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Gajurel P R, Singh B, Kashung S, Adhikary P, Nopi S, Barman R, Yakang T, Doni T, Gogoi D. Foods from the wild: A review on the diversity and use pattern of wild edible plants of Arunachal Himalaya for sustainable management. Plant
Science Today. 2023; 10(1): 80–90. https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.1857

Botanical name Local name Family Habit Edible parts Major edible uses Other uses Edible use Cons- Reference FC RFC
group ervat-
ion
sta-tus
Acer acuminatum Wall. ex Soblela (Me) Sapindaceae Tree Leaves Used as local tea. Beverage LC [31] 1 0.01
D. Don .
Acer campbellii Hook. f. & Shoblela (Mo) Sapindaceae Tree Tender Fermented tender leaves are Beverage NE [78] 1 0.01
Thomson ex Hiern leaves are used as tea (Butter tea).
Acer cappadocicum Gled. NA Sapindaceae Tree Leaves Used as tea leaves. Beverage LC [83] 1 0.01
Achyranthes aspera L. NA Amaranthaceae Herb Tender Used as an ingredientt in Spice & NE [78] 1 0.01
leaves curries. condiments
Acmella oleracea (L.) R. K. Marshang (Ad), Yorkhung Asteraceae Herb Young shoot, Eaten boiled and as chutney. Medicinal for Vegetables, NE [8], [35], 9 0.12
Jansen (Ap), Marsha (Ga), leaves Medicinal for gastritis. blood clotting, spices and [43], [51],
Byadhi (Ny), Marsha skin infection, condiments, [53], [62],
(Ta/Ga), Marsang (Mo) tooth ache and medicine [75], [78],
as fish poison. [81]
Acmella paniculata (Wall. Pajong Nam (Tn), Asteraceae Herb Leaves, Cooked and eaten as Medicinal for Vegetables, LC [23], [25], 27 0.37
ex DC.) R.K. Jansen Yakhohamang (Ap), tender vegetable and chutney. mouth ulcer spices and [29], [30],
Marsha/Marsa (Ga), shoot, Medicinal for tonsillitis, and tooth ache. condiments, [31], [32],
Byadik (Ta), Marshang inflorescenc acidity, body ache and to medicine [34], [39],
(Ad), Marsha (Kh) e expel intestinal worms. [41], [42],
[44], [46],
[47], [50],
[51], [61],
[62], [71],
[72], [73],
[80], [82],
[84], [90],
[91], [92],
[93]
Acorus calamus L. Sutta (Kh) Acoraceae Herb Rhizome Used as ingredient in curries. Medicinal for Spices and LC [31], [35], 11 0.15
Medicinal for cough, wound healing, condiments, [41], [46],
stomach ache, dysentery, scabies and medicine [50], [58],
asthma and bronchitis. sinusitis. [61], [64],
Cultural rituals. [68], [81],
[91]
Actinidia callosa Lindl. Hari Harkhu/Antitari Actinidiaceae Climber Fruit Consumed raw as fruit. Medicinal for Fruits, medicine NE [27], [45], 7 0.10
(Ap), Thum-mrep (Mo), Medicinal as a food inflammation. [64], [78],
Bahu (Li) supplement, abdominal pain [80], [84],
and fever. [86]
Agapetes macrantha var. Asi Giri (Ad) Ericaceae Climber Flower Consumed as vegetable. Vegetables NE [49] 1 0.01
grandiflora (Hook. f.) D.
Banik & Sanjappa
Agapetes serpens (Wight) Zizerkon (Ad) Ericaceae Shrub Fruit Consumed raw. Fruits NE [89] 1 0.01
Sleumer

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Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. Tanion (Ny) Rosaceae Herb Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [47], [51], 3 0.04
[71]
Ajuga macrosperma Wall. Nomdemghor (Ny/Ta) Lamiaceae Herb Whole plant Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [51], [71] 2 0.03
ex Benth.
Albizia odoratissima (L. f.) Haya (Su) Fabaceae Tree Young shoot, Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables LC [39] 1 0.01
Benth. seed
Albizia procera (Roxb.) NA Fabaceae Tree Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Fuelwood, Vegetables LC [23] 1 0.01
Benth. construction
and handicrafts
Allium hookeri Thwaites Disang talap/Iinying (Ad), Amaryllidaceae Herb Whole plant, Eaten raw as salad or Cultural rituals. Vegetables, NE [26], [30], 21 0.29
Maan/Tschong (Mo), leaves, bulb, chutney, cooked as a spices and [31], [34],
Lepi (Ap), Talap (Ta), flower vegetable or condiments. condiments, [35], [36],
Talap (Ny), Kochong Medicinal for stomach ache, medicine [38], [41],
(Me), Alo/Pulo (Ms), cold, debility, ulcer, insomnia [42], [50],
Tongpsi (Bu), Talap (Ga) and fatigue. [51], [56],
[69], [71],
[77], [78],
[80], [81],
[84], [91],
[93]
Allium macranthum Baker Macau (Mi) Amaryllidaceae Herb Leaves, bulb Consumed as a salad. Vegetables NE [38] 1 0.01
Alnus nepalensis D. Don Mhu-sheng (Mo), Riime Betulaceae Tree Tender Fermented tender leaves are Medicinal for Beverages, LC [58], [78] 2 0.03
(Ap) leaves used as tea. Medicinal for swelling. medicine
excessive sweating and Fuelwood,
kidney related problems. fencing.
Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) Enge (Ad), Tue (Li) Araceae Herb Rhizome Cooked as vegetable and as Medicinal for Vegetables, NE [34], [53], 6 0.08
G. Don snacks. relieving insect miscellaneous [64], [68],
bites. [82], [92]
Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. Skeh (Bu), Zakir (Ga), Zingiberaceae Herb Fruit, Ripen fruits are edible, Vegetables, NE [79], [86], 4 0.05
Taling (Ad) rhizome, rhizome boiled and made fruits, spices [88], [89]
stem into chutney, inner part of and
the stem as vegetable. condiments,
Medicinal for constipation. medicine
Alpinia malaccensis Tora (Li), Puprere (Ad), Zingiberaceae Herb Young shoot, Young shoot and rhizome Vegetables, DD [52], [64], 7 0.10
(Burm.f.) Roscoe Tili (Ap), Papi/Bolo (Ny), fruit, cooked as vegetable, ripen fruits [68], [72],
Jakar /Pukpe rere (Ga) rhizome, fruits and seed consumed [73], [82],
seed raw. [93]
Alpinia nigra (Gaertn.) Bugbii telli (Ny), Puejong Zingiberaceae Herb Pseudostem, Rhizomes and pseudo stem Packing Vegetables, LC [47], [51], 6 0.08
Burtt (No) fruit, flower, cooked as vegetable, fruit material during fruits [58], [74],
rhizome and flower eaten raw. rice beer [85], [92]
Medicinal for jaundice, preparation.
gastric ulcer, kidney related
problem, as analgesic and
anti-inflammatory.
Alternanthera sessilis (L.) NA Amaranthaceae Herb Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables LC [23] 1 0.01
DC.
Amaranthus caudatus L. Amaranthaceae Herb Leaves, Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [92] 1 0.01
young shoot

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Amaranthus dubius Mart. Saining (Mi) Amaranthaceae Herb Leaves, Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [38] 1 0.01
ex Thell. young shoot
Amaranthus Khana (Mi) Amaranthaceae Herb Leaves, Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables, NE [38] 1 0.01
hypochondriacus L. young shoot Medicinal for constipation. medicine
Amaranthus spinosus L. Mora sag (Ch), Khutuka Amaranthaceae Herb Leaves, Cooked as vegetable. Medicinal for Vegetables, NE [23], [34], 13 0.18
(Ak/Hr), Pabe (Su), Puchu young shoot Medicinal for throat chest medicine [39], [42],
kinnyu (Ny), Gubor oying infection, constipation, inflammation [44], [51],
(Ad), Maon (Mo), Yangki gonorrhea, cough and and antidote for [52], [58],
soulpa (Si), Sagijaj (Li), dysentery. snake bite. [64], [66],
Pulu Tayi hamang (Ap) [78], [80],
[82]
Amaranthus viridis L. Nyipak (Ch), Fara (Mo), Amaranthaceae Herb Leaves, Cooked as vegetable. Medicinal for Vegetables, NE [23], [38], 13 0.18
Khungtou (Ak), Khahram young shoot, Medicinal for dysentery, inflammation, medicine [39], [42],
(Tn), Pabe (Su), Gubor flower constipation, chest pain, rheumatism, [44], [47],
oying (Ad), Yorko puchu asthma and cough. boil and sores. [51], [61],
kinyu/Tai (Ny), Sagijaj [64], [71],
(Li), [78], [82],
[93]
Amomum aromaticum Papia (Ad), Khuk (Tn), Zinziberaceae Herb Seed, Seed used as spice and Vegetables, NE [23], [39], 6 0.08
Roxb. Bolo-ow (Ny) inflorescenc inflorescence cooked as spices and [41], [47],
e vegetable. condiments [51], [82]
Amomum dealbatum Papia (Ad), Tingnyang Zinziberaceae Herb Seed, young Seed used as spice, inner core Vegetable, DD [23], [41], 5 0.07
Roxb. (Tn), Taliabi (Ga) shoots, pith, of stem and inflorescence as spices and [47], [82],
inflorescenc vegetable or chutney and condiments, [93]
e ripen fruits along with seed is fruits
as edible.
Amomum pterocarpum Taje (Ad), Taleng (Ta) Zingiberaceae Herb Inflorescenc Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables LC [49] 1 0.01
Thwaites e
Amomum subulatum Jepo (Ad), Taeli (Ra) Zingiberaceae Herb Tender Tender shoot and Medicinal for Vegetables, DD [30], [31], 7 0.10
Roxb. shoot, inflorescence cooked as skin allergy, medicine [49], [51],
inflorescenc vegetable, fruits eaten raw or cuts and [75], [91],
e, fruit as spice. Medicinal for wounds. [92]
headache and fever. Cultural rituals.
Amorphophallus Khoebi (Hr/Ak), Tue (Li), Araceae Herb Tender Tender leaves used as Vegetables, LC [44], [64], 5 0.07
paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Tu (No) leaves, corm ingredient in curries and spices and [78], [85],
Nicolson tuberous corms cooked as condiments [92]
vegetable.
Angiopteris evecta (Forst.) Chahmah (Tn), Taba (Ad), Marattiaceae Shrub Rhizome, Young fronds cooked as Medicinal for Vegetables, NE [41], [44], 12 0.16
Hoffm. Tari (Ap), young frond vegetables and pounded skin medicine, [47], [60],
Bakum/Tase/Taange rhizomes consumed as rice inflammation. miscellaneous [61], [62],
(Ga), Nabay/Bom (Ny), substitute during famine. Fodder. [68], [71],
Fadey (Me), Bukka (Ak), Medicinal for dysentry and [80], [81],
Tabii (Ta), Maahtik (No) diarrhea. [85], [93]
Antidesma acidum Retz. Rodret (Ny) Phyllanthaceae Shrub Fruit Consumed raw as fruit. Fruits LC [37] 1 0.01
Antidesma bunius (L.) Kompong-Perong Phyllanthaceae Tree Fruit Consumed raw as fruit. Fruits, medicine LC [87] 1 0.01
Spreng. Medicinal for indigestion,
cough, stomach ache and
insomnia.
Antidesma montanum Phyllanthaceae Tree Fruit Consumed raw as fruit. Fruits LC [92] 1 0.01

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Blume
Aralia armata Seem. Tataterang (Ad), Thang Araliaceae Tree Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables LC [49], [51] 2 0.03
Ao (Ny)
Ardisia crenata Sims So-Bumlo Primulaceae Shrub Fruit Consumed raw as fruit. Medicinal for Fruits NE [87] 1 0.01
skin diseases.
Ardisia macrocarpa Wall. NA Primulaceae Shrub Fruit Consumed raw as fruit. Fruits NE [78] 1 0.01
Ardisia macrophylla Kubsangdeb (Me) Primulaceae Shrub Fruit, bark Consumed raw as fruit. Medicinal for Fruits, medicine NE [31] 1 0.01
Reinw. ex Blume Medicinal for food poison cuts and wound
and blood purification. and
conjunctivitis.
Ardisia polycephala Wall. ex NA Primulaceae Shrub Fruit Consumed raw as fruit. Fruits NE [37] 1 0.01
A. DC.
Ardisia solanacea Roxb. Goyakpin (Ad), Nyampen Primulaceae Shrub Tender Shoots are cooked as Vegetables, NE [49], [47], 4 0.05
(Tn), Tamak/Choochak shoot, fruit vegetable and fruits are fruits [60], [93]
(Ga) edible.
Ardisia thyrsiflora D. Don. Tujum Aep (Ta) Primulaceae Tree Fruit Consumed raw as fruit. Fruits LC [51] 1 0.01
Arenga micrantha C. F. Nap (Bu), Nuek (Sa) Arecaceae Shrub Stem Pounded into flour, cooked Construction Miscellaneous EN [35] 1 0.01
Wei and consumed. and handicrafts,
fencing.
Argyreia nervosa (Burm. f.) Riiko (Ad) Convolvulaceae Climber Young shoot Cooked as vegetable and Medicinal for lip Vegetables, NE [51], [55] 2 0.03
Bojer medicinal for malaria. sore. medicine
Arisaema concinnum Wange (Mo), Tabi-eging Araceae Herb Tuber Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [78] 1 0.01
Schott (Ad)
Aristolochia saccata Wall. Dawkum (Ny) Aristolochiaceae Climber Young shoot, Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [39] 1 0.01
tender
leaves
Artemisia indica Willd. Kukulyu-hamang (Ap), Asteraceae Herb Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Medicinal for Vegetables, NE [29], [38], 8 0.11
Tape-Nyobeng/Tapen Medicinal for headache, body ache and medicine [39], [25],
(Ga), Tapin-yeming (Ny), cough, menstrual pain, body nose bleeding. [72], [73],
Tappen (Ta), Laglin (Ad) ache, nose bleeding, diarrhea Insect repellent. [80], [81]
and dysentery.

Artemisia nilagirica (C. B. Tipintarin (Ad), Kuklyu Asteraceae Shrub Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Medicinal for Vegetables, NE [31], [50], 6 0.08
Clarke) Pamp. (Ap), Tappen (Ta), Tape- Medicinal as antibiotic, itching, and medicine [54], [58],
Nyobeng (Ga), Tapin stomach trouble and body wounds. [66], [81]
(Ny), Syowum (Ak) ache. Cultural rituals,
insecticides,
fodder.
Artocarpus chama Buch.- Mebayam/Nipam- bangs Moraceae Tree Fruit, seed Fruits cooked as vegetable, Fodder, Vegetables, NE [23], [33], 8 0.11
Ham. (Ad), Tak Sam (Ta), consumed raw or ripened, construction fruits, medicine, [37], [48],
Chamin gulo (Ch), Bodo- made into pickle, dried seeds and handicrafts, miscellaneous [51], [64],
bolo (Ny), Robot (Wa), roasted and eaten. Medicinal fuelwood. [82], [92]
Pomse (DM), Ebrembo for gastritis and stomach
(IM), Rum malang (Li) disorder.
Artocarpus hirsutus Lam. Jat Malang (Tn) Moraceae Tree Seed Roasted and eaten as snacks. Miscellaneous LC [47] 1 0.01
Artocarpus lacucha Roxb. Bela Ninye (Ta), Moraceae Tree Fruit, seed, Fruits consumed, bark Construction Fruits, NE [23], [33], 5 0.07
ex Buch.-Ham. Lirang/Belang (Ad), Lisuk- bark chewed with paan (betle and handicrafts, miscellaneous [49], [51],
Salia (Ny), Pome (DM), leaf). Seeds are roasted and fodder and [89]
Sali (Wa) consumed. fuelwood.

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Arundinaria racemosa NA Poaceae Herb Young shoot Consumed as pickle and Fencing, Vegetables, NE [31] 1 0.01
Munro vegetable. construction miscellaneous
and handicrafts,
broom.
Asparagus racemosus Ngalangma (Mo) Asparagaceae Herb Leaves Fermented leaves used as Beverage, NE [45], [50], 4 0.05
Willd. tea. Medicinal for diarrhea medicine [51], [78]
and dysentery.
Aspidocarya uvifera Hook. Tadar (Ad) Menispermaceae Climber Fruit Consumed raw as fruit. Fruits NE [78], [89] 2 0.03
f. & Thomson
Asystasia dalzelliana Barse(Ga) Acanthaceae Herb Flower, Cooked as a vegetable. Vegetables NE [93] 1 0.01
Santapau leaves
Asystasiella neesiana Obul (Ad), Barse (Ta) Acanthaceae Herb Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [49], [62] 2 0.03
Lindau
Balakata baccata (Roxb.) Samperai (Ap) Euphorbiaceae Tree Fruit Consumed raw as fruit. Fruits LC [73], [72] 2 0.03
Esser
Baliospermum calycinum Gilgal (Ad/Ga) Euphorbiaceae Tree Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Medicinal as Vegetables, LC [26], [51], 6 0.08
Mull. Arg. Medicinal for asthma, antidote against medicine [58], [72],
jaundice, gastritis, gout and snake bite, [82], [93]
rheumatism. toothache.
Baliospermum Tapio-sen/Piriya (Ny) Euphorbiaceae Tree Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables, LC [39], [51], 3 0.04
solanifolium (Burm.) Medicinal for digestion. medicine [71]
Suresh
Bauhinia purpurea Linn. Ogok (Ad), Pacham (Ny) Fabaceae Tree Tender Cooked as vegetable. Fodder and Vegetables LC [32], [51], 4 0.05
shoot, fencing. [82], [92]
flower bud
Bauhinia variegata L. Ogok (Ad), Pachem/Gai Fabaceae Tree Tender Cooked as vegetable. Fencing, Vegetables, LC [23], [26], 14 0.19
seen (Ny), Pachem (Ap), shoot, young Medicinal for liver disorder, fuelwood and medicine [37], [42],
Pasham (Ga) leaves, chest pain, rheumatism, fodder. [49], [51],
flower bud, asthma, ulcer and digestive [58], [72],
seed, problem. [73], [78],
flower, [82], [87],
young pod [90], [93]
Bauhinia wallichii J. F. Pachem/Gai (Ny) Fabaceae Climber Tender Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables LC [39] 1 0.01
Macbr. shoot,
flower bud
Begonia longifolia Blume Yomrang Kochi Baying Begoniaceae Herb Petiole, Consumed raw as vegetable Vegetables, NE [89] 1 0.01
(Ad) leaves or snacks. miscellaneous
Begonia aborensis Dunn Sisibaying (Ad), Rebe Begoniaceae Herb Leaves, Consumed raw as vegetable Vegetables, NE [49], [62], 3 0.04
(Ta), Buku churbu(Ga) petiole, stem or snacks. Medicinal for miscellaneous, [93]
stomach ache. medicine
Begonia griffithiana Warb. Sudum meko/Mane Begoniaceae Herb Leaves, Consumed raw or cooked as Vegetables NE [26], [72], 4 0.05
Kochi Baying (Ad) petiole vegetable. [82], [89]
Begonia josephi A. DC. Sisibaying/Gumbolopang Begoniaceae Herb Leaves, Consumed raw or cooked as Insect repellent. Vegetables NE [23], [61], 3 0.04
(Ad), Tsurpu (Me) petiole vegetable. [82]
Begonia obversa C. B. Lukhu (Ap), Baya, Begoniaceae Herb Leaves, Consumed raw or cooked as Medicinal for Vegetables, NE [71], [73], 3 0.04
Clarke Babarai (Ny) petiole vegetable. Medicinal for cold, itching. Fodder. medicine [80]
fever and malaria.

