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KineticsEquilibrium Kinikoglu

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18 views22 pages

KineticsEquilibrium Kinikoglu

Uploaded by

gshasantopal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHEMICAL KINETICS and

EQUILIBRIUM

Dr. Beste Kinikoglu Erol


Dept. of Medical Biology
School of Medicine
[email protected]
By the end of this lecture, you will be able to:

• define the rate of a chemical reaction


• list the factors that affect the rates of chemical
reactions
• describe first-order and second-order reaction rates
• explain the effect of temperature on a reaction’s rate
• define chemical equilibrium and the equilibrium
constant
• calculate the equilibrium constant from given
concentration data
• explain Le Chatelier’s Principle
CHEMICAL KINETICS:
area of chemistry that is concerned with the speeds,
or rates, of reactions
Factors affecting rates of chemical
reactions

• The concentrations of the reactants


• The temperature at which the reaction occurs
• The presence of a catalyst (such as enzymes)
• The surface area of solid or liquid reactants or
catalysts
Steel wool heated in air and in pure oxygen
Reaction Rates
•A B

• Average rate = change in the number of moles


of B / change in time

• Average rate = change in the number of moles


of A / change in time
Reaction Rates
A B
First-order and Second-order Reactions

•A products

• First-order reaction:
Rate = k[A]
• Second-order reaction:
Rate = k[A]2
Temperature and Rate:
rates of most chemical reactions increase as the
temperature rises
Chemical Equilibrium
The Equilibrium Constant
Calculating the Equilibrium Constant
• Question: A mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen
in a reaction vessel is allowed to attain
equilibrium at 472oC. The equilibrium mixture
of gases was analyzed and found to contain
0.1207 M H2, 0.0402 M N2, and 0.00272 M
NH3. From these data calculate the
equilibirium constant, Kc, for:
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
Le Chatelier’s Principle

• «If a system at equilibrium is disturbed by a


change in temperature, pressure, or the
concentration of one of the components, the
system will shift its equilibirium position so as
to counteract the effect of the disturbance.»
Change in Reactant or Product Concentrations

• If a chemical system is at equilibrium and we


add a substance (either a reactant or a
product), the reaction will shift so as to
reestablish equilibrium by consuming part of
the added substance. Conversely, removal of a
substance will result in the reaction moving in
the direction that forms more of the
substance.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
Effects of Volume and Pressure Changes

• Reducing the volume of a gaseous equilibrium


mixture causes the system to shift in the
direction that reduces the number of moles of
gas.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
Effects of Temperature Changes
• Almost every equilibrium constant changes in
value as the temperature changes.
Heating this solution shifts the
equilibrium to the right, forming
more blue ions.

Cooling the solution shifts the


equilibrium to the left, toward
pink ions.

At room temperature both the


pink and blue ions are present in
significant amounts, giving a violet
color to the solution.
Effects of Temperature Changes
• When the temperature is increased, the
equilibrium shifts in the direction that absorbs
heat.

• Endothermic: Increasing T results in an


increase in K.
• Exothermic: Increasing T results in a decrease
in K.
Suggested Reading:
• Chemistry The Central Science by Brown,
LeMay and Bursten, Prentice Hall. Chapters 14
and 15.

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