ( ) z e 2 and ze 2  ( ) ze1
N2 N1

18
Phasor Diagram of Transformer

Lagging p.f. load

Leading p.f. load

E2 V2  I2(r2  jx2) V2  I2z2

19
V1 V1'  I1(r1  jx1) V1'  I1z1
 Power Transformer Distribution Transformer

Used in generating stations and substations Used for lower voltage distribution networks
for transforming the voltage at each end of as a means to end user connectivity.
a power transmission line.

Larger size and high insulation level. Smaller size and easy to install.

Used in Transmission network so they do Used in Distribution Network so they

not directly connect to the consumers, so directly connect to the consumers, so load
load fluctuations are very less. fluctuations are very high.

Flux density is higher. Flux density is lower.

Power transformers are generally operated Distribution transformers are always

at or near their rated capacity. Hence, they energised and operated at loads less than20
are designed such that copper losses are full load for most of time. Hence, they are
minimum. designed such that core losses are
minimum.
 Power Transformer Distribution Transformer
Power transformers are designed to For reduced core loss, the maximum
have maximum efficiency at or near its efficiency may occur at about one-half
full load (rated) kVA. of its rated kVA.

The choice of a power transformer The choice of a distribution transformer

should be based on full load efficiency. is based on energy efficiency.

Energy efficiency: The ratio of total energy

output for a certain period to the total
energy input for the same period.
When energy efficiency is computed for a
day, it is called all day efficiency.

Power transformers have percentage Distribution transformers have

impedance ranging from 6-18% and percentage impedance of 4-5% and
voltage regulation of 6-10%. voltage regulation of 4-8%.

21