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Begonia palmata D. Don Sisibaying (Ad), Bayia Begoniaceae Herb Leaves, Consumed raw or burnt and Spices and NE [23], [49], 7 0.10
(Ny) petiole made into chutney. Medicinal condiments, [50], [51],
for diarrhea, dysentery and medicine [71], [82],
cough. [92]
Begonia roxburghii (Miq.) Buku-Hurbu (Ga), Bakku Begoniaceae Herb Leaves, Consumed raw as vegetable Medicinal for Vegetables, NE [23], [29], 13 0.18
A. DC. yulu (Ta), Boku petiole or snacks. Medicinal for wounds. miscellaneous, [39], [42],
Yulu/Babrai (Ny), Dumbo diarrhea, constipation and medicine [47], [49],
lepang (Ad), Lukhu (Ap), indigestion. [51], [60],
Sihai (Tn) Kochi Baying [64], [71],
(Ad) [73], [75],
[89]
Begonia silhetensis (A. DC.) Sukun (No) Begoniaceae Herb Petiole, Consumed raw as salad. Vegetables NE [85] 1 0.01
C. B. Clarke leaves
Begonia tessaricarpa C. B. Buckuchullu/ bikurimbu Begoniaceae Herb Petiole, Consumed raw and medicinal Vegetables, NE [43] 1 0.01
Clarke (Ga) leaves for nausea. medicine
Berberis angulosa Wall. ex Lae-kanchan (Mo) Berberidaceae Shrub Young twig, Consumed raw as salad. Vegetables NE [25], [78] 2 0.03
Hook. f. & Thomson flower
Berberis aristata DC. Kanchan (Mo), Tiipe Berberidaceae Shrub Young twig, Consumed raw as salad. Medicinal for Vegetables, LC [25], [36], 6 0.08
Tiirey (Ap) flower, fruit, Medicinal for diabetes and eye infection. medicine [46], [58],
roots fever. Cultural [77], [78]
tattooing.
Berberis asiatica Roxb. ex Tge (Ny), Kanchan (Mo) Berberidaceae Shrub Young twig, Shoots as vegetable Fruits are Medicinal for Fruits, LC [36], [51], 3 0.04
DC. Fruit, flower, consumed raw. Flowers and inflammation. vegetables, [78]
flower bud fruits are medicinal for medicine
stomach ache.

Berberis chitria Buch.- Kanchan (Mo) Berberidaceae Shrub Fruit Consumed raw as fruit. Fruits NE [78] 1 0.01
Ham. ex Ker Gawl.
Berberis insignis Hook. f. & Kanchan (Mo) Berberidaceae Shrub Tender Consumed raw as vegetable. Vegetables NE [78] 1 0.01
Thomson shoot
Berberis macrosepala Kanchan (Mo) Berberidaceae Shrub Flower Consumed raw as vegetable. Vegetables NE [78] 1 0.01
Hook. f. & Thomson
Berberis wallichiana DC. Kanchan (Mo), Tipetere Berberidaceae Shrub Fruit Consumed raw as fruit. Medicinal for Fruits NE [39], [51] 2 0.03
(Ny), Ropoating-ahi (Ap) eye infection.
Cultural rituals.

Berchemia floribunda Yar Ao (Ny) Rhamnaceae Shrub Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables LC [39], [51] 2 0.03
(Wall.) Brongn.
Bidens biternata (Lour.) Tagaem-nyenyam (Ga), Asteraceae Herb Tender Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [51], [90] 2 0.03
Merr. & Sherff Takam Pechi/Tagam leaves
Nyeinyam (Ny)
Bidens pilosa L. Rhobashing (Wk/Mo), Asteraceae Herb Tender Cooked as vegetable. Medicinal for Vegetables, NE [35], [40], 11 0.15
Tangam (Ad), Buki-orh shoot, Medicinal for indigestion, cuts and medicine [43], [46],
(Ny), Tagam (Ga), Hou tender ulcers, hepatitis, influenza, wounds, ear [49], [58],
bok (Ap) leaves malaria and urinary tract and eye [68], [70],
infection. problems. [74], [75],
[78]
Bidens tripartita L. Nikampusi (Ny) Asteraceae Herb Leaves Consumed raw or cooked as Vegetables LC [71] 1 0.01
vegetable.

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Bischofia javanica Blume. Tag Schein ( Ta), Hitir Phyllanthaceae Tree Fruit, leaves Leaves cooked as vegetable Medicinal for Vegetables, LC [37], [40], 5 0.07
(Ad), Morn seen (Ny), and fruits are edible. eczema. fruits, medicine [48], [51],
Sitiil Medicinal for gastritis and Construction [87]
cholera. and handicrafts,
fuelwood.
Blumea fistulosa Kurz. Rumdum (Ga/Ad) Asteraceae Herb Whole plant Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables, NE [26], [34], 5 0.07
Medicinal for diarrhea. medicine [51], [72],
[82]
Blumea lanceolaria Druce NA Asteraceae Shrub Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [51] 1 0.01
Boea multiflora R. Br. Yak (Ny) Gesneriaceae Herb Young shoot, Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [39] 1 0.01
tender
leaves
Boehmeria glomerulifera Teshi-huyes (Ny) Urticaceae Shrub Young shoot, Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [39] 1 0.01
Miq. tender
leaves
Boehmeria hamiltoniana Rimpo (Ad) Urticaceae Shrub Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [89] 1 0.01
Wedd.
Boehmeria macrophylla Sobo-Yapong/Ompey Urticaceae Shrub Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [61], [71], 3 0.04
Hornem. (Ad), Tatam tatnam (Ny), [91]
Ompey (Kh)
Boehmeria penduliflora Nyot-kyang (Ad) Urticaceae Shrub Tender Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [49] 1 0.01
Wedd. ex D. G. Long shoot
Boeica filiformis C. B. Jongku (Ad), Jookey (Ga) Gesneriaceae Shrub Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [51] 1 0.01
Clarke
Boeica fulva C. B. Clarke Joke Ao (Ga) Gesneriaceae Herb Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [49], [51] 2 0.03
Bombax ceiba L. Pemagesar (Br), Semul, Malvaceae Tree Flower bud, Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables LC [23], [37], 7 0.10
Singe (Ad) seed, flower [40], [41],
[51], [78],
[92]
Brachystemma calycinum NA Caryophyllaceae Shrub Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [49] 1 0.01
D. Don
Brassaiopsis glomerulata Tago (Ga, Ny) Araliaceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruit and Medicinal for Fruits, medicine LC [51], [71] 2 0.03
(Blume) Regel medicinal for cough. abscesses.
Fuelwood.
Brassaiopsis hainla Seem. Gopop (Ga) Araliaceae Shrub Fruit, seed Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [93] 1 0.01
Bridelia retusa (L.) A.Juss. Kuhir (As) Phyllanthaceae Tree Fruit Consumed raw as fruit. Fruits LC [37] 1 0.01
Bridelia stipularis (L.) Mou-silikha (As) Phyllanthaceae Climber Fruit Consumed raw or made into Fruits, LC [37] 1 0.01
Blume pickle. miscellaneous
Buddleja asiatica Lour. Phamshing (Mo), Omum Scrophulariaceae Shrub Leaves, Fermented and used as Medicinal for Beverage LC [40], [53] 2 0.03
delum (Ad) young twig beverage. sinusitis,
antidote against
snake bite.
Cajanus goensis Dalzell Katori-peren (Su) Fabaceae Shrub Seed Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [39] 1 0.01
Calamus acanthospathus Tasar (Ny) Arecaceae Climber Fruit, young Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [90] 1 0.01
Griff. shoot
Calamus erectus Roxb. Tara (Ad), Uhdum bizi Arecaceae Climber Young stem, Tender shoot roasted and Construction Vegetables, NE [23], [39], 8 0.11
(Ch), Tar (Ny), Aru to shoot, fruit eaten as chutney, unripe fruit and handicrafts fruits, medicine, [49], [51],
(IM), Tare (Ta/Ga), Gee as substitute of betle nut, spices and [61], [62],
(No) ripen fruit edible and inner [85], [93]

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core of tender stem cooked condiments,

as vegetable. Medicinal for miscellaneous
indigestion and stomach
problem
Calamus flagellum Griff. ex Yoyi/Ramang (Ad), Tar Arecaceae Climber Young stem, Roasted tender shoot eaten Construction Vegetables, NE [23], [32], 11 0.15
Walp. rame (Ny), Iiso (Ta) fruit, tender as chutney and vegetable, and handicrafts spices and [39], [45],
shoot unripe fruit used as condiments, [49], [51],
substitute of betle nut and miscellaneous [61], [62],
young tender shoot tips [82], [83],
eaten raw. [92]
Calamus floribundus Griff. Jeying (Ad), Easoo (Ap), Arecaceae Climber Fruit Consumed as fruit. Construction Fruits NE [27], [68], 5 0.07
Taneso (Ny), Reeri (No) and handicrafts [71], [73],
[85]
Calamus jenkinsianus Griff. Chukhili (Li) Arecaceae Climber Young shoot Cooked as vegetable. Construction Vegetables NE [64] 1 0.01
and handicrafts
Calamus latifolius Roxb. Golar / Raiding (Ad), Arecaceae Climber Young stem, Tender shoots cooked or Construction Vegetables, NE [23], [51], 4 0.05
Takat (Ga) fruit, pith roasted as vegetable and and handicrafts fruits [82], [89]
fruits eaten.
Calamus leptospadix Griff. Chukhili (Li), Jeying (Ad) Arecaceae Climber Young shoot Cooked as vegetable. Construction Vegetables NE [32], [64] 2 0.03
and handicrafts
Calamus nambariensis Taara (Ad) Arecaceae Climber Young shoot Cooked as vegetable and Vegetables, NE [34], [55], 3 0.04
Becc. medicinal for malaria. medicine [84]
Calamus rotang L. Are to (IM), Rai-lyo (Bu), Arecaceae Climber Tender Cooked as vegetable and Vegetables, NE [61], [35] 2 0.03
Chunui (Sa) shoot medicinal for stomach ache. medicine
Calamus tenuis Roxb. Sha (Ak/Hr), Ter-remme Arecaceae Climber Tender stem Cooked as vegetable and Vegetables, LC [44], [45], 7 0.10
(Ny), Chukhili (Li), Esong medicinal for stomach medicine [47], [51],
disorder. [64], [78],
[87]
Callicarpa arborea Roxb. Tato/Yul-sin (Ny), Lamiaceae Tree Bark, leaves, Bark eaten along with Rubus Miscellaneous, LC [23], [46], 8 0.11
Lalu/Yaohorin (Ad), tender shoot paniculatus as paan spices and [49], [60],
Poirek (Ch), Penlo/Yalu substitute, as condiments condiments, [72], [74],
(Ga) and tender shoots as mouth medicine [93], [94]
freshener. Medicinal for skin
disease, indigestion and
gastritis
Callicarpa macrophylla Upneu (Ny) Lamiaceae Shrub Fruit Consumed as fruits and Medicinal for Fruits, medicine LC [39], [51], 3 0.04
Vahl medicinal for stomach rheumatism. [94]
disorders.
Callicarpa vestita Wall. ex Yalu ( Ny) Lamiaceae Shrub Stem, leaves Dried stem used as substitute Miscellaneous, NE [51] 1 0.01
C. B. Clarke for tobacco, leaves used in beverages
preparation of local liquor
'Apung'.
Canarium bengalense Dhuna (Ad) Burseraceae Tree Fruit Consumed raw as fruit. Fruits NE [48] 1 0.01
Roxb.
Canarium strictum Roxb. Hilum (Ad), Poirek gulo Burseraceae Tree Fruit, seed Consumed raw as fruit and Insect repellant. Fruits, medicine NE [23], [32], 10 0.14
(Ch), Singlu (Ny), Japei medicinal for cough. [48], [49],
(Me), Silum (Ta), [51], [62],
Hilum/Tikok (Ga) [71], [83],
[87], [93]

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Capsella bursa-pastoris Sog-karpu (Br) Brassicaceae Herb Whole plant Consumed raw. Vegetables NE [78] 1 0.01
Medik.
Carallia brachiata Merr. Sibetaneng (Ad) Rhizophoraceae Tree Fruit Consumed raw or ripen as Fruits NE [48] 1 0.01
fruit.
Cardamine hirsuta L. Oram-petsik (Ad), Soram Brassicaceae Herb Flower, Cooked and consumed as Medicinal for Vegetables, NE [23], [26], 12 0.16
guyi/Serampeti/Piidii whole plant, vegetable, chutney and salad. toothache, cut medicine [30], [39],
sorum (Ny), Pade-hama leaves, Medicinal for chest pain, liver and wounds. [42], [49],
(Ap), Tuka (Ga) tender shoot disorder and cough. [51], [52],
[78], [80],
[82], [93]
Cardamine macrophylla Wang-hru (Mo) Brassicaceae Herb Tender Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [56], [78] 2 0.03
Willd. shoot, leaves
Carex cruciata Wahlenb. Basar, Sodomplapa (Ny) Cyperaceae Herb Tender stem Consumed raw. Medicinal for Miscellaneous NE [71] 1 0.01
wound healing.
Cultural rituals.
Carex filicina Nees in Bahik (Ny) Cyperaceae Herb Seed Consumed raw. Miscellaneous LC [71] 1 0.01
Wight
Caryota urens L. Rani sengor (Ch), Tamak Arecaceae Tree Tender stem, Stem cooked as vegetable Handicrafts, Vegetables, LC [23], [32], 4 0.05
(Ad/Ga), Jok Pan (No) fruit, seed and ripen fruits consumed as construction miscellaneous [85], [93]
a substitute to betel nut as a and handicrafts,
mouth freshener. agriculture
implements.
Castanopsis hystrix A. DC. Kora (Ny), Amke (Ad), Fagaceae Tree Fruit Consumed after roasting. Fuelwood, Fruits NE [23], [41], 6 0.08
Kiira (Ap), Sirang-Raaye, cultural rituals. [48], [80],
Himpe (Ga) [87], [93]
Castanopsis indica A. DC. Sirang/Korang (Ad), Khe- Fagaceae Tree Fruit, leaves Leaves consumed raw or Timber, Vegetables, LC [23], [35], 16 0.22
sing (Mo), Rahu kira (Ap), boiled as vegetable and nuts fuelwood, fruits, medicine [37], [48],
Kira seen (Ny), Katus (Li), eaten raw or roasted. cultural rituals. [49], [51],
Koyu -Korang Raaye, Medicinal for cough. [53], [61],
Kora (Ga) [64], [78],
[80], [84],
[87], [89],
[92], [93]
Castanopsis lanceifolia Tain (Ny) Fagaceae Tree Fruit Consumed raw or roasted. Fruits NE [51] 1 0.01
(Roxb.) Hickel & A.
Camus
Castanopsis purpurella Sirang (Ad) Fagaceae Tree Fruit, seed Consumed raw or roasted. Fruits NE [89] 1 0.01
(Miq.) N. P. Balakr.
Castanopsis tribuloides A. Tain-tha (Ny), Korbing Fagaceae Tree Fruit, seed Consumed raw or roasted. Timber, Vegetables, NE [37], [39], 6 0.08
DC. kira (Ap), Kira seen (Ny), Medicinal for cough, fuelwood, medicine [51], [80],
Tare (Ad) indigestion and goiter. cultural rituals. [89], [92]
Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. Mengoni (Ch), Apiaceae Herb Leaves, Cooked as vegetables or Vegetables, LC [23], [25], 32 0.44
Ngulyikheq/Hol-ow/Bodo flower, taken raw as salad and spices and [34], [36],
(Ny), Ngilyang Khiko (Ap), tender shoot chutney. Medicinal for condiments, [38], [39],
Shetafay/Syowbo (Ak), stomach disorder, dysentery, medicine [41], [42],
Tselagorgor (Sh), blood pressure, as brain [43], [44],
Manimuni (Mo), tonic, leprosy and [46], [47],
Barang/Golgi tuberculosis. [50], [51],
Sipum/Dolgi/Kipum [52], [53],

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Yayum/Kiiling Kiiroh (Ad), [54], [58],

Agimache (Li), Nguri (Ga) [61], [64],
[66], [68],
[71], [73],
[78], [79],
[80], [82],
[89], [91],
[92], [93]
Cerasus cerasoides (D. Sembo (Ap) Rosaceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruit and Medicinal for Vegetables, LC [86] 1 0.01
Don) S. Ya. Sokolov medicinal as appetizer. back pain. medicine
Cheilocostus speciosus (J. Siiyung iibar (Ad), Rumo- Costaceae Herb Rhizome, Cooked and consumed as Medicinal for Vegetables, LC [54], [61], 4 0.05
Koenig) C. D. Specht sanadugo (Ak), Kebuk stem vegetable or snacks. wounds, miscellaneous, [66], [92]
(Ms) Medicinal for jaundice. antidote against medicine
snake bite.
Chenopodium album L. Machio-sak (Ad) Amaranthaceae Herb Leaves, Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables, NE [23], [38], 7 0.10
tender Medicinal for flatulence, medicine [42], [66],
shoot, seeds expelling stomach worm, [72], [75],
kidney problem, blood [90]
pressure and as health tonic.
Chimonobambusa callosa Tao (Ad), Riijang (Ap), Poaceae Herb Young shoot Cooked as vegetable. Fuelwood, Vegetables NE [31], [67], 3 0.04
Nakai Dusi (Me) fencing, [80]
construction
and handicrafts
Chimonocalamus Tabiyo (Ap) Poaceae Herb Young shoot Cooked as vegetable. Fuelwood, Vegetables NE [80] 1 0.01
griffithianus (Munro) construction
Hsueh & T. P. Yi and handicrafts
Chlorophytum Tale (Ap) Asparagaceae Herb Whole plant Cooked as vegetable or taken Vegetables NE [73] 1 0.01
arundinaceum Baker raw.
Chlorophytum nepalense Taaprong (Mo) Asparagaceae Herb Young leaves Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [78] 1 0.01
(Lindl.) Baker
Choerospondias axillaris Beelam (Ta), Totam Anacardiaceae Tree Fruit Unripe fruits pickled or made Construction Spices and NE [23], [42], 10 0.14
(Roxb.) B. L. Burtt & A. W. belam (Ad), Biiling (Ap), into chutney and ripen fruits and handicrafts condiments, [48], [49],
Hill Belam (Ga), Ban-gulo eaten raw. Medicinal for fruits, medicine, [51], [62],
(Ch) bowel movement and miscellaneous [80], [86],
digestion. [92], [93]
Cinnamomum bejolghota Hipir Ayin/Sipiriang (Ad), Lauraceae Tree Fruit, leaves Leaves used as local tea and Beverages, LC [24], [30], 6 0.08
(Buch.-Ham.) Sweet Pode (Ga), Magob (Ta) fruits eaten raw. fruits [49], [62],
[82], [89]
Cirsium interpositum Petr. Tailobeo (Ny), Lobyo- Asteraceae Herb Flower Cooked or raw as vegetable Vegetables, NE [39], [71] 2 0.03
tirey (Ap) and used in making salt. miscellaneous
Cirsium verutum Spreng. Brongzom (Mo) Asteraceae Herb Inflorescenc Consumed raw as salad and Vegetables, NE [78] 1 0.01
e medicinal for stomach ache. medicine
Cissampelos pareira L. Tabo (Ga) Menispermaceae Climber Fruit Consumed as fruit. Fruits NE [51] 1 0.01
Cissus repens Lam. Tarupakhu (Ap), Vitaceae Climber Fruit Consumed as fruit. Fruits NE [39], [51], 3 0.04
Taruphakhe (Ny) [73]
Clausena excavata Burm. Hrila-sheng (Mo) Rutaceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruit. Fruits NE [78] 1 0.01
f.

