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EE2102 Lecture Notes-4

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EE2102 Lecture Notes-4

Uploaded by

princesantanu18
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Approximate Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer

1
Back to Back or Sumpner's Test

W1  2 PC
W2  2 PSC
PC  n 2 PSC
  1
n (Rated VA) cos θ  PC  n 2 PSC
Net power input to the two transformers  2 PC  2 PSC

2
v Large transformers can be put on full load by means of Sumpner's test
v Requires two identical units, primaries of which are connected in parallel
v Two secondaries are connected in series with their polarities in phase opposition
v A voltage is injected in the secondary circuit by means of a voltage regulator
v The injected voltage is adjusted till rated current flows in the two series-connected secondaries
v If temperature rise of the two transformers is to be measured, then the two transformers are kept under
rated loss conditions for several hours till maximum stable temperature is reached.
v In Sumpner's test, even though the transformers are not supplying any load current, yet full iron-loss
occurs in their cores and full-load ohmic loss occurs in their windings.
v If 2I 0 is the no load current, then for the assumed direction of I 0 and I 2 , the primary current of
transformer 1 is less (difference of I1 and I0) than the primary current of transformer 2 (sum of I1 and
I0). Therefore, the two transformers do not operate under identical conditions - one may have slightly
less temperature than the other.

3
Efficiency of a Transformer
• The efficiency of a transformer may be obtained by direct loading or by the
method of losses. If the iron or core loss, Pi and the load loss, Pcu (I12 Re) are
known in watts at rated voltage and rated current respectively, then efficiency
at rated current at power factor cosθ is given by:

Output Power
Efficiency,  100%
Input Power
Pout
 100%
Pout  Plosses
K 103 cos 
 100%
K 10 cos   Pi  Pcu
3

4
For a given value of x, the efficiencywill have its maximumvalue when cos θ is maximum,
that is, at unity power factor when   0. Differentiating Equation (2) with respect to x and
equating the result to zero, we find x 2 Pcu  Pi , which means that, for a given power factor
cos , maximumefficiencyoccurs when the variablecopper loss is equal to the fixed core or
iron loss. Thus
Pi
x
Pcu

If Pi is greater than Pcu (that is, core loss is greater than full - load copper loss), then the maximum
efficiency will occur beyond full - load rating in kVA.
If Pi is less than Pcu maximum efficiency will occur at less than full - load.

5
Transformer Efficiency vs. Load
Current

Energy Efficiency
Ratio of total energy output for a certain period to the total energy input
for the same period
Output in kWh
All  day Efficiency  ( for 24hours )
Input in kWh
6
VOLTAGE REGULATION
 The purpose of voltage regulation is basically to determine the percentage
of voltage drop between no load and full load.
 It is defined as the change in magnitude of the secondary terminal voltage,
expressed as a percentage (or per unit) of the secondary rated voltage,
when load at a given power factor is reduced to zero, with primary applied
voltage held constant.
 In this method, all parameter are being referred to primary or secondary
side.
 Can be represented in either
Down – Voltage Regulation

VNL  VFL
V.R   100 %
VNL
Up – Voltage Regulation

VNL  VFL
V.R   100 %
VFL 7
VOLTAGE REGULATION
Voltage Regulation of transformer at lagging power factor,

Voltage Regulation of transformer at leading power factor,

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