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Clerodendrum Ongin/Kopak/Tapen (Ad), Lamiaceae Shrub Flower, Cooked as vegetable. Medicinal for Vegetables, NE [23], [25], 52 0.71
glandulosum Lindl. Poto/Tapin (Ny), Khamo leaves, Medicinal for high blood tooth ache. medicine [26], [28],
(Tn), Pato hamang (Ap), tender shoot pressure, malarial fever, [29], [32],
Shingebum (Sj), Oin/Oin stomach ache and obesity. [34], [35],
Tap/Taapin (Ga), [36], [38],
Khangjela-shing (Mo), [39], [40],
Naphaphu (IM), Doloin [41], [42],
(Ak), Taapetaala /Taapin [43], [44],
(Ta), Sagijaj (Li), Mokmit [46], [47],
(No), Ongin (Kh) [49], [50],
[51], [52],
[53], [54],
[55], [58],
[60], [61],
[62], [64],
[68], [69],
[70], [71],
[72], [74],
[75], [76],
[78], [79],
[80], [81],
[82], [84],
[85], [88],
[89], [90],
[91], [92],
[93], [94]
Clerodendrum Taapin (Ny) Lamiaceae Shrub Flower Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables, NE [27], [46], 7 0.10
infortunatum L. Medicinal for high blood medicine [50], [51],
pressure. [66], [68],
[82]
Clerodendrum japonicum Poto-O (Ny), Tapen (Ad), Lamiaceae Shrub Leaves, Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables LC [68], [71], 4 0.05
(Thunb.) Sweet. Taala (Ga) tender shoot [72], [93]
Codariocalyx motorius H. Sha Dach (Ta) Fabaceae Shrub Leaves Used as local tea. Beverages NE [51] 1 0.01
Ohashi
Coix lacryma-jobi L. Tani/Tangek (Ny) Poaceae Herb Seed Cooked and eaten as stable Miscellaneous NE [39], [42], 3 0.04
food. [66]
Colocasia affinis Schott Nyepop (Ga), Yarri (Ap), Araceae Herb Tuber, Cooked as vegetable. Medicinal for Vegetables, NE [51], [71] 2 0.03
Maksar (Ny) leaves, Medicinal for cough, fever itching. medicine
petiole and tuberculosis.
Colocasia antiquorum Takche Reba (Ny), Engee Araceae Herb Tuber, Cooked as vegetable. Fodder. Vegetables NE [51], [91) 2 0.03
Schott (Ad) leaves,
petiole
Colocasia esculenta (L.) Teu (Tn), Ngerek (Ad), Araceae Herb Young shoot, Cooked as vegetable. Fodder. Vegetables, LC [23], [29], 16 0.22
Schott Rubita/Riksin (Ga), petiole, Medicinal for constipation, medicine [35], [36],
Ngaglin (Mo), Thoks (Ak), spathe, gastritis, pregnancy, fever [38], [41],
Bojong (Me), Eng ngepop leaves, and cough. [42], [44],
(Ny), Tue (Li), Chowk- rhizome [51], [58],
pema (Bu), Chak (Sa) [60], [61],

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[64], [78],
[89], [92]
Colocasia fallax Schott Nygek (Ga) Araceae Herb Rhizome, Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables LC [51] 1 0.01
leaves,
petiole
Colocasia gigantea Sam leo (Mi) Araceae Herb Petiole, Cooked as vegetable and Fodder. Vegetables, NE [38] 1 0.01
(Blume) Hook. f. leaves medicinal for gastritis. medicine
Coniogramme falcata (D. Akalama (Ny) Pteridaceae Herb Tender Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [71] 1 0.01
Don) Salomon shoot
Conocephalus suaveolens Hogen Ao (Ny) Moraceae Climber Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Medicinal for Vegetables NE [51], [90] 2 0.03
Blume eye infection.
Cordia dichotoma G. Forst. Moya (Ny), Boraginaceae Tree Fruit, tender Leaves and shoots cooked as Vegetables, LC [39] 1 0.01
leaves, shoot vegetable and fruits are fruits
edible.
Cordia myxa L. NA Boraginaceae Tree Fruit Made into pickle. Miscellaneous NE [23], [48] 2 0.03
Coriaria nepalensis Wall. Wamdong (Mo) Coriariaceae Shrub Fruit Ripened fruits are edible. Fruits NE [78] 1 0.01
Cornus capitata Wall. Namet/Krama (Mo) Cornaceae Tree Fruit Ripened fruits are edible. Fruits LC [35], [78] 2 0.03
Cotoneaster acuminatus Jursing (Me) Rosaceae Shrub Seed Edible oil extracted for Miscellaneous NE [31] 1 0.01
Lindl. cooking.
Crassocephalum Ibel/Gende/Ogen (Ad), Asteraceae Herb Leaves, Cooked as vegetable. Medicinal for Vegetables, NE [23], [26], 24 0.33
crepidioides S. Moore Thangbang (Tn), Tong young shoot, Medicinal for constipation, cuts and medicine [32], [35],
phul (Ch), flower liver disorder, insomnia, wounds. [40], [42],
Tamkahru/Chopogon headache, malaria, epileptic Fodder. [43], [47],
(Mo), Yamen (Ny), and as analgesic. [49], [51],
Gendu/Jogen (Ga), [53], [58],
Gendattamang (Ap), Iing- [60], [62],
Kayeng (Ta), Manchala [70], [72],
(Bu) [73], [75],
[78], [80],
[81], [82],
[89], [93]
Crotalaria juncea L. NA Fabaceae Herb Leaves, Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [82] 1 0.01
tender stem,
seed
Curcuma aromatica Salisb. Haldi Zingiberaceae Herb Flower Cooked as vegetable and Vegetables, NE [23], [50], 3 0.04
medicinal for cough. medicine [68]
Curcuma caesia Roxb. Kali haldi (Ap), Kayane- Zingiberaceae Herb Rhizome Roasted and eaten as snack. Medicinal for Miscellaneous, NE [29], [32], 3 0.04
take (Ga) Medicinal for stomach ache, skin medicine [73]
dysentery, gastritis and inflammation.
diarrhea.
Curcuma montana Roxb. Zingiberaceae Herb Rhizome Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [92] 1 0.01
Cyanthillium albicans Asteraceae Shrub Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [89] 1 0.01
(D C.) H. Rob.
Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) Tapyo (Ap) Asteraceae Herb Whole plant Cooked as vegetable and Vegetables, NE [41], [71], 4 0.05
H. Rob. used in salt making. miscellaneous [73], [80]
Cyathea andersonii Copel. Taste (Ny), Taase (Ga) Cyatheaceae Tree Stem, bark, Eaten raw or dried and Miscellaneous NE [51], [71], 3 0.04
pith grounded into powder and [93]
use as a substitute to food

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grain during famine in olden

days.
Cyathea gigantea (Wall. ex Tashe (Ap), Tachee Cyatheaceae Tree Pith, leaves Cooked as vegetable. Medicinal for Vegetables NE [39], [80], 3 0.04
Hook.) Holttum (Ny/Su) bodyache. [89]
Fodder.
Cyathea spinulosa Wall. ex Kuno (No) Cyatheaceae Tree Stem Fermented stem cooked with Cultural rituals, Vegetables NE [85] 1 0.01
Hook. rice as vegetable. fodder.
Cyathula prostrata Blume NA Amaranthaceae Herb Whole plant Used in preparing Apatani Miscellaneous NE [73] 1 0.01
black salt (Tapyo).
Cymbidium hookerianum NA Orchidaceae Epiphyte Flower Cooked as vegetable Vegetables NE [78] 1 0.01
Rchb. f.
Cynoglossum lanceolatum Sancharik (Sh), Sibin Boraginaceae Herb Leaves, root Leaves eaten raw or cooked Medicinal for Vegetables, NE [36], [78] 2 0.03
Forssk. Taglam (Ny), Nat as vegetable and roots inflammation, medicine
Sancharik (Mo) chewed as mouth freshener. cuts and
wounds, sores
and bone
fracture.
Cyperus rotundus L. Ei (Ga) Cyperaceae Herb Root Roots eaten raw. Miscellaneous LC [51] 1 0.01
Daemonorops jenkinsiana Raidang (Ta) Arecaceae Climber Fruit Consumed as fruits. Construction Fruits NE [51] 1 0.01
Mart. and handicrafts
Daphne papyracea Wall. Shugu-sheng (Mo), Sukh Thymelaeaceae Shrub Fruit Consumed as fruits. Bark for paper Fruits NE [78], [83] 2 0.03
ex G. Don (Me) making.
Daphniphyllum Lamcha (Su) Daphniphyllaceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits NE [39] 1 0.01
himalayense Müll. Arg.
Debregeasia longifolia Nyajumna (Mi), Urticaceae Shrub Tender Consumed as fruits and Medicinal for Fruits, LC [38], [48], 10 0.14
(Burm. f.) Wedd. Tatamtanam (Ny), leaves, fruit, young leaves cooked as rheumatism vegetables, [58], [71],
Nanjosi/Jirepole (Ad), seed vegetable. Medicinal for and scabies. medicine [72], [78],
Yangyangpa (Mo), Tukhi cancer. [82], [85],
(No), Isstali (Ga) [92], [93]
Debregeasia orientalis C. J. Rukhi (No) Urticaceae Shrub Fruit Consumed raw as fruits or Fruits, NE [85] 1 0.01
Chen made into wine. beverages
Decaisnea insignis Hook.f. NA Lardizabalaceae Shrub Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits NE [78] 1 0.01
& Thomson
Dendrocalamus giganteus Bulukang/Hepo (Ad), Eeh Poaceae Herb Tender Cooked as vegetable or made Fuelwood, Vegetables, LC [32], [42], 5 0.07
Munro Hiku (Ny), Diba (Ga) shoot into pickle. Medicinal for fencing, medicine [51], [60],
constipation, low blood construction [89]
pressure and indigestion. and handicrafts
Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Hurung/Hepo (Ad), Yai Poaceae Herb Seed, young Fermented and used as Cultural rituals, Vegetables, NE [23], [30], 19 0.26
Nees & Arn. ex Munro byapu (Ap), Eh Henu (Ta), shoot vegetable, condiment or construction spices and [32], [39],
Diba (Ga), Hej/Eh pickles. Medicinal for and handicrafts, condiments, [47], [49],
heroom (Ny), Wah mi dysentery. fuelwood. miscellaneous, [51], [54],
(Tn), Schee (Sh), Si- medicine [64], [72],
emnyo (Ak), Junglee [74], [78],
kuwa (Li) [80], [81],
[82], [83],
[89], [90],
[92]

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Dendrocnide sinuata Urticaceae Shrub Young leaves Cooked as vegetable. Medicinal for Vegetables, NE [50], [60], 6 0.08
Blume) Chew Medicinal for pneumonia, tooth ache. medicine [71], [73],
gastritis, fever and malaria. Construction [80], [92]
and handicrafts

Dichrocephala integrifolia Pechikai (Ny), Jie- Asteraceae Herb Tender Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [39], [51], 3 0.04
(L. f.) Kuntze hamang/Pechikai (Ap) leaves [73]
Dicranopteris linearis Takho (Ap), Hampu- Gleicheniaceae Herb Whole plant Cooked as vegetable and Cultural rituals, Vegetables, LC [39], [49], 4 0.05
(Burm. f.) Underw. dumlup/Tarang (Ad) used in making salt (Apatani). traps for miscellaneous [61], [80]
rodents,
fencing.
Dillenia indica L. Hati pol/ Sompa / Sompa Dilleniaceae Tree Young Cooked as vegetable, as Medicinal for Vegetables, LC [23], [29], 25 0.34
eshing (Ad), flower, fruit, ingredient in curries and hair fall. spices and [36], [42],
Champak/Soot Aas (Ny), fruit pulp pickles. Medicinal for cough, condiments, [46], [47],
Masangsi (Ta), Jampa fever, weakness, liver miscellaneous, [48], [50],
tenga (Ap), inflammation, cancer and medicinal [51], [55],
Sampak/Champak (Ga), diarrhea. [58], [60],
Masansi (Li) [64], [68],
[69], [70],
[71], [73],
[75], [78],
[82], [87],
[91], [92],
[93]
Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. Okshi (As) Dilleniaceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits NE [37] 1 0.01
Dillenia scabrella Roxb. NA Dilleniaceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits NE [78] 1 0.01
Dioscorea alata L. Ogit/Mayong (Ad), Eghen Dioscoreaceae Climber Fruit, tuber Cooked or roasted and Vegetables, NE [23], [35], 14 0.19
Ngencha/Sumchen/Rang consumed as vegetable. medicine [39], [42],
thangong (Mo), Medicinal for asthma, [45], [49],
Engin/Egin nginek stimulant and laxative. [51], [53],
(Ny/Su), Khan (No), Jiring [61], [63],
(Bu), Enginn (Ga) [78], [82],
[85], [93]
Dioscorea arachidna Prain Ogit (Ad) Dioscoreaceae Climber Tuber Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [89] 1 0.01
& Burkill
Dioscorea belophylla Eghen Tabon (Ga), Engin Dioscoreaceae Climber Tuber Cooked as vegetable and Vegetables, NE [39], [51], 4 0.05
(Prain) Voigt ex Haines (Ny/Su) snack. Medicinal for fever, miscellaneous, [63], [71]
headache, dysentery and medicine
malaria.
Dioscorea bulbifera L. Engin/Remet/Uli (Ad), Dioscoreaceae Climber Tuber, bulbil Cooked or roasted and Medicinal for Vegetables, NE [25], [39], 14 0.19
Huli- Hula (Ap), Egin consumed as vegetable or burns. miscellaneous, [40], [45],
Tabi/Ejo/Helak (Ga), Hiili snack. Medicinal for diarrhea medicine [49], [51],
(Ta), Hes/Engin (Ny), and dysentery. [61], [63],
Peng-khe (Mo) [78], [80],
[81], [82],
[92], [93]
Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. Eghen Ngenki (Ga), Peng- Dioscoreaceae Climber Tuber Cooked as vegetable or Vegetables, NE [42], [51], 4 0.05
khe (Mo), Egin snack. Medicinal for miscellaneous, [63], [78]
nginte (Ny) medicine

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indigestion, fatigue and

laxative.
Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Ingin Tabe (Ga) Dioscoreaceae Climber Tuber Cooked or roasted and Vegetables, NE [45], [88] 2 0.03
Burkill consumed as vegetable or miscellaneous
snack.
Dioscorea glabra Roxb. Eghen Ngentak (Ga), Dioscoreaceae Climber Tuber Cooked as vegetable or Vegetables, NE [39], [51], 4 0.05
Engin (Ny/Su), Ogit (Ad) snack. miscellaneous [63], [89]
Dioscorea hamiltonii Hook. Eghen Ngentak (Ga), Dioscoreaceae Climber Tuber Cooked as vegetable or Vegetables, NT [39], [51], 7 0.10
f. Serelake /Engin (Ny/Su), snack. miscellaneous [63], [68],
Engi (Ap) [71], [73],
Ogit (Ad) [89]
Dioscorea laurifolia Wall. ex Eghen Ngegek (Ga) Dioscoreaceae Climber Tuber Cooked as vegetable or Vegetables, NE [51], [63] 2 0.03
Hook. f. snack. miscellaneous
Dioscorea melanophyma Hash (Ny) Dioscoreaceae Climber Tuber Cooked as vegetable or Vegetables, NE [51] 1 0.01
Prain & Burkill snack. miscellaneous
Dioscorea oppositifolia L. Eghen Take-Mare (Ga) Dioscoreaceae Climber Tuber Cooked as vegetable or Vegetables, NE [51], [63] 2 0.03
snack. miscellaneous
Dioscorea orbiculata Hook. NA Dioscoreaceae Climber Tuber Cooked as vegetable or Vegetables, NE [63] 1 0.01
f. snack. miscellaneous

Dioscorea pentaphylla L. Hiili (Ta), Ingin/Hilli (Ga) Dioscoreaceae Climber Tuber, fruit Cooked or roasted and Vegetables, NE [45], [49], 5 0.07
consumed as vegetable or miscellaneous, [51], [62],
snack. Medicinal for regaining medicine [93]
health during child delivery.
Dioscorea pubera Blume. Engin (Ny/Su), Ingin tak- Dioscoreaceae Climber Tuber Cooked or roasted and Vegetables, NE [39] 1 0.01
ke (Ga) consumed as vegetable or miscellaneous
snack.
Dioscorea pyrifolia Kunth Eghen Ngenro (Ga) Dioscoreaceae Climber Tuber Cooked as vegetable or Vegetables, NE [51] 1 0.01
snack. miscellaneous
Dioscorea spicata Roth Eghen Ngenchi (Ga) Dioscoreaceae Climber Tuber Cooked as vegetable or Vegetables, NE [51], [63] 2 0.03
snack. miscellaneous
Dioscorea wallichii Hook. f. Eghen Ngeyuk (Ga), Ogit Dioscoreaceae Climber Tuber Cooked as vegetable or Vegetables, LC [51], [63], 3 0.04
(Ad) snack. miscellaneous [89]
Diospyros kaki L. f. Jenggong (Mo), Thaj (Li), Ebenaceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits, medicine NE [23], [27], 4 0.05
Moreh miiji (Ap) Medicinal for high blood [64], [86]
pressure,
cancer and constipation.
Diospyros malabarica Ambre (Mo) Ebenaceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits NE [78] 1 0.01
(Desr.) Kostel.
Diplazium esculentum Takang/Pattu (Ad), Hiika Athyriaceae Herb Young frond Cooked as vegetable. Medicinal for Vegetables, LC [23], [26], 31 0.42
(Retz.) Sw. Hamang (Ap), Medicinal for fever, food wound healing. medicine [28], [29],
Taka/Takka-paya (Ga), poisoning, indigestion, [34], [36],
Pakya-Raya (Ta), Taka insomnia and liver [38], [39],
paya/Takka peya/Hoka inflammation. [42], [44],
pada (Ny), Kukuling (Mo), [45], [49],
Lochanch (Ak), Kaiirin [52], [60],
(Li), Kajingna or khajung [62], [64],
(Ms), Dangsum (Mo), [69], [71],
[73], [78],

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Dangsom (Sa), Pamsam [80], [81],

(Bu), Tak ka (Ga) [82], [88],
[89], [90],
[91], [92],
[93], [95],
[96]
Diplazium subsinuatum Akalama (Ny) Athyriaceae Herb Tender Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [71] 1 0.01
(Hook. & Grev.) Tagawa shoot
Diploknema butyracea Finsheng (Mo) Sapotaceae Tree Fruit, seed Consumed as fruits, seed oil Fruits, NE [35], [78], 4 0.05
(Roxb.) H. J. Lam used in cooking. miscellaneous [83], [84]
Docynia indica (Colebr.) Pecha (Ap), Losu (Mo) Rosaceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits or for Fruits, NE [23], [27], 4 0.05
Decne. making pickle. Medicinal for miscellaneous, [78], [86]
stomach disorder. medicine
Drymaria cordata Willd. ex Chudumba (Me), Zami Caryophyllaceae Herb Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Medicinal for Vegetables, NE [29], [31], 10 0.14
Schult. (Su), Keddehkerreh (Ga), Medicinal for jaundice, skin medicine [34], [39],
Pipi/Tai Tamak (Ad), headache, tumour, malaria inflammation, [40], [43],
Bodo-Bolo (Ta) and rheumatism. scabies and [58], [59],
allergy [62], [89]
Drynaria propinqua (Wall. So (Mo) Polypodiaceae Herb Rhizome Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [78] 1 0.01
ex Mett.) J. Sm. ex Bedd.
Dryopteris sparsa Kaja Habo (Ny) Dryopteridaceae Herb Young frond Cooked as vegetable. Cultural rituals Vegetables NE [71] 1 0.01
(D. Don) Kuntze
Duabanga grandiflora Hojo Gulo (Ch), Kobo Lythraceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits. Construction Fruits LC [23], [37] 2 0.03
Walp. (Ad), Jajum seen (Ny) and handicrafts,
fuelwood,
fencing.
Duchesnea indica Pungbang (Ta), Eki Rosaceae Herb Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits NE [23], [27], 8 0.11
(Andrews) Teschem. tangkin (Ad), Pemi limi [37], [47],
(Ny), Subu Tute jilyung/ [49], [51],
Aki tayin (Ap), Anchi (Ga) [80], [88]
Dysoxylum excelsum Ruuh (Ny) Ebenaceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits NE [27] 1 0.01
Blume
Dysphania ambrosioides Teya (Ga), Pabe (Ny/Su), Amaranthaceae Herb Leaves Cooked as vegetable and Vegetables, NE [39], [40], 3 0.04
(L.) Mosyakin & Clemants Adi-gandha (Ad) medicinal for chicken pox. medicine [51]
Echinochloa colona (L.) Taya (Su) Poaceae Herb Seed Consumed as snack. Miscellaneous LC [39] 1 0.01
Link
Eichhornia crassipes Meteka (Ms) Pontederiaceae Herb Flower Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [66] 1 0.01
(Mart.) Solms
Elaeagnus conferta Roxb. NA Elaeagnaceae Shrub Fruit Ripen fruits eaten and unripe Fruits, LC [83], [92] 2 0.03
fruits made into pickle. miscellaneous
Elaeagnus infundibularis Hari (Ap) Elaeagnaceae Shrub Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits NE [24], [39] 2 0.03
Momiy.
Elaeagnus latifolia L. Hari (Ap), Gamyamrap Elaeagnaceae Shrub Fruit Consumed as fruits and Fruits, medicine NE [23], [51], 4 0.05
(Mo), Makhachi (Si), medicinal for anemia. [73], [87]
Raapgam
Elaeagnus parvifolia Wall. Gyam-mrep (Mo), Mirik Elaeagnaceae Shrub Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits NE [31], [78] 2 0.03
tenga (Ad)
Elaeagnus pyriformis Ropoating (Ap), Maza sok Elaeagnaceae Shrub Fruit Consumed as fruits and Fruits, medicine NE [23], [39] 2 0.03
Hook. f. bizi (Ch) medicinal for constipation.

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Elaeagnus umbellata Da-Mrep (Mo) Elaeagnaceae Shrub Fruit Consumed as fruits and Fruits, medicine NE [48], [78], 4 0.05
Thunb. medicinal for diarrhea. [84], [96]
Elaeocarpus floribundus Goroshi (Im), Sur-sur Elaeocarpaceae Tree Fruit, leaves, Consumed raw or pickled and Medicinal for Fruits, NE [23], [27], 8 0.11
Blume (Ga), Anke-seen (Ny) barks medicinal for stomach gum miscellaneous, [29], [37],
disorder. inflammation. medicine [50], [87],
[92], [93]
Elaeocarpus serratus L. Bhagwantase (Ga) Elaeocarpaceae Tree Fruit, seed Consumed raw or pickled. Fruits, NE [48], [93] 2 0.03
miscellaneous
Elatostema cuneatum Chulukpa (Mo) Urticaceae Herb Tender Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [78] 1 0.01
Wight leaves
Elatostema dissectum Hilya-hamang (Ap) Urticaceae Herb Leaves, Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables, NE [39], [89] 2 0.03
Wedd. tender shoot Medicinal for stomach medicine
disorder and chest pain.
Elatostema laetevirens NA Urticaceae Herb Tender Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [78] 1 0.01
Makino leaves
Elatostema lineolatum Dambe hru (Mo) Urticaceae Herb Tender Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [78] 1 0.01
Wight leaves
Elatostema platyphyllum Gungee (Su), Ojjjili/Huji Urticaceae Herb Leaves, Cooked and consumed as Vegetables, NE [39], [50], 8 0.11
Wedd. (Ga), Hiipe (Ap), Hoj Ao tender vegetable. Medicinal for medicine [51], [72],
(Ny) shoot, inducing vomiting. [80], [92],
flower [93], [95]
Elatostema sessile J. R. Hooji-ow (Ny), Hipe- Urticaceae Herb Leaves, Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [23], [35], 8 0.11
Forst. & G. Forst. hamang (Ap), Jooke (Ta), tender shoot [39], [51],
Fambe-che (Sj), Chulukpa [52], [78],
(Mo) [82], [84]
Elatostema sublaxum Oji (Ga) Urticaceae Herb Tender Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables, NE [28], [60] 2 0.03
(Elmer) H. Schroet. leaves Medicinal for gastritis. medicine
Elephantopus scaber L. Aying Ing (Ad) Asteraceae Herb Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [89] 1 0.01
Elsholtzia blanda Benth. Papitduli (Ad) Lamiaceae Shrub Seed Consumed as condiment and Medicinal for Spices and NE [39], [40] 2 0.03
vegetable oil. Medicinal for body pain. condiments,
body weakness and gastritis. miscellaneous,
medicine
Elsholtzia flava Benth. Papitduli (Ad) Lamiaceae Shrub Seed Consumed as condiment and Spices and NE [41] 1 0.01
vegetable oil. condiments,
miscellaneous
Embelia ribes Burm. f. Rokne pebang (Ra), Primulaceae Shrub Fruit, tender Cooked as vegetable and Medicinal for Vegetables, NE [31], [49], 3 0.04
Hidum ponkung (Ad) shoot medicinal as health tonic. chest and skin medicine [91]
diseases,
antiseptic.
Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. Genta-ow (Ny) Asteraceae Herb Whole plant Cooked as vegetable. Medicinal for Vegetables NE [39], [51] 2 0.03
eye infection.
Ensete glaucum (Roxb.) Ngakku (Ad) Musaceae Herb Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits LC [51], [61] 2 0.03
Cheesman
Ensete superbum (Roxb.) Colon / Kopak (Ad), Musaceae Herb Fruit, Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables, NE [23], [82], 3 0.04
Cheesman Namninyah (Si), inflorescenc Medicinal for diarrhea and medicine [89]
Napkhoi (Tn) e dysentery.
Ensete ventricosum Kodum (Ny) Musaceae Herb Inflorescenc Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables LC [42] 1 0.01
(Welw.) Cheesman . e

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Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Talo Araceae Climber Fruit Consumed as fruits. Medicinal for Fruits NE [87] 1 0.01
Engl. bone fracture,
chest pain.
Eremocaulon capitatum Yabiing (Ap) Poaceae Herb Young shoot Cooked as vegetable and as Cultural rituals, Vegetables, NE [80] 1 0.01
(Trin.) Londoño pickle. agricultural miscellaneous
tools.
Erigeron canadensis L. Bidiing-Kotar (Ta), Asteraceae Herb Young shoot, Cooked as vegetable. Medicinal for Vegetables NE [49], [62], 4 0.05
Ingkobodong/Nayang flower, good eye sight. [70], [93]
(Ad), leaves
Bidiing-Kotar(Ga)
Eriosolena composita (L. f.) Sugu sing (Ad) Thymelaeaceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits LC [48] 1 0.01
Merr
Eryngium foetidum L. Ori-ritak (Ad), Rithak Apiaceae Herb Leaves Consumed as spice and Medicinal for Spice and NE [26], [29], 18 0.25
(Ga), Damgra (Dm), cooked as vegetable. burns, earache condiments, [30], [32],
Panchi (Tn) Medicinal for stomach and antidote vegetables, [38], [47],
disorder, fever, blood against snake medicine [50], [51],
pressure, malaria, infertility, bites. [56], [58],
headache, asthma, [61], [69],
pneumonia, flu and [71], [72],
constipation. [73], [81],
[82], [93]
Erythrina stricta Roxb. Galling (Ad), Chemroy Fabaceae Tree Flower, Cooked as vegetable. Medicinal for Vegetables NE [23], [51], 5 0.07
(Tn), Tagek Schein (Ta) legume or Medicinal for anxiousness. gout, [58], [82],
Tagek chaegne (Ny) pod, tender inflammation. [90]
leaves Fencing .
Etlingera linguiformis Zakir (Ga) Zingiberaceae Herb Rhizome Used in making chutney. Spices and LC [30] 1 0.01
(Roxb.) R. M. Sm. condiments
Euphorbia hirta L. Korek oying (Ad), Tamu Euphorbiaceae Herb Whole plant, Cooked as vegetable. Fodder. Vegetables, NE [23], [40], 7 0.10
Ao/Tador Ao (Ny), Yowan leaves, Medicinal for bronchitis, medicine [46], [51],
(Mo) shoot, stem asthma and expelling [78], [82],
stomach worm. [90]
Eurya acuminata DC. Tayot (Ad) Theaceae Tree Fruit Fruits are eaten raw. Dye. Fruits NE [89] 1 0.01
Fagopyrum acutatum Amintatek (Ad), Hukku Polygonaceae Herb Leaves, Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [26], [50], 7 0.10
Mansf. ex K. Hammer (Ny), Temo (Mo) stem, young Medicinal for cold, cholera [51], [78],
shoot, fruits and diarrhea. [82], [89],
[90]
Fagopyrum esculentum Huku (Ny), Polygonaceae Herb Leaves, fruit, Leaves, tender shoots and Medicinal for Vegetables, NE [23], [35], 18 0.25
Moench Amintatek/Nupuk/Lomp seed, tender young seeds cooked as hemorrhage fruits, medicine, [38], [42],
uk (Ad), Brame/Dongthe shoot vegetable, ripened fruits and eczema. miscellaneous [49], [51],
(Mo), Hoku-Paya (Ta), edible, matured seeds [57], [58],
Tolaina (Ms), Mamey roasted and eaten as snacks. [62], [72],
(Bu), Oku/Hukku (Ga) Medicinal for diarrhea, liver [75], [78],
disorder, high blood pressure [82], [83],
and diabetes. [84], [88],
[92], [93]
Ficus auriculata Lour. Phup (Wa), Ote/Taok Moraceae Tree Fruit, leaves Leaves cooked as vegetable Cultural rituals, Vegetables, LC [23], [27], 19 0.26
(Ga), Taw/Hute/Takuk and ripened fruits consumed fodder. fruits, medicine [32], [33],
(Ny), Tau (Ta), Aapo-se raw. Medicinal for diarrhea [39], [47],
(DM), Aposi (IM), Tapang and dysentery. [48], [49],

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/Tong (Ad), Taro (Ap), [51], [62],

Nee ri (Tn), Choma (Mo) [72], [78],
[80], [84],
[86], [87],
[89], [92],
[93]
Ficus benjamina L. Warek (Wa), Hare (DM) Moraceae Tree Fruit Consumed as a food Gum for Fruits LC [33] 1 0.01
supplement. trapping birds.
Ficus cordata Thunb. Tukuk (Ny) Moraceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits LC [39] 1 0.01
Ficus curtipes Corner Nai- sa (Wa), Manag Moraceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits. Baits in fishing, Fruits NE [33] 1 0.01
(DM) cultural ritual.
Ficus cyrtophylla (Miq.) Phangnok-rokrang (Wa), Moraceae Tree Fruit, leaves Consumed as fruits and Fruits, LC [33], [48] 2 0.03
Miq. Su-ura (DM), Kejik (Ad) young leaves are chewed. miscellaneous
Ficus drupacea Thunb. Pham (Wa), Hare (DM), Moraceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits. Bait for hunting, Fruits LC [33] 1 0.01
Sangrikreboem (Ny) cultural ritual.
Ficus fistulosa Reinw. ex Takuk (Ad), Mobopu (Ny) Moraceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fuelwood. Fruits LC [48], [51] 2 0.03
Blume
Ficus fulva Reinw. ex Phug (No) Moraceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits LC [85] 1 0.01
Blume
Ficus hirsuta Schott Ta (Ny) Moraceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits NT [39] 1 0.01
Ficus hirta Vahl. Takshin (Ny), Naow-tho Moraceae Tree Leaves, fruit, Leaves cooked as vegetable, Wrapper for Vegetables, NE [33], [48], 7 0.10
(Wa), Kokshi- Kyarik (Ta), bark bark for wine preparation foodstuff. beverages, [49], [62],
Takpi/Tapin Tayen (Ad), and ripened fruits consumed fruits, medicine, [87], [89],
Siipop, Taksin (Ga) raw or pickled. Medicinal for miscellaneous [93]
body weakness.
Ficus hispida L. f. Naothow (Wa), Takuk- Moraceae Tree Fruit, leaves Leaves cooked as vegetable Medicinal for Vegetables, LC [23], [27], 9 0.12
kokam (Ny), Sap-le (DM), and ripened fruits consumed burns. fruits, medicine [33], [41],
Takpiya /Baachi (Ad), raw. Medicinal for [60], [61],
Kuksobelo (Ga) hypoglycemia and diabetes. [66], [89],
[93]
Ficus hookeriana Corner Saro ayii (Ap) Moraceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fuelwood, Fruits NE [80] 1 0.01
cultural ritual.
Ficus maclellandii var. Ope (Wa) Moraceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits and Cultural ritual. Fruits, medicine NE [33] 1 0.01
rhododendrifolia (Miq.) medicinal for stomach
Corner disorder.
Ficus nervosa Roth. Aarembo (IM), Porok- Moraceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits LC [33] 1 0.01
takuk (Ga), Tham-pan Construction
(Wa) and handicrafts
Ficus racemosa L. Phangrok (Wa), Takuk Moraceae Tree Leaves, fruit, Ripened fruits are edible and Vegetables, LC [23], [33], 8 0.11
(Ad), Inbung (Ny), tender shoot tender leaves and shoots fruits, medicine [37], [53],
Koknangshing (Mo), cooked as vegetable. [61], [78],
Hugik (Ga) Medicinal for bronchitis, [89], [93]
diarrhea, cystitis and debility.
Ficus religiosa L. Takuk (Ga) Moraceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits and Gum exudes are Fruits, medicine NE [61], [88] 2 0.03
medicinal for ulcer. used for
catching birds,
cultural ritual.
Ficus semicordata Buch.- Phuksa- Wangna (Wa), Moraceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits, medicine NE [23], [27], 14 0.19
Ham. ex Sm. Bay-tala (DM), Medicinal for indigestion, [33], [34],

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Ridongsheng (Mo), Takuk constipation, asthma and [39], [42],

(Ny/Ad/Ga), Bim-bo (IM), brain stimulant. [48], [49],
Takop (Ta), Chatsa (No) [60], [62],
[78], [85],
[87], [93]
Ficus squamosa Roxb. Talagi (Ny) Moraceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits. Medicinal for Fruits NE [51] 1 0.01
pimples.
Ficus subulata Blume Siireh maloh (Ap) Moraceae Shrub Fruit Fruit used as food Medicinal for Fruits LC [27], [86] 2 0.03
supplement. sprain of body.
Ficus virens Ait. Nai (Wa) Moraceae Tree Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Medicinal for Vegetables LC [33] 1 0.01
cuts and
wounds.
Cultural rituals.

Fissistigma polyanthum Lisu gulo (Ch), Dardo Annonaceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits NE [23], [49], 3 0.04
Merr. (Ny), Rika Riya (Ad) [89]

Fragaria daltoniana J. Gay Sa-mrep (Mo) Rosaceae Herb Fruit Ripened fruits are consumed. Fruits NE [78] 1 0.01
Fragaria nubicola Lindl. ex Sa-merp/Sissi (Mo), Aki Rosaceae Herb Fruit Ripened fruits are consumed. Fruits, medicine NE [31], [78], 4 0.05
Lacaita tayin (Ap) Medicinal for cough, fever [84], [86]
and
profuse menstruation.
Fragaria vesca L. Sa-merp (Mo), Suji hench Rosaceae Herb Fruit Consumed as fruits and Fruits, medicine NE [27], [36], 3 0.04
(Ny) medicinal for chest [78]
inflammation.
Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don Loshu (Mo) Liliaceae Herb Bulb Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [77] 1 0.01
Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Tedar Ao (Ny) Asteraceae Herb Whole plant Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [51] 1 0.01
Galinsoga quadriradiata Salugjang (Mo) Asteraceae Herb Young shoot Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [78] 1 0.01
Ruiz & Pav.
Garcinia cowa Roxb. Bua (Li), Tabi- Clusiaceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits, medicine NE [64], [87], 4 0.05
Tarak/Tabing Tarak/ Medicinal for dysentery, [89], [91]
Tarak (Ad) fever and constipation.
Garcinia kydia Roxb. Tabyang (Ny) Clusiaceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits NE [39] 1 0.01
Garcinia lanceifolia Roxb. Takter (Ga), Tarak (Ad) Clusiaceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits and Fruits, medicine NE [27], [29], 3 0.04
medicinal for stomach [89]
disorder and fever.
Garcinia pedunculata Thekera (As), Tabing/Liba Clusiaceae Tree Fruit Fruits eaten either raw or Fruits, NE [29], [30], 11 0.15
Roxb. ex Buch.-Ham. (Ad), Liba/Perok along with other vegetables, miscellaneous, [51], [50],
titingdo/Liva (Ga), Mibia as salad and pickle. Medicinal medicine [60], [61],
(Ny) for stomach disorder, [64], [71],
dysentery and cough. [91], [92],
[93]
Garcinia sopsopia (Buch.- Bua (Li), Tarak/Tabing Clusiaceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits NE [48], [64], 3 0.04
Ham.) Mabb. (Ad) [89]
Garcinia xanthochymus Tabi-tarak (Ad) Clusiaceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits and Fruits, medicine NE [37], [40] 2 0.03
Hook. f. medicinal for stomach
problems.

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Gaultheria fragrantissima Shegshingmrep (Mo), Ericaceae Shrub Fruit Consumed as fruits and Cultural ritual. Fruits, medicine NE [27], [31], 5 0.07
Wall. Shakshin (Me) medicinal for expelling hook [36], [48],
worm. [78]
Gaultheria trichophylla Aak-mrep (Mo) Ericaceae Herb Fruit Ripened fruits are consumed. Fruits NE [78] 1 0.01
Royle
Gentiana kurroo Royle Panggin-mento (Mo) Gentianaceae Herb Whole plant Cooked as vegetable and Medicinal for Vegetables, CR [77], [78] 2 0.03
medicinal for cough. back pain. medicine
Gentiana ornata Wall. & Panggin-mento (Mo) Gentianaceae Herb Flower Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [78] 1 0.01
Griseb.
Girardinia diversifolia Oguma (Ak/Mo), Urticaceae Herb Young shoot, Cooked as vegetable and Medicinal for Vegetables, NE [23], [35], 7 0.10
(Link) Friis Tacha/Diming (Ms), leaves medicinal for gonorrhea. muscular pain. medicine [38], [44],
Pocheponyo (Ga) Construction [78], [84],
and handicrafts [93]
Glochidion multiloculare Gam oing (Ad) Phyllanthaceae Shrub Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables, NE [26], [75] 2 0.03
(Rottler ex Willd.) Voigt Medicinal for chest medicine
congestion, indigestion and
as abortifacient.
Glycosmis pentaphylla Kedi (Ny) Rutaceae Shrub Fruit Ripened berries are Fruits LC [37] 1 0.01
(Retz.) DC. consumed.
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Jashthimadu (Ms) Fabaceae Shrub Stem, leaves Stem and leaves are chewed Miscellaneous, NE [66] 1 0.01
raw. Medicinal for cough and medicine
throat pain.
Gmelina arborea Roxb. Gomori Schein (Ny) Lamiaceae Tree Flower, Cooked as vegetable. Construction Vegetables, NE [46], [50], 6 0.08
flower bud, Medicinal for stomach and handicrafts medicine [51], [58],
root, bark problem, purifying blood and [92], [94]
anemia.
Gnaphalium Tap (Ny) Asteraceae Herb Tender Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [23] 1 0.01
pensylvanicum Willd. leaves
Gnaphalium polycaulon Paaput (Ad) Asteraceae Herb Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables LC [49] 1 0.01
Pers.
Gnaphalium purpureum L. Tecep (Ny), Jeebinnyiru Asteraceae Herb Whole plant, Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [71], [93] 2 0.03
(Ga) flower,
leaves,
tender shoot
Gnetum gnemon L. Phalap ri (Tn) Gnetaceae Shrub Leaves, seed, Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables LC [47], [92] 2 0.03
strobilus,
shoot tip
Gnetum montanum Rebab bamje (Ga) Gnetaceae Climber Fruit Fruits are consumed raw. Construction Fruits LC [93] 1 0.01
Markgr. and handicrafts
Gonostegia hirta Miq Oyik (Ad/Ga), Hiipe Urticaceae Herb Tender Cooked as vegetable. Medicinal for Vegetables NE [28], [35], 6 0.08
Hamang (Ap), Pinrapa leaves bone fracture, [40], [60],
(Mo), Masaipuk-irap cut and [78], [80]
(Bu), Dankuchu (Sa) wounds.
Grewia serrulata DC. Litik (Ny) Malvaceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits NE [51] 1 0.01
Gynocardia odorata R.Br. Baah (No), Sibe turpe Achariaceae Tree Seed Cooked as vegetable. Medicinal for Vegetables, NE [41], [48], 7 0.10
(Ad), Sibeng-Tulpii Medicinal for expelling skin medicine [58], [71],
intestinal worms, acidity, inflammation. [75], [85],
lupus and tuberculosis. Fish poison. [87]

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Gynura bicolor DC. Yogen (Ga) Asteraceae Herb Leaves, Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [93], [95] 2 0.03
tender shoot

Gynura cusimbua S. Moore Gende/Ogen (Ad), Yogin Asteraceae Herb Tender stem, Cooked as vegetable. Medicinal for Vegetables NE [23], [26], 7 0.10
(Ta/Ga), Aglaina (Ms) leaves, bone fracture [38], [49],
flower, and blood [62], [82],
tender shoot clotting. [93]
Gynura procumbens Merr. Ogin tamin (Ga), Tamin Asteraceae Herb Young shoot Cooked or raw in making Spices and NE [30] 1 0.01
(Ny) chutney. condiments
Gypsophila cerastoides D. Geeda Ao (Ap) Caryophyllaceae Herb Whole plant Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [51] 1 0.01
Don
Hedychium coccineum Aemmi Pekchi (Ny) Zingiberaceae Herb Young stem Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables, NE [51], [58] 2 0.03
Buch.-Ham. ex Sm. Medicinal for asthma, medicine
indigestion and anti-
microbial.
Hedychium densiflorum Paapii (Ad/Kh) Zingiberaceae Herb Tender Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [91] 1 0.01
Wall. shoot
Hedychium gardnerianum Bibi (Ad) Zingiberaceae Herb Tender Shoots and fruits are edible. Fruits NE [61] 1 0.01
Sheppard ex Ker Gawl. shoot, fruit
Hedychium spicatum Telli (Ny) Zingiberaceae Herb Fruit, young Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [51], [90] 2 0.03
Buch.-Ham. ex Sm. shoot
Hedyotis capitellata Wall. Keling Kejo (Ad) Rubiaceae Climber Leaves, Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [89] 1 0.01
ex G. Don Young shoot
Hedyotis scandens Roxb. Arokik/Asirpaye (Ga), Rubiaceae Climber Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Medicinal for Vegetables, NE [45], [49], 6 0.08
Hylibi, Reekhing (Ny) Medicinal for fever and eye infection, medicine [50], [60],
stomachache. toothache, and [64], [71]
bone fracture.
Helminthostachys Asi Bisi (Ad) Ophioglossaceae Herb Young frond Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [49] 1 0.01
zeylanica (L.) Hook.
Henckelia adenocalyx Taktupulu (Ga) Gesneriaceae Herb Flower, Cooked with meat as Vegetables NE [93] 1 0.01
(Chatterjee) D. J. Middleton leaves, vegetables.
& Mich. Moller tender shoot
Herpetospermum Prola-augun (Mo) Cucurbitaceae Climber Fruit Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [78] 1 0.01
pedunculosum C.B. Clarke
Hodgsonia heteroclita Thersa ru (Me), Tatar Cucurbitaceae Climber Seed Roasted seeds eaten and Fruits, NE [61] 1 0.01
Hook. f. & Thomson (Ad) seed oil edible. miscellaneous
Hodgsonia macrocarpa Tatar (Ta/Ga), Pie (Tn), Cucurbitaceae Climber Seed, fruit Seeds eaten raw or cooked Fruits NE [47], [49], 6 0.08
Cogn. Tatar Api (Ad), Pih/Pai and pulpy fruits eaten. [62], [85],
(No) [92], [93]
Holboellia latifolia Wall. Shulumba (Mo) Berberidaceae Climber Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits NE [27], [45], 3 0.04
[78]
Homalomena aromatica Uenge (Me), Tabengerik Araceae Herb Rhizome Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables, NE [31], [50], 3 0.04
Schott (Ra), Uenge (Ad/Kh) Medicinal for dysentery, medicine [91]
stomach ache and diabetes.
Hornstedtia Beelak (Ga) Zingiberaceae Herb Fruit Ripened fruit are consumed Fruits NE [93] 1 0.01
arunachalensis S. raw.
Tripathi & V. Prakash
Horsfieldia kingii (Hook. f. ) Myristicaceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits NE [92] 1 0.01
Warb.

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Houttuynia cordata Thunb. Masandari (Ms), Saururaceae Herb Tender Consumed raw as salad or Vegetables, NE [23], [25], 44 0.60
Namsune mih/Moyum- shoot, chutney or cooked as spices and [26], [29],
kneme/Hicha kaya (Ga), leaves, root, vegetable. Medicinal for condiments, [30], [31],
Roram (Ad), flower indigestion, constipation, medicine [34], [35],
Hiya/Honya/Hongyea/Ch dysentery, headache, [36], [38],
echa Peya (Ny), Siiya jaundice, tonsillitis, as health [39], [40],
hamang (Ap), Nekir name tonic, measles, cancer and [41], [42],
(Si), Tufo (Ak), Hiingya pneumonia. [43], [44],
(Ta), Gomelum (Li), [46], [47],
Amkhalai (Ms), [49], [50],
Mreptang/Momarenga [51], [52],
(Mo), Lorum (Me), [53], [55],
Thalaai naam (Tn), Tham [58], [61],
Nam (No), Matring (Bu), [62], [64],
Chumong (Sa) [66], [68],
[70], [71],
[73], [75],
[78], [80],
[81], [82],
[84], [85],
[89], [90],
[91], [93]
Hovenia acerba Lindl. Rhamnaceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits LC [92] 1 0.01
Hydrangea robusta Hook. Takmi (Ad), Ao Hagmi Hydrangeaceae Shrub Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [51], [72], 3 0.04
f. & Thomson (Ny) 82]
Hydrocotyle javanica Othu (Ak), Kojak-Rotak Araliaceae Herb Whole plant, Cooked as vegetable and raw Antidote Vegetables, LC [44], [62], 7 0.10
Thunb. (Ta), Barung (Ny), Hiibyo leaves, root, as chutney. Medicinal for against snake spices and [71], [78],
(Ap), Gu-sa (No), Kojak tender shoot stomach ache. bite. condiments, [80], [85],
rotak (Ga) medicine [93]
Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Manni Ao (Ga) Araliaceae Herb Leaves Cooked as vegetable and Fish poison. Vegetables, LC [30], [60], 3 0.04
Lam. chutney. Medicinal for spices and [88]
gastritis. condiments,
medicine
Hypericum uralum Buch.- Jasheng (Mo) Hypericaceae Shrub Leaves Fermented leaves used as tea Beverages NE [78] 1 0.01
Ham. ex D. Don leaves.
Illicium griffithii Lisi/Munshing (Mo), Schisandraceae Tree Seed, flower, Consumed as spice and Spices and EN [30], [31], 8 0.11
Hook. f. & Thomson Taihelang (Ap), Lishi (Me) fruit condiment. Medicinal for condiments, [35], [36],
improving appetite, medicine [48], [68],
carminative, cough, asthma [78], [92]
and stomach disorder.
Impatiens bracteolata Nanor tangkor (Ad) Balsaminaceae Herb Tender Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [49] 1 0.01
Hook. f. shoot
Impatiens racemosa DC. Nanor tangkor (Ad), Aki Balsaminaceae Herb Leaves, Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [51], [71], 5 0.07
tai Hamang (Ap), flower, [80], [81],
Nyamchi/Chachenyanye tender shoot [93]
(Ga), Nyamche (Ta),
Choyom/Yemchee (Ny)

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Impatiens scabrida DC. Namcho (Ny) Balsaminaceae Herb Whole plant Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [71] 1 0.01
Impatiens tripetala Roxb. Leangm (Ny) Balsaminaceae Herb Leaves Cooked as vegetable and Vegetables, NE [71] 1 0.01
& DC. medicinal for improving medicine
appetite.
Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. Karmi sag (Ms) Convolvulaceae Climber Tender Cooked as vegetable. Medicinal for Vegetables LC [66] 1 0.01
leaves better eye
sight.
Justicia adhatoda L. Vasaca (As) Acanthaceae Shrub Tender Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [61] 1 0.01
leaves
Laphangium affine (D. Tikpeyingm (Ny), Paput Asteraceae Herb Leaves Consumed raw as salad. Medicinal for Vegetables, NE [40], [42], 5 0.07
Don) Tzvelev (Ad) Medicinal for diarrhea and body ache. medicine [49], [69],
urinary problem. [70]
Laportea bulbifera (Siebold Hotupoga (Ga) Urticaceae Herb Leaves, Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [93] 1 0.01
& Zucc.) Wedd. tender shoot
Lasia spinosa (L.) Thwaites Hamwey (Tn), Hikrubu Araceae Herb Leaves, Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables, LC [23], [29], 5 0.07
(Ga) rhizome, Medicinal for expelling medicine [47], [60],
young shoot intestinal worm, acidity and [92]
menstrual cramps.
Leea guineensis G. Don Kath thengia (As) Vitaceae Shrub Fruit Ripen fruits are consumed Fruits NE [37] 1 0.01
raw.
Leea indica (Burm. f.) Rogang (Ad), Demborang Vitaceae Shrub Fruit Ripen fruits are consumed. Medicinal for Fruits, medicine LC [48], [51], 3 0.04
Merr. Sagne (Ta), Talu Medicinal for dysentery and muscle pain. [87]
fever.
Leea macrophylla Roxb. Kath thengia (As) Vitaceae Shrub Fruit Ripen fruits are eaten raw. Fruits NE [37] 1 0.01
Lepidium virginicum L. NA Brassicaceae Herb Seed, leaves Leaves are eaten as salad and Vegetables, NE [78] 1 0.01
seeds as condiment. spices and
condiment
Leucas aspera Link Niachetse (Ak), Lamiaceae Herb Tender Cooked as vegetable and Medicinal for Vegetables, NE [44], [78], 3 0.04
Ngonshing (Mo), Paan- leaves, shoot medicinal for headache. sinusitis. medicine [85]
kam (No)
Leucas zeylanica (L.) R. Br. Drona (Ms) Lamiaceae Herb Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Medicinal for Vegetables, NE [66] 1 0.01
Medicinal for pneumonia and sinusitis, ulcer. medicine
menstrual disorder.
Leucosceptrum canum Sm. Toti (Ad) Lamiaceae Shrub Inflorescenc Inflorescence are edible. Fruits NE [49] 1 0.01
e
Limacia oblonga Miers Titmilie (Ny), Tit-ngali Menispermaceae Climber Fruit Ripen fruits are edible. Fruits NE [39], [51], 4 0.05
(Ga) [72], [93]
Lindenbergia hookeri NA Orobanchaceae Shrub Flower Consumed as vegetable. Vegetables NE [49] 1 0.01
C. B. Clarke ex Hook. f.
Lindera neesiana Kurz Lungkarmasing (Mo), Lauraceae Tree Fruit Consumed as condiments. Medicinal for Spices and LC [36], [53], 3 0.04
Kusuk Siin (Ny) Medicinal for diarrhea and scabies. condiments, [71]
expelling stomach worms. medicine
Lindera pulcherrima (Nees) Sangmer (Mo) Lauraceae Tree Fruit Edible oil. Miscellaneous NE [83] 1 0.01
Benth. ex Hook. f.
Lithocarpus pachyphyllus Sankhe (Ap) Fagaceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits and Fruits, medicine NE [86] 1 0.01
Rehder medicinal for indigestion.
Litsea cubeba Pers. Tayer/Taier (Ad/Ny/Ta), Lauraceae Tree Fruit, seed, Fruits and seeds boiled or Spices and NE [25], [28], 31 0.42
Santero (Ap), Alup si leaves raw as chutney, dried as condiments, [29], [30],
(Ms), Nge/Nyangshing spices and leaves in tea. [31], [32],

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(Mo), Nya (Me), Roli (Ra), Medicinal for indigestion, beverages, [35], [36],
Tayer/ Taier/Ischi Tak-ke cough, dysentery, worm medicine [38], [39],
ame (Ga), Raayil infection, as astringent, [40], [48],
antiseptic and anti- [49], [51],
inflammatory. [52], [53],
[58], [60],
[62], [68],
[71], [72],
[73], [78],
[80], [81],
[82], [83],
[87], [88],
[93]
Litsea doshia (D. Don) TA-tong (Ny) Lauraceae Tree Fruit Consumed as chutney. Spices and NE [39] 1 0.01
Kosterm. condiments
Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C. NA Lauraceae Tree Fruit Consumed as chutney. Construction Spices and NE [68] 1 0.01
B. Rob. and handicrafts, condiments
fodder, fencing.
Litsea lancifolia Fern.-Vill. Take more (Ga) Lauraceae Tree Seed, leaves Cooked as vegetable and Vegetables, LC [30] 1 0.01
chutney. spices and
condiments
Litsea salicifolia Hook. f. Tanyik Sangne/Hara/Taor Lauraceae Tree Fruit Consumed as chutney. Medicinal for Spices and LC [51], [71] 2 0.03
(Ny) bone fracture, condiments
abscesses.
Livistona jenkinsiana Te-ek/Ta-ek (Ga), Tadek Arecaceae Tree Fruit, seed Ripen fruits eaten as chutney Construction Spices and LC [23], [27], 11 0.15
Griff. (Ad), Taak (Ta) and seeds eaten raw as and handicrafts condiments, [32], [49],
mouth freshener. Medicinal medicine [60], [62],
for stomach ailment. [68], [70],
[83], [87],
[93]
Lycianthes laevis (Dunal) Hoka-baya (Ga) Solanaceae Shrub Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [93] 1 0.01
Bitter
Maclura cochinchinensis NA Moraceae Tree Fruit Consumed raw or ripen as Fruits NE [48] 1 0.01
(Lour.) Corner fruit.
Maesa chisia D. Don NA Primulaceae Shrub Fruit Consumed as fruit. Fruits NE [48] 1 0.01
Maesa indica (Roxb.)Sweet Chonium (Ny), Baching Primulaceae Shrub Fruit, tender Ripened fruit edible and Fruits, NE [23], [37], 5 0.07
(Ap), Etjun Jayun (Ad) shoot tender shoot as vegetable. vegetables [39], [46],
[49]
Maesa japonica (Thunb.) Ko-Kebung Primulaceae Shrub Fruit Consumed as fruits. Medicinal for Fruits NE [87] 1 0.01
Moritzi ex Zoll. itching.
Maesa montana A. DC. Nyanur/Eyum-jajum (Ad) Primulaceae Shrub Tender stem, Consumed as fruit and Medicinal for Fruits, LC [32] 1 0.01
fruit vegetable. body pain. vegetables
Cultural ritual.
Magnolia campbellii Hook. Wanggung (Mo) Magnoliaceae Tree Flower Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables LC [38], [78] 2 0.03
f. & Thomson

Magnolia champaca (L.) Salyo (Ap), Magnoliaceae Tree Fruit Consumed raw or ripen as Fuelwood, Fruits, LC [25], [31], 9 0.12
Baill. ex Pierre Singyongpopin (Me) fruit or cooked as vegetable. construction vegetables, [48], [66],
and handicrafts medicine [68], [73],

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Medicinal for stomach ache, [78], [80],

fever, cold and constipation. [91]
Magnolia hodgsonii (Hook. Aao Kuan (No), Dokum- Magnoliaceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits. Medicinal for Fruits LC [39], [85] 2 0.03
f. & Thomson) H. Keng blum (Ny) toothache.
Magnolia lanuginosa Khumang (Me) Magnoliaceae Tree Leaves, fruit Leaves cooked as vegetable Vegetables, LC [61] 1 0.01
(Wall.) Figlar & Noot. and fruits eaten raw. fruits
Magnolia oblonga (Wall. Serio-asing/Salyo (Ap) Magnoliaceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits or eaten Fuelwood. Fruits, spices DD [30], [80] 2 0.03
ex Hook.f. & Thomson) as chutney. and condiments
Figlar
Mahonia napaulensis DC. Tamen/Taming/Thaming Berberidaceae Shrub Fruit, bark, Consumed raw or ripen as Medicinal for Fruits, medicine LC [23], [25], 8 0.11
(Ap), Tsot-sheng (Mo) stem fruit and medicinal for toothache, [27], [35],
dysentery. wounds, [73], [78],
itching. Dyes, [80], [86]
cultural ritual.
Maianthemum purpureum Yoh (Mo) Asparagaceae Herb Tender stem, Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [79], [96] 2 0.03
(Wall.) LaFrankie shoot
Malus sikkimensis (Wenz.) I-k-malang (Sj Mo) Rosaceae Tree Fruit Ripened fruit are consumed. Fruits NE [78] 1 0.01
Koehne ex C. K. Schneid.
Malva parviflora L. Boecham (Br Mo) Malvaceae Herb Tender Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables DD [78] 1 0.01
leaves
Malva verticillata L. Boecham (Br Mo) Malvaceae Shrub Tender Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [78] 1 0.01
leaves
Mangifera sylvatica Roxb. Ses (Li), Aru (Me), Jat Anacardiaceae Tree Fruit Ripen fruits consumed raw Fruits, NE [23], [47], 10 0.14
Aam (Tn), Tagol (Ny), and unripe fruits as pickle. miscellaneous, [48], [49],
Jharbuo aam (Ch), Medicinal for diarrhea. medicine [51], [61],
Motum Toggu (Ta), [64], [87],
Tagung (Ad), Monaam- [92], [93]
Tagung, Motum-taggu
Meconopsis paniculata (D. Upal (Mo) Papaveraceae Herb Whole plant, Cooked as vegetable and Vegetables, LC [38], [78] 2 0.03
Don) Prain seeds seeds are eaten raw. fruits

Medinilla assamica (C. B. Lota phukala (Ad) Melastomataceae Shrub Stem Stem chewed for juice. Miscellaneous NE [61], [92] 2 0.03
Clarke) C. Chen
Melastoma Pudiraju/Di-sengn/Dai- Melastomataceae Shrub Fruit, flower, Ripened fruits are consumed. Medicinal for Fruits, medicine NE [23], [25], 19 0.26
malabathricum L. Hitae/Enchi/Dai dasa leaves Medicinal for dysentery and wound healing, [27], [29],
(Ny), Kajirai (Ad), jaundice. itching. Dye, [37], [39],
Akysanyi (Ap), Raja/Acha cultural ritual. [47], [49],
kaya (Ga), Dai-Dasa (Ta), [51], [60],
Kengjang (Tn), Kesi-Yayi [61], [62],
[69], [71],
[72], [73],
[78], [86],
[87]
Melia superba Roxb. Blum (Su) Meliaceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits and Fruits, medicine NE [39] 1 0.01
medicinal for malaria.
Meliosma rhoifolia var. Nammu-nama (Ga) Sabiaceae Tree Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables LC [93] 1 0.01
barbulata (Cufod.) Y.W.
Law

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Metathelypteris Rudtak (Ad) Thelypteridaceae Herb Young frond Used in fermentation of Medicinal for Beverages NE [72] 1 0.01
gracilescens (Blume) Ching Apong. cut and
wounds, body
pain, itchiness.
Meyna spinosa Roxb. ex Pobon gulo (Ch) Rubiaceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits NE [23] 1 0.01
Link
Meyna laxiflora Robyns Rubiaceae Tree Fruit Ripened fruits are edible and Fruits, medicine NE [29], [92] 2 0.03
medicinal as abortifacient.
Miliusa macrocarpa Hook. Shyam roma (Mo) Annonaceae Tree Fruit Ripen fruits are consumed. Fruits NE [27] 1 0.01
f. & Thomson
Mitracarpus hirtus DC. Talu (Ny) Rubiaceae Herb Young shoot, Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [51], [71] 2 0.03
leaves
Molineria capitulate Herb. Loli (Ap), Doik/Doyak Hypoxidaceae Herb Fruit Ripen fruits are consumed Medicinal for Fruits, medicine NE [51], [71], 4 0.05
(Ny), Royek (Ga) and medicinal for stomach wound. [73], [93]
ache.
Morus australis Poir. Latak (Ny) Moraceae Tree Fruit Ripened fruit are consumed. Fruits NE [39] 1 0.01
Morus indica L. Latek (Ny), Ashihushi Moraceae Tree Fruit Ripened berries are Fuelwood, Fruits NE [23], [51], 3 0.04
(IM) consumed. fencing. [71]
Morus macroura Miq. Anga-taye-changne (Ny), Moraceae Tree Fruit Ripened fruits are consumed. Medicinal for Fruits, medicine NE [33], [50] 2 0.03
Bola (Wa) Medicinal for cough, fever, eczema, eye
headache and anthelmintic. infection.
Fodder,
sericulture,
construction
and handicrafts
Musa acuminata Colla Kulu (Ny), Lamraep (Mo) Musaceae Herb Fruit Ripened fruits are edible and Fruits, NE [51], [58], 5 0.07
unripe fruit cooked as vegetables [72], [78],
vegetable. Medicinal for [82]
anemia, diarrhea, ulcer and
menstrual cramp.
Musa aurantiaca G. Mann Nyaprom (Tn), Dumji Musaceae Herb Inflorescenc Cooked as vegetable and as Fodder. Vegetables, LC [47], [49] 2 0.03
ex Baker (Ad) e chutney. spices and
condiments
Musa sanguinea Hook. f. Kamchi (Tn) Musaceae Herb Inflorescenc Cooked as vegetable and as Vegetables, LC [47] 1 0.01
e chutney. spices and
condiments
Musa velutina H.Wendl. & Kodok sin (Ny), Akom bo Musaceae Herb Fruit, spathe, Ripen fruits are consumed Fruits, LC [29], [51], 9 0.12
Drude (IM), Kol (Ap), Kodok- stem, and inflorescence and stem vegetables, [61], [68],
kolok (Ga) inflorescenc cooked as a vegetable. medicine [71], [73],
e Medicinal for indigestion, [74], [86],
stomach ache, diarrhea and [93]
dysentery.
Mussaenda glabrata Palaphan (Ms), Takdeng Rubiaceae Shrub Tender stem, Cooked as vegetable and Medicinal for Vegetables, NE [38], [49] 2 0.03
Hutch. ex Gamble (Ad) leaves medicinal for stomach ulcer. mouth ulcer, medicine
wounds.
Mussaenda roxburghii Taksap (Ap), Tangmeng Rubiaceae Shrub Young Cooked as vegetable. Medicinal for Vegetables, NE [23], [26], 16 0.22
Hook. f. (Ad), Lebathu (Ak), Hak- leaves, Medicinal for gastritis, fever, blood clotting. medicine [44], [49],
Paum (Ta), Eshi-Hagmi shoot, bract, blood pressure and liver [51], [52],
(Ny), Takmii/Taksap (Ga) flower problem. [58], [60],

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[62], [72],
[78], [79],
[82], [90],
[92], [93]
Mycetia longifolia Kuntze Tangmge (Ny), Takmen Rubiaceae Shrub Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Medicinal for Vegetables NE [51], [58], 5 0.07
(Ga) Medicinal for ulcer and as body pain, [72], [82],
antinociceptive. inflammation, [93]
wound
Myrica esculenta Buch.- Baching (Ap), Tatir (Ad), Myricaceae Tree Fruit Ripen fruits are eaten raw or Medicinal for Fruits, NE [23], [25], 12 0.16
Ham. ex D. Don Jonri (No), Ketir made into pickle. Medicinal skin disease. miscellaneous, [27], [48],
for indigestion, jaundice and medicine [49], [73],
headache. [80], [83],
[85], [86],
[87], [92]
Nasturtium microphyllum Sitong pettu (Ad) Brassicaceae Herb Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [49] 1 0.01
Boenn. ex Rchb.
Nasturtium officinale R. Br. Silang Sag (Mo), Merek- Brassicaceae Herb Tender Cooked as vegetable. Fodder. Vegetables NE [35], [38], 4 0.05
mare (Bu), Asak doho shoot [78], [84]
(Sa)
Neocinnamomum Tej pat (Ny) Lauraceae Tree Bark Consumed as spice. Spices and LC [30] 1 0.01
caudatum (Nees) Merr. condiments
Nepeta connata Royle ex NA Lamiaceae Herb Flower, seed Consumed raw as Spices and NE [78] 1 0.01
Benth. condiments. condiments
Nephelium lappaceum L. Haicha (Tn), Chaanri Sapindaceae Shrub Fruit Ripen/unripen fruit are eaten Fruits NE [47], [85], 3 0.04
(No), Tadar (Ga) raw. [93]
Nephelium ramboutan-ake Tadar (Ad) Sapindaceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits LC [49] 1 0.01
(Labill.) Leenh.
Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) Hidum Uli (Ad) Nephrolepidaceae Herb Rhizome Consumed raw to quench Miscellaneous NE [49] 1 0.01
C. Presl thirst.
Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Tu tala Shabrang/arik Nephrolepidaceae Herb Fruit Consumed raw to quench Miscellaneous, NE [38] 1 0.01
Schott pap (Ms) thirst. Medicinal for urinary medicine
infection and abnormal
discharges.
Oenanthe javanica DC. Bubu/Barn/Kebunamul/B Apiaceae Herb Whole plant, Consumed raw as salad or Vegetables, NE [23], [30], 12 0.16
abon (Ny), young shoot cooked as vegetable. medicine [35], [42],
Aguhama/Hiigu hamang Medicinal for insomnia, [51], [52],
(Ap), Szhing-hru (Mo), indigestion, high blood [71], [73],
Dhangbing (Sa) pressure and chest pain. [78], [80],
[82], [96]
Oldenlandia diffusa Taken Tamen (Ad) Rubiaceae Herb Young shoot Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables LC [89] 1 0.01
(Willd.) Roxb.
Onosma hookeri C. B. Grimakpa (Mo) Boraginaceae Herb Stem Stems are consumed. Miscellaneous LC [78] 1 0.01
Clarke
Ophioglossum reticulatum Ayoborkok (Ad) Ophioglossaceae Herb Whole plant Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [49] 1 0.01
L.
Ophiopogon intermedius Domseu (Mo) Asparagaceae Herb Fruit, tuber Consumed as fruits. Fruits LC [78] 1 0.01
D. Don

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Ophiorrhiza fasciculata Akhap (Ad) Rubiaceae Shrub Tender Leaves cooked as vegetable Vegetables, NE [61] 1 0.01
D.Don leaves, fruit and ripened fruits are fruits
consumed.
Oreocnide integrifolia Pokeerjali (Ny) Urticaceae Shrub Stem Stems are chewed raw. Miscellaneous NE [51] 1 0.01
(Gaudich.) Miq.
Oroxylum indicum (L.) Salsali (Mo), Domiir Bignoniaceae Tree Flower, Flower cooked as vegetable. Medicinal for Vegetables, NE [40], [46], 9 0.12
Benth. ex Kurz etkung (Ad) tender Medicinal for sinusitis, liver inflammation. medicine [50], [55],
leaves, problem, stomach ache, [58], [66],
flower bud rheumatism, tuberculosis, [68], [78],
malaria, cancer, jaundice and [92]
fever.
Osbeckia chinensis L. Branglaga sing (Me) Melastomataceae Shrub Tender Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [61] 1 0.01
leaves
Osbeckia nepalensis Hook. Pudirasa (Ny), Mamang Melastomataceae Shrub Fruit Ripened fruit are consumed. Fruits NE [51], [61], 3 0.04
appun (Ad) [72]
Osbeckia nutans Wall. Jikenemi/Dai (Ny), Jike- Melastomataceae Shrub Fruit Ripened fruit are consumed. Cultural rituals. Fruits NE [51], [71], 4 0.05
nemi (Ga) [72], [93]
Osbeckia stellata Buch.- Didasa (Ny) Melastomataceae Shrub Fruit Ripened fruit are consumed. Fruits NE [71] 1 0.01
Ham. ex D. Don.
Oxalis acetosella L. Pak Huku (Ny) Oxalidaceae Herb Whole plant Raw or cooked as vegetable. Medicinal for Vegetables NE [51], [78] 2 0.03
cuts and
wounds.
Oxalis corniculata L. Piak Oxalidaceae Herb Leaves, Raw or cooked as vegetable Medicinal for Vegetables, NE [23], [25], 20 0.27
Iip/Piyakiyu/Phakep/Kuru flower, fruit, and chutney. Medicinal for blood clotting, medicine [26], [31],
m (Ad), Okhui hamang/ whole plant improving appetite, diarrhea, conjunctivitis. [34], [35],
Ohokhuhii (Ap), dysentery, jaundice, scabies [38], [39],
Amrul/Phagiyup (Ny), and anemia. [40], [44],
Pulung sukhu (Ak/Mo), [46], [49],
Kurum (Me/Kh), [51], [58],
Kubungatchu (Ra), [61], [71],
Nanchirikmu (Sa) [73], [78],
[80], [91]
Oxalis debilis Kunth Khui hamang (Ap) Oxalidaceae Herb Leaves, Raw or cooked as vegetable. Medicinal for Vegetables NE [51], [73], 3 0.04
flower, fruit cuts and [78]
wounds.
Oxalis debilis var. Piyag Miu (Ad), Tata nana Oxalidaceae Herb Whole plant, Raw or cooked in chutney Spices and NE [49], [93] 2 0.03
corymbosa (DC.) Lourteig (Ga) flower, and roots are consumed raw. condiments,
leaves, root, fruits
tender shoot

Oxalis griffithii Edgew. & Piwaj Ekum (Ad) Oxalidaceae Herb Leaves Consumed raw and medicinal Medicine NE [75] 1 0.01
Hook. f. for cough, chest congestion,
liver disorder and diabetes.
Oxyria digyna Hill Lugsho (Br Mo) Polygonaceae Herb Leaves Eaten raw or cooked as Medicinal for Vegetables, NE [77], [78] 2 0.03
vegetable and medicinal for inflammation medicine
digestion. and wounds.
Oxyspora cernua Hook. f. NA Melastomataceae Shrub Stem Chewed raw. Miscellaneous NE [51] 1 0.01
& Thomson ex Triana

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Oxyspora paniculata DC. Porkejale/Dasa (Ny), Melastomataceae Shrub Fruit, stem, Ripened fruits are edible and Antidote Vegetables, NE [58], [60], 5 0.07
Peko-jalo (Ga) tender stem stems consumed as mouth against snake medicine [72], [78],
freshener. Medicinal for liver bite. [93]
disorder and stomach
problem.
Paederia foetida L. Phadobas Rubiaceae Climber Leaves, Consumed as vegetable and Medicinal for Vegetables, NE [23], [29], 24 0.33
lodi/Paritaru/gandhali stem, tender salad. Medicinal for urinary tooth ache. medicine [30], [40],
(Ap), Aape-tare (Ga), shoot problem, gastritis, asthma, [41], [43],
Shejlaojneya (Mo/Ak), stomach ache, insomnia, [44], [45],
Raonam (Tn), Yepi hypertension and chest pain. [46], [47],
Ribung/Epe riong (Ad) [49], [50],
[55], [58],
[61], [70],
[71], [73],
[75], [78],
[80], [89],
[91], [93]
Panax bipinnatifidus Seem. Mud Pigri (Ny), Zansang Araliaceae Herb Fruit, root, Consumed raw and medicinal Medicine NE [36], [78], 4 0.05
(Ap), Gainsing (Ad), Pagru leaves, stem for lung and liver [81], [96]
(Ta), Miitum angina (Ga) inflammation, ulcer,
aphrodisiac and health tonic.
Panax bipinnatifidus var. Mud Siw Pigri (Ny), Araliaceae Herb Fruit Ripened fruits eaten raw and Fruits, medicine NE [36], [81], 3 0.04
angustifolius (Burkill) J. Zansang (Ap), Gainsing medicinal for ulcer, health [86]
Wen (Ad), Pagru (Ta), Miitum tonic.
angina (Ga)

Pandanus furcatus Roxb. Tako (Ad), Kushikkuyik Pandanaceae Tree Seed, leaves, Consumed raw as fruit and Antidote Fruits, medicine NE [24], [32], 4 0.05
(Ga) stem, root medicinal for dysentery and against snake [49], [93]
aphrodisiac. bites,
construction
and handicrafts
Pandanus martinianus Kushik (Ga) Pandanaceae Shrub Seed Consumed raw as fruit. Fruits LC [93] 1 0.01
Nadaf & Zanan
Pandanus odoratissimus L. Taku Pandanaceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits. Medicinal for Fruits NE [87] 1 0.01
f. skin diseases.
Parathelypteris Rukdik (Ad) Thelypteridaceae Herb Whole plant Used in preparing local wine. Beverages NE [72] 1 0.01
glanduligera (Kunze) Ching
Paris polyphylla Sm. Mutum Enge (Ny), Melanthiaceae Herb Leaves, fruit, Consumed raw as fruit. Medicinal for Fruits, medicine NE [31], [35], 9 0.12
Mungong (Mo), Kangkom rhizome Medicinal for chest scabies and [36], [49],
Oying/Orpo (Ad), Kala inflammation, blood ulcers. [81], [85],
Katchu or Jungli Katchu purification and stomach [86], [89],
(Ap) ache. [91]
Parthenocissus Yang riim (Me), Riying Vitaceae Climber Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits NE [61] 1 0.01
semicordata Planch. (Ad)
Passiflora nepalensis Walp. Meya (As) Passifloraceae Climber Fruit Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [23] 1 0.01
Pegia nitida Colebr. Redin,Tam (Ny) Anacardiaceae Shrub Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits NE [51], [39] 2 0.03
Perilla frutescens (L.) Namdung (Ad), Tining Lamiaceae Shrub Seed Consumed as spice. Spices and NE [30], [41], 13 0.18
Britton (Ap), Tanam-namdu (Ny), Medicinal for headache, condiments, [49], [50],
fever, asthma and nausea. medicine [51], [58],

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Tanam namji (Ta) [62], [69],

Namdu (Ga) [71], [73],
[75], [80],
[93]
Peristrophe bivalvis Merr. Taging-hamang (Ap) Acanthaceae Herb Leaves Consumed as vegetable. Vegetables NE [39] 1 0.01
Persea fructifera Kosterm. Techir Shein (Ny) Lauraceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits NE [51] 1 0.01
Persea odoratissima Tulin (Ad/Kh) Lauraceae Tree Fruit Cooked as chutney. Spices and NE [91] 1 0.01
(Nees) Kosterm. condiments
Persicaria capitata (Buch.- Babing Kaling (Ad), Amin Polygonaceae Herb Fruit, flower Ripened fruits edible, flowers Fodder. Fruits, NE [49], [93] 2 0.03
Ham ex D. Don) H. Gross taktak (Ga) and fruits cooked as vegetables
vegetable.
Persicaria chinensis (L.)H. Jampera (Mo), Sahai (Tn), Polygonaceae Herb Leaves, Cooked as vegetable. Medicinal for Vegetables, LC [23], [29], 12 0.16
Gross Chabele (Li), Jampera stem, flower, Medicinal for cold and cuts and medicine [39], [40],
(Ak) fruit urinary problem. wounds. [44], [47],
Okung (Ad), Amin taktak [64], [78],
(Ga) [79], [82],
[89], [93]
Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Kotsomang (Me) Polygonaceae Herb Leaves, fruit Tender leaves cooked as Fish poison. Vegetables, NE [53], [61], 3 0.04
Delarbre vegetable and ripe fruits are fruits [68]
edible.
Persicaria nepalensis Ruri/Uyushayan/Okung Polygonaceae Herb Leaves, Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [23], [30], 7 0.10
(Meisn.) Miyabe (Ad), Roli hamang (Ap), stem, young [39], [71],
Yarung (Ny), Mejia daro shoot [72], [82],
aga (Ch) [89]
Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus Pilamola Acanthaceae Shrub Flower, Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables, NE [51], [58], 4 0.05
Nees flower bud Medicinal for malaria, cough, medicine [66], [92]
asthma and stomach
problem.
Phlogacanthus Phikhip (Tn), Hekko (Ad) Acanthaceae Shrub Inflorescenc Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [47], [89] 2 0.03
thyrsiformis (Roxb. ex e, young
Hardw.) Mabb. leaves, shoot
Phlogacanthus tubiflorus Basak patta (Ch) Acanthaceae Shrub Inflorescenc Cooked as vegetable and Vegetables, NE [23], [71] 2 0.03
Nees e medicinal for cough. medicine
Phoebe cooperiana P. C. Sampor (Ap), Jishir (Ny), Lauraceae Tree Fruit Used in the preparation of Medicinal for Vegetables, NE [23], [30], 10 0.14
Kanjilal & Das Hisir/Jichir (Ga), chutney and meat inflammation. medicine [47], [49],
Tapir/Tapil (Ad), Sechar preservation. Medicinal for Construction [62], [81],
(Ta), Huk (Tn) liver problem, insomnia and and handicrafts [87], [91],
blood pressure. [92], [93]
Phoebe goalparensis Samper (Ap), Hiichir (Ga), Lauraceae Tree Fruit Cooked as vegetable and for Vegetables, LC [80], [52] 2 0.03
Hutch. Sichir or sangchar (Ny) making chutney. spices and
condiments
Photinia integrifolia Lindl. Lihung-ahi (Ap) Rosaceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits LC [23] 1 0.01
Phragmites karka (Retz.) Pepu (Ap) Poaceae Herb Whole plant Used in preparation of local Miscellaneous NE [80] 1 0.01
Trin. ex Steud. salt.
Phrynium imbricatum Roxb. Kokam Kumpu (Ta) Marantaceae Shrub Tender Cooked as vegetables. Vegetables NE [51] 1 0.01
leaves
Phrynium pubinerve Blume Ekkam (Ad) Marantaceae Herb Seed, leaves Seeds are edible. Medicinal Leaves used for Fruits, medicine LC [32], [49], 5 0.07
for mental stress, chest pain, packing food. [51], [58],
diabetes and as analgesic. [75]

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Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene Verbenaceae Herb Leaves Cooked as vegetables. Medicinal for Vegetables, NE [94] 1 0.01
Medicinal for ischuria, scabies. medicine
stoppage of bowels, swollen
cervical glands, chronic and
indolent ulcers.
Phyllanthus fraternus G. L. Phyllanthaceae Herb Young shoot Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [89] 1 0.01
Webster
Phyllostachys Bije (Ap), Bamboo (Ny), Poaceae Herb Young shoot Roasted or boiled and Vegetables, NE [30], [47], 4 0.05
bambusoides Siebold & Wah mi (Tn), Taabu (Ga) consumed as vegetable, or miscellaneous [68], [93]
Zucc. made into pickles.
Phyllostachys mannii Bije (Ap) Poaceae Herb Young shoot Cooked as vegetable. Construction Vegetables NE [80] 1 0.01
Gamble and handicrafts
Physalis minima L. Pakmou (As), Jojing- Solanaceae Herb Fruit Consumed as fruits. Vegetables, NE [37], [47], 6 0.08
belang (Ad), Tungnyai ri Medicinal for stomach medicine [49], [58],
(Tn) problem, cancer and blood [70], [72]
pressure.
Physalis peruviana L. Donam As (Ga) Solanaceae Herb Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits NE [50], [51] 2 0.03
Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. Holap oh (Ny) Phytolaccaceae Herb Tender Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables, NE [36], [92] 2 0.03
shoot, leaves Medicinal for constipation medicine
and indigestion.
Pilea bracteosa Wedd. Nyomrang payin (Ad), Urticaceae Herb Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [51], [71], 4 0.05
gongi (Ny) [72], [95]
Pilea glaberrima (Blume) Guge Ao (Ny) Urticaceae Herb Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [51], [71] 2 0.03
Blume
Pilea insolens Wedd. Tango Lisak (Ad) Urticaceae Herb Leaves Used in fermenting perilla Miscellaneous NE [49] 1 0.01
seed.
Pilea pumila A. Gray Gerge (Ga) Urticaceae Herb Leaves, Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [93] 1 0.01
tender shoot
Pilea scripta (Buch.-Ham. Gugi O ( Ny) Urticaceae Shrub Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [52] 1 0.01
ex D. Don) Wedd.
Pilea umbrosa Wedd. Oko Robo (Ad) Urticaceae Herb Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Construction Vegetables NE [49], [82] 2 0.03
and handicrafts
Pinanga gracilis Blume Medo (Li), Arecaceae Tree Fruit, tender Ripened fruits consumed raw Cultural rituals. Miscellaneous, VU [23], [51], 6 0.08
Taecher/Morizya (Ch), stem in place of betel nut and vegetables [64], [91],
Tachar (Ny), Tacher (Ga) young stems cooked as [92], [93]
vegetable.
Pinus merkusii Jungh. & de Hro-sheng (Mo) Pinaceae Tree Stem Bark is edible. Miscellaneous LC [78] 1 0.01
Vriese
Pinus roxburghii Sarg. Pine (Ap) Pinaceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits. Construction Fruits LC [39] 1 0.01
and handicrafts
Pinus wallichiana A. B. Likadu (Mo) Pinaceae Tree Stem Bark is edible. Medicinal for Miscellaneous NE [39], [53], 4 0.05
Jacks. boils. [68], [78]
Construction
and handicrafts
Piper attenuatum Buch.- Dolopann (Ad) Piperaceae Climber Leaves Fresh leaves mixed with Miscellaneous, NE [34], [40], 3 0.04
Ham. ex Wall. tobacco for smoking. medicine [72]
Medicinal for liver and
urinary problem.

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Piper betleoides C. DC. Jangali pan/Odor (Ad) Piperaceae Climber Leaves, Stem Cooked as vegetable and Medicinal for Vegetables, NE [23], [89] 2 0.03
chewed as mouth freshener. body swelling, medicine
bone fracture.
Piper griffithii C. DC. Rear-ow (Ny) Piperaceae Climber Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [39] 1 0.01
Piper hamiltonii C. DC. Riidii (Ap) Piperaceae Climber Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables, NE [80] 1 0.01
Medicinal for cold and cough. medicine
Piper longum L. Likadu (Mo), Riidii (Ap), Piperaceae Climber Fruit, seed, Fruits and seeds as tea and Medicinal for Spices and NE [25], [25], 9 0.12
Jhaluk (Ga) leaves spice, leaves cooked as joint pain. condiments, [58], [60],
vegetable. Medicinal for vegetables, [68], [78],
cough, asthma, dysentery, medicine [82], [92],
gout, paralysis, pneumonia, [93]
jaundice and kidney stone.
Piper mullesua Buch.-Ham. Odor (Ad), Pinee (Ga), Piperaceae Shrub Inflorescenc Consumed as chutney and Medicinal for Spices and VU [29], [30], 6 0.08
ex D. Don Lori (Me), Namar (Si), e, fruit medicinal for cough and mouth ulcer condiments, [46], [50],
Ahoma (Tn) bronchitis. and medicine [61], [69]
rheumatism.
Piper pedicellatum C. DC. Rar/Rer (Ga), Piperaceae Shrub Leaves, Cooked along with meat as Medicinal for Vegetables, NE [23], [28], 15 0.21
Rori/Rare/Raru (Ad), young shoot vegetable and fruits are body pain, fruits, medicine [36], [41],
Raru/rari (Ap), Nagini eaten raw. Medicinal for high scabies and [42], [49],
pan (Li), Yari (Ta) blood pressure and insomnia. allergy. [51], [52],
[60], [62],
[64], [80],
[81], [89],
[93]
Piper peepuloides Roxb. Lori (Ad) Piperaceae Climber Fruit, leaves Cooked as vegetable and Vegetables, NE [50], [91] 2 0.03
medicinal for cough. medicine
Piper suipigua Buch.-Ham. Ene rori (Ad) Piperaceae Climber Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [61], [89] 2 0.03
ex D. Don
Piper sylvaticum Roxb. Ahamna (Mi), Rori (Ad) Piperaceae Climber Leaves, Cooked as vegetable. Medicinal for Vegetables NE [23], [38], 5 0.07
tender shoot rheumatic and [41], [72],
body pain after [82]
child birth.
Piper thomsonii (C. DC.) Yorho-hamang (Ap) Piperaceae Climber Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [39] 1 0.01
Hook. f.
Plantago asiatica subsp. Mepi-hamang (Ap), Doni Plantaginaceae Herb Whole plant, Cooked or raw as vegetable. Vegetables LC [39], [49], 7 0.10
erosa (Wall.) Z. Yu Li hankang (Ad) leaves [51], [72],
[73], [80],
[95]
Plantago major L. Tsa Shing (Mo), Sob Plantaginaceae Herb Leaves, stem Cooked as vegetable. Medicinal for Vegetables, NE [23], [31], 14 0.19
Nyuru (Ny), Ishapgul Medicinal for stomach cut and medicine [35], [42],
(Ad), Tharam (Mo), disorder, kidney problem and wounds. [44], [52],
Pulung Nyang (Ak), anti-inflammatory. [53], [58],
Germor (Sa), Donyihanka [61], [71],
(Ga) [78], [82],
[89], [93]
Pogostemon NA Lamiaceae Herb Young shoot Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [78] 1 0.01
amaranthoides Benth.

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Poikilospermum suaveolens Taan (Ga) Urticaceae Climber Fruit, leaves Ripen fruits are consumed Fruits, NE [93] 1 0.01
(Blume) Merr. and tender leaves cooked as vegetables
vegetable.
Pollia hasskarlii R. S. Rao Nipobapak Commelinaceae Herb Fruit Consumed as fruits. Medicinal for Fruits LC [51] 1 0.01
eye infection.
Polygala arillata Buch.- NA Polygalaceae Shrub Leaves Used for local beverage. Beverages NE [78] 1 0.01
Ham. ex D. Don
Polygonum chinense var. Tuthiku (Ny), Polygonaceae Shrub Fruit Ripen fruits are consumed. Fruits NE [71], [72] 2 0.03
ovalifolium Meisn. Amintaktabe (Ad)
Polygonum molle D. Don Bonkung (Ny), Chomcha Polygonaceae Shrub Tender stem, Tender stem is eaten raw and Medicinal for Fruits, NE [35], [36], 5 0.07
(Mo), Sisuak (No), Sa- fruit ripen fruits are edible. joint pain. medicine, [42], [71],
pheung (Bu) Medicinal for enhancing miscellaneous [85]
appetite and cough.
Polygonum perfoliatum L. Posikung (Ny), Achajay Polygonaceae Herb Leaves, Cooked as vegetable and in Vegetables, NE [44], [71], 3 0.04
(Ak), Onkhu (Ga) tender shoot preparing chutney. spices and [93]
condiments
Polygonum posumbu Namne Ao (Ny/Ap) Polygonaceae Climber Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [51] 1 0.01
Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don
Polygonum praetermissum Torckumbuk (Ny) Polygonaceae Herb Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits NE [51] 1 0.01
Hook. f.
Polygonum runcinatum Puri/Ruri (Ny) Polygonaceae Herb Leaves Cooked as vegetable and in Vegetables, NE [51], [71], 3 0.04
Buch.-Ham. preparing chutney. spices and [95]
condiments
Polygonum virginianumL. Pekammajam (Ny) Polygonaceae Herb Tender Raw/cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [71] 1 0.01
shoot
Potentilla peduncularis D. Penma (Mo) Rosaceae Herb Rhizome Rhizomes are chewed as Medicine, NE [77], [78] 2 0.03
Don mouth freshner. Medicinal miscellaneous
for diarrhea and pre-
menstruation disorders.
Pothos scandens L. Ridik (Ny), Loma Loset Araceae Climber Stem, leaves, Cooked as vegetable and Medicinal for Vegetables, NE [45], [61], 3 0.04
(Ad) root medicinal for constipation. bone fracture. medicine [71]
Pouzolzia bennettiana Huyiek/Siglikna (Mi), Urticaceae Shrub Leaves, Cooked as vegetable and Medicinal for Vegetables, NE [31], [38], 10 0.14
Wight Ovik (Ad) tender shoot medicinal for digestion and skin medicine [42], [50],
constipation. inflamation. [51], [53],
[70], [75],
[76], [89]
Pouzolzia calophylla W.T. Tanu Nenya (Ny) Urticaceae Shrub Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [51] 1 0.01
Wang & C. J. Chen
Pouzolzia hirta (Blume) Oyik/Onik (Ad), Urticaceae Herb Leaves, Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [49], [71], 11 0.15
Hassk. Hosskhoyik (Ny), Oik (Ta), tender shoot [72], [62],
Huyiek (Ga) [43], [69],
[32], [47],
[39], [89],
[93]
Pouzolzia sanguinea Osik (Ad), Yigro (Ga) Urticaceae Herb Tender Cooked as vegetable. Medicinal for Vegetables NE [43], [49], 4 0.05
(Blume) Merr. shoot, leaves wound healing. [51], [93]
Pouzolzia zeylanica (L.) Hoyik (Ny), Oyi (Ad/Ga) Urticaceae Herb Young shoot Cooked as vegetable. Medicinal for Vegetables NE [52] 1 0.01
Benn. cuts and
wounds.

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Premna bengalensis C. B. Lalo-asing (Ad), Namji- Lamiaceae Shrub Bark Bark is edible. Construction Miscellaneous NE [94] 1 0.01
Clarke asing, Situ-asing (Mr) and handicrafts
Premna herbacea Roxb. Lamiaceae Shrub Fruit Ripen fruits are consumed. Medicinal for Fruits, medicine NE [94] 1 0.01
Medicinal for asthma, dropsy, rheumatism.
fever and cough.
Premna milleflora C. B. NA Lamiaceae Shrub Fruit Consumed as fruits. Construction Fruits NE [51] 1 0.01
Clarke and handicrafts
Premna mollissima Roth Lamiaceae Shrub Leaves, Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [94] 1 0.01
tender shoot
Prunus cerasoides D. Don Puta/Semo (Ap) Rosaceae Tree Fruit Ripe fruits are consumed. Fruits NE [39], [73], 4 0.05
[80], [92]
Prunus rufa Wall. ex Hook. Gonde (Ap) Rosaceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits NE [73] 1 0.01
f.
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Losup (Ad), Khang duwai Dennstaedtiaceae Herb Frond Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [49], [61] 2 0.03
Kuhn (Me)
Pteridium esculentum (G. Ta (Mo) Dennstaedtiaceae Herb Tender Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [78] 1 0.01
Forst.) Cockayne shoot
Pteris tripartita Sw. Rukji (Ad), Tao-kapung Pteridaceae Herb Frond Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [49], [62] 2 0.03
(Ta)
Pueraria peduncularis Fikpiring (Ny) Fabaceae Climber Legume or Consumed raw or boiled as Vegetables NE [71] 1 0.01
(Benth)Graham ex Benth. pod vegetable.
Pueraria stricta Kurz NA Fabaceae Shrub Seed Fermented seeds are Miscellaneous LC [71] 1 0.01
consumed.
Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham. ex Pecha/ Piita-ahi (Ap), Rosaceae Tree Fruit Ripen fruits are eaten raw. Fruits, medicine LC [23], [35], 9 0.12
D. Don Kean Schein/Ja-toh (Mo) Medicinal for gastritis, [39], [48],
constipation and digestive [51], [78],
problems. [80], [86],
[96]
Quercus griffithii Hook. f. & Sankhe (Ap), Pa-sheng Fagaceae Tree Nut Roasted and consumed as Fuelwood. Fruits LC [36], [78], 3 0.04
Thomson ex Miq. (Mo), Sikek (Ny) snacks. [80]
Quercus rex Hemsl. Angke/Kora (Ad/Kh) Fagaceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits. Cultural rituals. Fruits LC [91] 1 0.01
Quercus semecarpifolia Saii (Ap), Khatchang Fagaceae Tree Nut Roasted and consumed as Fruits LC [35], [36], 4 0.05
Sm. (Mo), Sikek (Ny) snacks. [78], [80]
Quercus semiserrata Roxb. Kara (Su) Fagaceae Shrub Fruit, flower Consumed as fruits. Fruits NE [39] 1 0.01
Quercus spicata Sm. Tibeh (Ap) Fagaceae Tree Fruit Fruit used as a food Fruits, medicine LC [86] 1 0.01
supplement. Medicinal for
menstrual abnormality.
Ranunculus cantoniensis NA Ranunculaceae Herb Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables LC [78] 1 0.01
DC.
Rhamnus napalensis Biringa schein (Ny) Rhamnaceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits LC [51], [78] 2 0.03
(Wall.) M.vA. Lawson
Rhamnus virgata Roxb. NA Rhamnaceae Shrub Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [78] 1 0.01
Rhododendron arboreum Woodung shen, Somu Ericaceae Tree Tender Cooked or raw as vegetable. Cultural rituals. Vegetables, LC [31], [35], 6 0.08
Sm. (Mo) leaves, Medicinal as a source of Vit- medicine [36], [53],
flower C, dysentery, diarrhea and [68], [78]
headache.
Rhododendron keysii Nutt. Taam (Mo) Ericaceae Shrub Flower Raw flowers are consumed. Miscellaneous NE [78] 1 0.01
Rhus chinensis Mill. Tagmo (Ad), Tamo (Ap), Anacardiaceae Tree Fruit, seed Consumed raw, used as a Cultural rituals, Fruits, NE [23], [35], 11 0.15
Amasi (IM), Metqha (Tn), food supplement, dried and fencing. beverages, [47], [48],

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Mithrek (Bu), Phsilun taken with tea or pickled. medicine, [49], [73],
(Sa), Taage (Ga), Taam Medicinal for diarrhea and miscellaneous [80], [85],
ahi (Ny) dysentery. [86], [87],
[93]
Rhynchanthus longiflorus Joku-ow (HM) Zingiberaceae Herb Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [39] 1 0.01
Hook. f.

Rhynchotechum calycinum Joako (Ny), Jaro (Ad), Gesneriaceae Shrub Leaves, Cooked as vegetable. Cultural rituals. Vegetables NE [71], [72], 3 0.04
C. B. Clarke Joro (Ga) tender shoot [93]
Rhynchotechum ellipticum Jongku (Ad), Jooke (Ny), Gesneriaceae Shrub Leaves, Cooked as vegetable with Vegetables NE [49], [51], 4 0.05
(Wall. ex D. Dietr.) A. DC. Jooke (Ga) tender shoot meat. [90], [93]
Ribes orientale Desf. Saekod (Mo) Grossulariaceae Shrub Fruit Ripen fruits are consumed Fruits NE [78] 1 0.01
raw.
Ricinus communis L. Dantha (Mo) Euphorbiaceae Shrub Seed Seed oil used in curries. Medicinal for Miscellaneous NE [32], [40], 4 0.05
back pain, sores [50], [78]
and
inflammation.
Rorippa dubia (Pers.) Hara Sitong Pettu (Ad) Brassicaceae Herb Leaves Cooked as vegetables. Vegetables NE [49] 1 0.01
Rosa omeiensis Rolfe Sae (Mo) Rosaceae Shrub Fruit Ripen fruits are eaten. Fruits NE [78] 1 0.01
Rosa sericea Lindl. Sae (Mo) Rosaceae Shrub Fruit Raw fruits consumed and Fruits, medicine NE [78] 1 0.01
medicinal for digestion.
Rotheca serrata (L.) Steane Tipin poto (Ny) Lamiaceae Shrub Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables, NE [39], [40], 5 0.07
& Mabb. Medicinal for digestion, blood medicine [51], [58],
pressure, diabetes, obesity [94]
and hypertension.
Rubus alceifolius Poir. Pasi payi (Ad) Rosaceae Shrub Fruit Fruits are eaten raw and Fruits, medicine NE [32], [49], 3 0.04
medicinal for cough. [71]
Rubus assamensis Focke Fikteging (Ny), Retsu Rosaceae Shrub Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits NE [71], [78] 2 0.03
(Mo)
Rubus biflorus Buch.-Ham. Bla-mrep (Mo) Rosaceae Shrub Fruit Ripen fruits consumed. Fruits NE [78] 1 0.01
ex Sm.
Rubus calycinoides Kuntze Pasi-Payi Rosaceae Shrub Fruit Consumed as fruits. Medicinal for Fruits NE [87] 1 0.01
wound.
Rubus ellipticus Sm. Pakkom Tayin (Ad), Rosaceae Shrub Fruit Fruits are consumed raw. Fruits, medicine NE [23], [25], 18 0.25
Mipya/Jilyung (Ap), Ta Medicinal for fever, cough, [35], [39],
Hinch/Pop taro/Ginjek - sore throat and as laxative [42], [49],
berek (HM), Tae (Ta), during constipation. [51], [61],
Subohing (Sa) [62], [73],
[74], [78],
[81], [80],
[86], [87],
[89], [92]
Rubus fairholmianus Mipya yoyu (Ap) Rosaceae Shrub Fruit Fruit is used as a food Medicinal for Fruits NE [86] 1 0.01
Gardner supplement. inflammation.
Rubus hexagynus Roxb. Ta Hinch Rosaceae Shrub Leaves Leaves are chewed. Miscellaneous NE [51] 1 0.01
Rubus lanatus Wall. Rosaceae Shrub Fruit Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [89] 1 0.01
Rubus lineatus Reinw. ex Kada aphal (Ch), Chichi Rosaceae Shrub Fruit Fruits are eaten raw and Fruits, medicine NE [23], [42] 2 0.03
Blume nintch (Ny), Achin barin medicinal for indigestion.
(Ad)

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Rubus lucens Focke Achinpurin (Ga) Rosaceae Shrub Fruit, seed Ripen fruits are consumed Fruits NE [93] 1 0.01
raw.
Rubus moluccanus L. Taa Hich Rosaceae Shrub Fruit Consumed as fruits and Fruits, medicine NE [51], [64] 2 0.03
medicinal for gastritis.
Rubus niveus Thunb. Yokpo pongkung (Ad), Rosaceae Shrub Fruit Fruits are eaten raw and used Medicinal for Fruits, medicine NE [23], [39], 11 0.15
Henchi/Yikhe jilyung as a food supplement. wound healing. [42], [49],
(Ap), Kiblupu (Ny), Tae Medicinal for indigestion and [62], [71],
(Ta), Milang-sai (Bu), asthma. [73], [78],
Mulang (Sa), Inmin-Tayin [80], [86],
[87]
Rubus paniculatus Sm. Tapatara (Ad), Rosaceae Shrub Leaves, fruit Leaves used as substitute for Miscellaneous, NE [39], [49], 5 0.07
Chechenimri (Ny), Piper betel leaves and ripen fruits [61], [72],
Pashinpayin (Ga) fruits consumed raw. [93]
Rubus pedunculosus D. Bla-mrep (Mo) Rosaceae Shrub Fruit Ripen fruits are consumed. Fruits NE [78] 1 0.01
Don
Rubus praestans H. E. Pop taro, Chechenimri Rosaceae Shrub Fruit, leaves Consumed as fruits and Fruits, NE [39], [51], 4 0.05
Weber (Ny), Taptere (Ad) leaves eaten with Callicarpa miscellaneous [71], [72]
arborea var. ovalifolia as a
substitute of Piper betle.
Rubus rosifolius Sm. Hitungbulung (Ap), Kepo- Rosaceae Shrub Fruit Ripen fruits are consumed Fruits NE [32], [61], 6 0.08
lepum (Ad), Lukhitumli raw. [72], [73],
(Ga) [80], [93]
Rubus rugosus Sm. Jigang (Me), Mipir (Ad), Rosaceae Shrub Fruit Ripe fruits are consumed raw. Fruits NE [47], [61] 2 0.03
Sukhaih ri (Tn)
Rubus sumatranus Miq. Kinbu Beru (Ad) Rosaceae Shrub Fruit Ripen fruit are consumed. Fruits NE [49] 1 0.01
Rumex maritimus L. Okung (Ad) Polygonaceae Herb Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Bait for fishing. Vegetables NE [49] 1 0.01
Rumex nepalensis Spreng. Yalak Ao/Shomang (Mo) Polygonaceae Herb Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Antidote Vegetables LC [39], [51], 4 0.05
against snake [78], [92]
bite.
Saccharum rufipilum Pilu (Ny) Poaceae Herb Tender stem Eaten raw to quence thirst. Cultural rituals. Miscellaneous NE [72] 1 0.01
Steud.
Saccharum spontaneum L. Piko-Pimur (Ad), Teppi Poaceae Herb Inflorescenc Roasted and eaten as Spices and NE [32], [49], 3 0.04
e chutney. condiments [51]
Salacca secunda Griff. Ra Arecaceae Shrub Fruit Consumed as fruits. Construction Fruits NE [51] 1 0.01
and handicrafts
Sambucus adnata Wall. ex Wamdong (Mo) Adoxaceae Shrub Fruit Ripen fruits are consumed. Fruits NE [78] 1 0.01
DC.
Sarcandra glabra (Thunb.) Tupu Tal (Ny) Chloranthaceae Shrub Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits NE [51] 1 0.01
Nakai
Sarcochlamys pulcherrima Tekok/Bola sen/ Bhola Urticaceae Shrub Young shoot, Cooked with meat as Medicinal for Vegetables, NE [52], [56], 7 0.10
Gaudich. Chaegne (Ny), Laabik leaves vegetable. Medicinal for cuts and medicine [79], [87],
(Ga) constipation, dysentry and wounds. [90], [92],
diarrhea. [93]
Saurauia armata Kurz Hero, Himpum (Ad/Ga) Actinidiaceae Tree Fruit Ripen fruits are consumed Medicinal for Fruits LC [48], [50], 5 0.07
raw. wound healing. [51], [72],
[93]
Saurauia griffithii Dyer Hinchi (Ny) Actinidiaceae Tree Fruit Consumed as food Cultural ritual. Fruits, medicine CR [86] 1 0.01
supplement and medicinal
for constipation.

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Saurauia napaulensis DC. Sicho ninch (Ny), Eti-aou Actinidiaceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits and Fodder, cultural Fruits, medicine LC [23], [32], 6 0.08
(Bu) medicinal for indigestion and rituals. [35], [42],
asthma. [48], [60]
Saurauia punduana Wall. Taan (Ad), Nyinch (Ny), Actinidiaceae Tree Fruit Ripen fruits are consumed Cultural rituals. Fruits NE [39], [49], 6 0.08
Hinchi (Ta), Enchi (Ga) raw. [62], [71],
[81], [93]
Saurauia roxburghii Wall. Ekeeprin (Ny), Tarsingahi Actinidiaceae Tree Leaves, fruit Ripen fruits are consumed Fruits, NE [48], [71], 8 0.11
(Ap), Hinche/Tan (Ad), raw and leaves are used for beverages [72], [73],
Taan, Hinchi (Ga) preparing local wine. [78], [87],
[91], [93]
Sauropus androgynus (L.) Gam oying (Ad), Oo-Toko Phyllanthaceae Shrub Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Fodder. Vegetables NE [32], [49], 3 0.04
Merr. (Ta) [62]
Schefflera pauciflora R. Sankho-ahi (Ap) Araliaceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits NE [39] 1 0.01
Vig.
Schisandra grandiflora Dhatik (Mo) Schisandraceae Climber Fruit Raw fruits are consumed. Fruits NE [78] 1 0.01
Hook. f. & Thomson
Sechium edule Sw. Chow-chow/isquash (Mi) Cucurbitaceae Climber Fruit Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [38] 1 0.01
Selaginella biformis A. Husum Ao (Ny) Selaginelaceae Climber Stem, leaves Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [39] 1 0.01
Braun ex Kuhn
Selaginella wallichii (Hook. Hojum (Ad), Hujum (Ga) Selaginellaceae Climber Leaves, Leaves cooked as vegetable Vegetables NE [72], [82], 3 0.04
& Grev.) Spring tender shoot and grounded leaves along [93]
with young shoots are
consumed raw or added to
pounded rice for preparation
of local food called Amiin.
Senecio scandens (L.) Serkiling (Mo) Asteraceae Climber Flower, Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [78] 1 0.01
Buch.-Ham. young leaves
Setaria pumila Roem. & Taya (Ny) Poaceae Herb Seed Used for preparing local Beverages NE [71] 1 0.01
Schult. liquor (Apong).
Sida acuta Burm. f. Holap (Ad) Malvaceae Shrub Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Medicinal for Vegetables NE [66], [72], 3 0.04
blood clotting. [82]
Broom.
Silene heterophylla Freyn Jajrar (Ny), Jajru (Ap), Caryophyllaceae Herb Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits VU [55], [68], 5 0.07
Kubumeku (Ad) [71], [72],
[73]
Sinopodophyllum Bashushu (Ad/Kh) Berberidaceae Herb Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits, medicine NE [77], [91] 2 0.03
hexandrum (Royle) T. S. Medicinal for various female
Ying reproductive related
diseases.
Siphocampylus affinis Nimante (Ny) Campanulaceae Herb Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [71] 1 0.01
(Mirb.) McVaugh
Smilax perfoliata Lour. Phanthok (Tn), Sagijaj (Li) Smilacaceae Climber Young shoot, Cooked as vegetable and Medicinal for Vegetables, NE [45], [47], 3 0.04
leaves, root medicinal for urinary trouble. for reducing medicine [64]
swelling.
Solanum aculeatissimum Koppir (Ga) Solanaceae Shrub Fruit Cooked as vegetable. Medicinal for Vegetables, NE [42], [46], 4 0.05
Jacq. Medicinal for liver disorder, tooth ache. medicine [58], [70]
fever, cough, stomach ache,
malaria, anti-fertility and
anti-inflammatory.

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Solanum aethiopicum L. Kopii (Ad), Byako (Ap), Solanaceae Shrub Fruit Boiled and consumed as Medicinal for Spices and NE [38], [39], 20 0.27
Kope (Ga), Kesia Bake chutney or vegetable. diaphoretic and condiments, [40], [43],
(Ta), Byak (Ny), Tanaka Medicinal for detoxifying and demulcent vegetables, [44], [47],
(Mi) as stimulant. medicine [49], [50],
[51], [52],
[53], [60],
[61], [62],
[70], [71],
[72], [73],
[81], [82]
Solanum americanum Mill. Hora/Hor (Ny), Nakana Solanaceae Herb Whole plant, Cooked as vegetable. Medicinal for Vegetables, DD [23], [25], 36 0.49
(Ms), Phophokshi (Li), leaves, Medicinal for digestion, skin diseases. medicine [26], [28],
Faysuk (Ak), Horee (Ta), young fruit, dysentery, asthma, low blood [31], [34],
Okomamang/Banko (Ad), flower, seed, pressure, malaria, urinary [35], [38],
Or-Re/Hore (Ga), Hiiro tender shoot discharges, liver problem, [39], [40],
Hamang (Ap), Mangkhoi tuberculosis, diarrhea and [42], [44],
(Tn), Dhangbu (Sa) abdominal pain. [47], [49],
[50], [51],
[52], [55],
[58], [60],
[62], [64],
[69], [71],
[72], [73],
[79], [80],
[81], [82],
[88], [89],
[90], [91],
[92], [93]
Solanum anguivi Lam. Kopii Piimiik/Sotabyom Solanaceae Shrub Fruit Boiled/fried and consumed as Spices and NE [25], [34], 13 0.18
(Ad), Adi Byako (Ap), Adi chutney, or as vegetable. condiments, [38], [43],
Baak (Ga), Adi Baake Medicinal for diabetes and vegetables, [44], [46],
(Ta), Adi Byak/Beako stomach disorders. medicine [52], [53],
(Ny), Chikrang Sai (Ms), [68], [71],
Paitae bakey (Tn), Gelo [72], [81],
jay-beso (Ak) [82]
Solanum betaceum Cav. Phahari Tomato (Mo), Solanaceae Shrub Fruit Cooked as vegetable and Vegetables, NE [36], [38], 3 0.04
Masang tomator (Mi) medicinal for constipation. medicine [61]
Solanum kurzii Brace ex Byakhe (Ny), Byako (Ap), Solanaceae Herb Fruit Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables, NE [41], [50], 9 0.12
Prain Tita baigun/Kodu (Ad) Medicinal for stomach medicine [58], [71],
disorder and expelling [72], [73],
intestinal worm. [80], [82],
[89]
Solanum spirale Roxb. Bangkho (Ad), Khasou Solanaceae Shrub Tender Cooked as vegetable. Cultural rituals. Vegetables, NE [26], [32], 10 0.14
(Mi), Sucha-kaya (Ta) leaves Medicinal for stomach ache, medicine [38], [40],
indigestion, gastritis and [47], [49],
infertility. [55], [62],
[69], [70]
Solanum stramoniifolium Bangko kopi (Ad) Solanaceae Shrub Fruit Cooked as vegetable and Vegetables, NE [38], [61] 2 0.03
Jacq. chutney. Medicinal for spices and
stomach ache.

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condiments,
medicine
Solanum torvum Sw. Kodu/Pirte (Ad), Shoat Solanaceae Shrub Fruit, tender Cooked as vegetable and Medicinal for Vegetables, NE [23], [38], 27 0.37
Beyak/Byakta (Ny), leaves chutney. Medicinal for liver tooth ache and spices and [39], [40],
Tutusik (Ms), Bykh (Ap), and spleen enlargement, itching. condiments, [42], [43],
Hot baak/Kope/Shoat indigestion and medicine [44], [46],
bake (Ga), Akapu (Ak), contraceptive. [47], [49],
Kemko (Tn), Kopi Pimik [50], [51],
[52], [53],
[60], [61],
[62], [70],
[71], [72],
[73], [81],
[82], [88],
[89], [91],
[93]
Solanum violaceum Ortega Chikrang (Mi) Solanaceae Shrub Fruit Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables, NE [38], [42], 3 0.04
Medicinal for blood pressure, medicine [75]
liver disorder, fever, cough
and stomach ache.
Solena amplexicaulis Kubumiku/Hosh (Ny), Cucurbitaceae Climber Fruit, leaves Fruits are consumed raw and Medicinal for Vegetables, NE [39], [49], 6 0.08
(Lam.) Gandhi. kabomako (Ap), leaves are cooked as itchiness. medicine [71], [72],
Yongkoyomi (Ad), vegetable. Medicinal for [73], [93]
Kobu Meku (Ga) fever, malaria and headache.
Sonchus arvensis L. Tok Ruru Ao Asteraceae Herb Whole plant Cooked as vegetable. Medicinal for Vegetables, NE [42], [51] 2 0.03
Medicinal for diarrhea, cough skin medicine
and liver disorder. inflamation.
Sonchus asper (L.) Hill Ping ahi Asteraceae Herb Leaves Used in the preparation of Miscellaneous NE [39] 1 0.01
local Apatani salt.
Sonchus brachyotus DC. Kochi/pakuharbu Asteraceae Herb Leaves Cooked as vegetable and Vegetables, NE [73], [80] 2 0.03
hamang/Kochi hama (Ap) medicinal for stomach medicine
disorder.
Sonchus oleraceus L. Paku Hadu Hamang (Ap) Asteraceae Herb Leaves, stem Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables, NE [66], [73] 2 0.03
Medicinal for liver disorder medicine
and kidney stone.
Sonchus wightianus DC. Ping ahi Asteraceae Herb Leaves Consumed raw as vegetable. Vegetables NE [39], [78] 2 0.03
Sonerila emaculata Roxb. Jakmalo (Ny) Melastomataceae Herb Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [51], [71] 2 0.03
Sonerila maculata Roxb. Takmolo Melastomataceae Herb Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [51] 1 0.01
Spermacoce hispida L. Rubiaceae Herb Young shoot Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [89] 1 0.01
Spilanthes acmella (L.) L. Marsang (Ad), Yakho Asteraceae Herb Tender Cooked as vegetable and as Medicinal for Vegetables, NE [26], [30], 10 0.14
hamang (Ap), Maresa leaves, chutney. toothache, spices and [32], [38],
(Mi), Namlang marching young shoot, throat and gum condiments [40], [46],
(Mo), Marsa (Ga) inflorescenc infection. [69], [70],
e [78], [93]
Spiradiclis bifida Kurz Sokho (Ad) Rubiaceae Shrub Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [26], [51], 3 0.04
[72]
Spondias pinnata (L. f.) Pakka/Tanyan (Ny), Anacardiaceae Tree Fruit, young Leaves cooked as vegetable Medicinal for Vegetables, NE [23], [24], 12 0.16
Kurz Dorgu dorge/Lopsi (Ad), leaves, bark and ripen fruits are rheumatism, fruits, medicine [42], [48],
TanyaSchei/Kodum (Ta), consumed raw. Medicinal for burns. [49], [51],

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Makok (Tn), gastritis, jaundice, dysentery Construction [62], [87],

Belum/Dorgeng, Koodum and diarrhea. and handicrafts [89], [90],
(Ga) [92], [93]
Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Osi Neri (Ad), Meedam Caryophyllaceae Herb Whole plant, Cooked as vegetable. Medicinal for Vegetables NE [49], [50], 5 0.07
(Ta), Ooameedam (Ga) leaves, fruit, wound healing. [62], [82],
flower, seed, [93]
tender shoot
Sterculia coccinea Roxb. Ami Tayam (Ad) Malvaceae Tree Seeds Fried or roasted and Miscellaneous NE [32] 1 0.01
consumed.
Sterculia guttata Roxb. Tattem Belom, Takom Malvaceae Tree Seed Immature seeds eaten by Miscellaneous NE [51] 1 0.01
Belom removing pericarp.
Sterculia hamiltonii Tayam (Ad), Takampalam Malvaceae Tree Seed Young seeds cooked as Vegetables, LC [48], [49], 6 0.08
(Kuntze) Adelb. (Ny), Siinglam (Ta) vegetable and matured miscellaneous [50], [62],
seeds are roasted and [71], [92]
consumed as snack.
Sterculia lanceifolia Roxb. Aanggom-Bayom Malvaceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits and Fruits, medicine NE [87] 1 0.01
medicinal for fever.
Sterculia lanceolata Cav. Taklom (Ga) Malvaceae Tree Fruit Ripen fruits are consumed Fruits NE [93] 1 0.01
raw.
Sterculia villosa Roxb. Chahrao (Tn), Harjok Malvaceae Tree Seed, fruit, Ripen fruits are consumed Fruits, , NE [32], [37], 6 0.08
(Ad), Taklom (Ga) young leaves raw, seeds are roasted and vegetables, [47], [61],
eaten and tender leaves miscellaneous [92], [93]
cooked as vegetable.
Stixis suaveolens (Roxb.) Lahut-rih (Tn), Rokpo Capparaceae Climber Fruit Ripen fruits are consumed Fruits NE [47], [49], 6 0.08
Baill. ketumkelum (Ad), Tasser raw. [51], [72],
tere (Ta), Rokputtutam [73], [93]
(Ap), Tumdu-rurum (Ga)
Streblus asper Lour. Hatu (Ny) Moraceae Tree Fruit Ripen fruits are consumed Fodder. Fruits NE [33], [37] 2 0.03
raw.
Streptolirion volubile Tadaro (Ny) Commelinaceae Climber Whole plant Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [39], [71] 2 0.03
Edgew.
Strobilanthes furcatus Barche Ao Acanthaceae Shrub Leaves, Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [39], [51] 2 0.03
Biswas young shoot
Strobilanthes helicta T. Taggin (Ap) Acanthaceae Herb Young leaves Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [39], [80] 2 0.03
Anderson
Strobilanthes mastersii T. Tagam (Ad) Acanthaceae Herb Leaves Dried leaves used as tobacco. Miscellaneous LC [49] 1 0.01
Anderson
Styrax serrulatus Roxb. Chioaseche (Li) Rubiaceae Tree Young shoot, Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [64] 1 0.01
leaves
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Tekok (Ny), Jamun Myrtaceae Tree Fruit Ripen fruits are eaten. Fruits, medicine LC [23], [37], 10 0.14
Schein, jamun (Pa), Medicinal for diarrhea, [43], [46],
Jongkeng dysentery, diabetes and [48], [51],
flatulence. [58], [60],
[87], [92]
Syzygium fruticosum DC. Kurak Schein Myrtraceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits NE [51], [64] 2 0.03
Syzygium jambos (L.) Komker (Ny) Myrtaceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits LC [37] 1 0.01
Alston
Syzygium kurzii (Duthie) N. NA Myrtaceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits NE [37] 1 0.01
P. Balakr.

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Syzygium nervosum DC. NA Myrtaceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits LC [78] 1 0.01
Tacca integrifolia Ker Dioscoreaceae Herb Rhizome Rhizomes are edible and Medicinal for Medicine, EN [50], [58], 5 0.07
Gawl. medicinal for stomach ache healing miscellaneous [71], [72],
and dysentery. wounds, [92]
leprosy.
Tamarindus indica L. Imli (Ga), Khosuk naan Fabaceae Tree Legume or Used in making pickles and Miscellaneous, NE [29], [30], 4 0.05
pod chutney. Medicinal for spices and [51], [87]
relieving menstrual pain. condiments,
medicine
Taxus wallichiana Zucc. Tae-sheng (Mo) Taxaceae Tree Flower, Flower are edible. Medicinal Miscellaneous, NE [36], [78] 2 0.03
leaves for ovarian and breast cancer medicine
(leaves).
Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Logjekseen (Ny), Baru Combretaceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits, medicine LC [23], [37], 8 0.11
Roxb. (Mo), Loko eshing (Ad) Medicinal for cough and [48], [55],
fever. [71], [78],
[89], [91]
Terminalia chebula Retz. Lakcha Ri (Tn), Elekang Combretaceae Tree Fruit Ripen fruits are eaten raw Medicinal for Fruits, medicine NE [23], [24], 17 0.23
/Lokyo eshing (Ad), and also used as a food skin ulcer, [32], [37],
Ontyal/Hellica (Ap), Ilica supplement. Medicinal for toothache. [40], [43],
(Ga) cough, asthma, digestion, Construction [46], [47],
tumour, stomach and renal and handicrafts [50], [51],
disorder. [58], [61],
[71], [73],
[78], [86],
[91]
Terminalia citrina Roxb. ex Hilika Combretaceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits, medicine NE [48], [50], 5 0.07
Fleming Medicinal for constipation [51], [71],
and gastritis. [87]
Tetrastigma lanceolarium Mejuche (Li) Vitaceae Climber Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits NE [64] 1 0.01
Planch.
Thamnocalamus Rue (Mo) Poaceae Herb Tender Fermented and used as Vegetables, LC [78] 1 0.01
spathiflorus Munro shoot vegetable or spice. spices and
condiments
Thelypteris nudata (Roxb.) Rubra-ow (Ny) Thelypteridaceae Herb Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [39] 1 0.01
C. V. Morton
Thelypteris xylodes (Kunze) Akalama (Ny) Thelypteridaceae Herb Young frond Powder of dried fronds used Beverages NE [71] 1 0.01
Ching to prepare local wine Apong.
Thladiantha cordifolia Cogn. Nyomrang payin (Ad) Cucurbitaceae Climber Tender Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [49] 1 0.01
shoot
Thlaspi arvense L. Brassicaceae Herb Tender Used as spice. Spices and NE [78] 1 0.01
leaves condiments
Toddalia asiatica (L.)Lam. Tiktaksen (Ny), Tanoai Rutaceae Climber Fruit Consumed as fruits and Fruits, medicine LC [39], [42], 6 0.08
(Ap), Kochetaa/Taklesin medicinal for constipation. [49], [51],
(Su) [71], [73]
Torenia diffusa D. Don Ocheng (Ny) Scrophulariaceae Herb Whole plant Paste of whole plant along Spices and LC [50], [71] 2 0.03
with Impatiens latiflora is condiments,
used as condiment in curry medicine
and medicinal for stomach
disorder.

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Toxicodendron Woorsheng (Mo) Anacardiaceae Tree Fruit Fruit oil used in cooking. Miscellaneous LC [78] 1 0.01
succedaneum (L.) Kuntze
Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Bumlo (Ad) Cannabaceae Tree Tender Cooked as vegetable. Construction Vegetables NE [49] 1 0.01
shoot and handicrafts
Trevesia palmata Vis. Tago-meyo, Tagor (Ad) Araliaceae Tree Flower, fruit Flowers cooked as vegetable Vegetables, NE [23], [42], 4 0.05
and young fruit eaten as spices and [48], [82]
chutney. Medicinal for condiments,
asthma, indigestion and liver medicine
disorder.
Trichosanthes cordata Kangkulung (Me), Cucurbitaceae Climber Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits NE [61] 1 0.01
Roxb. Dongkyoung riyong (Ad)
Trichosanthes cucumerina Dhunduli Cucurbitaceae Climber Fruit Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [51] 1 0.01
L.
Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. Duli Ao Cucurbitaceae Climber Fruit, leaves Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [51] 1 0.01

Trichosanthes dunniana H. Pak-Sung gal Cucurbitaceae Climber Fruit Consumed as fruits and Fruits, medicine NE [87] 1 0.01
Lev. medicinal for diarrhea.
Trigonospora ciliata (Wall. Akalami (Ny) Thelypteridaceae Herb Young frond Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [71] 1 0.01
ex Benth.) Holttum
Turpinia pomifera DC. Takre-Schein Staphyleaceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits DD [51] 1 0.01
Urtica ardens Link Pocheponye (Ga) Urticaceae Shrub Leaves, Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [60], [93] 2 0.03
tender shoot
Urtica dioica L. Shouzhe (Mo) Urticaceae Shrub Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [26], [36], 3 0.04
[78]
Urtica hirta Blume Oyik (Ad) Urticaceae Herb Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [61] 1 0.01
Urtica parviflora Roxb. Push pun (Ny), Jimang Urticaceae Herb Tender Cooked as vegetable and Medicinal for Vegetables, NE [42], [50] 2 0.03
(Ad) leaves medicinal for constipation. numbness, medicine
muscular pain.
Vaccinium glaucoalbum Shakshima (Mo) Ericaceae Shrub Fruit Consumed as fruits. Medicinal for Fruits, medicine NE [36], [78] 2 0.03
Hook. f. ex C. B. Clarke Medicinal for diarrhea and throat
fever. inflamation.
Vaccinium retusum Hook. Seu Kyum (Mo) Ericaceae Shrub Fruit Consumed as fruits and used Fruits NE [36] 1 0.01
f. ex C.B. Clarke as substitute for Vaccinium
glaucoalbum.
Viburnum foetidum Wall. Yoyu (Ap), Yoiju (Su) Adoxaceae Shrub Fruit Ripen fruits are eaten raw. Fruits NE [39], [80], 3 0.04
[92]
Viola betonicifolia Sm. Tadro (Ny) Violaceae Herb Leaves Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables NE [71] 1 0.01
Viola glaucescens Oudem. Jortung (Ad) Violaceae Herb Whole plant Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables LC [49] 1 0.01
Vitex glabrata R. Br. Kaping-asing (Ad) Lamiaceae Tree Fruit Consumed as fruits. Construction Fruits NE [94] 1 0.01
and handicrafts
Vitex negundo L. Omum dilung (Ad) Lamiaceae Shrub Leaves, seed Leaves cooked as vegetable Medicinal for Vegetables NE [40], [61], 3 0.04
and seeds are boiled and skin disease. [94]
eaten.
Wallichia disticha T. Tali Arecaceae Tree Fruit, pith Consumed as fruits. Fodder. Fruits NE [51], [89] 2 0.03
Anderson
Wallichia oblongifolia Tisse (Ap), Tache/Tale Arecaceae Shrub Rhizome, Rhizomes are used as famine Fruits, NE [41], [51], 5 0.07
Griff. (Ga) stem, fruit food and fruits are edible. Construction miscellaneous [60], [80],
and handicrafts [92]

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Youngia fuscipappa Yagim (Su) Asteraceae Herb Whole plant Cooked as vegetable. Vegetables LC [39] 1 0.01
Thwaites
Youngia japonica (L.) DC. Rungdum (Ad) Asteraceae Herb Leaves Dried leaves are used as Miscellaneous LC [49] 1 0.01
tobacco.

Zanthoxylum Ombeng/Ongar/Tapetam Rutaceae Shrub Fruit, leaves Consumed raw as salad, Vegetables, LC [30], [42], 10 0.14
acanthopodium DC. et (Ad), Yakhung (Ap), steamed and boiled as medicine [48], [51],
Onyor (Ga), Honior (Ny) vegetable. Medicinal for [60], [68],
bowel movement, stimulant [73], [78],
and mental retardation. [88], [89]
Zanthoxylum armatum DC. Brum sing (Me), Onger Rutaceae Tree Leaves, fruit, Pounded fruits and seeds are As fish poison. Spices and NE [23], [25], 23 0.32
(Ad), Oegin (Tn), Zabrang seed eaten raw as chutney or as condiments, [30], [35],
(Mo), Suiji (Sa), spices and leaves are cooked vegetables, [36], [39],
ombey/Yeram/Yurma as vegetables. Medicinal for medicine [41], [46],
(Kh), Rikon (Ga) cough, fever, improving [47], [49],
appetite, cholera and [51], [58],
stomach disorder. [61], [68],
[71], [73],
[78], [80],
[82], [87],
[91], [92],
[93]
Zanthoxylum nitidum DC. Honyor (Ny) Rutaceae Climber Leaves Used as condiment and Spices and LC [34], [55], 3 0.04
medicinal for malaria. condiments, [71]
medicine
Zanthoxylum oxyphyllum Honyor (Ny), Nemba Rutaceae Shrub Young shoot, Cooked as vegetable and as Medicinal for Vegetables, DD [30], [38], 10 0.14
Edgew. yorkhung (Ap), Onger leaves, fruit spices. Medicinal for rheumatism. spices and [39], [49],
(Ad), Mathana or carminative, depurative, condiments, [51], [52],
manjang (Ms), Rikom dyspepsia and asthma. medicine [60], [78],
(Ga) [90], [92]
Zanthoxylum rhetsa Onger (Ad), Honior (Ny), Rutaceae Tree Tender Leaves cooked as vegetable, As fish poison. Vegetables, DD [26], [32], 19 0.26
(Roxb.) DC. Mechme (Mo), Honyor leaves, fruit, pounded fruits and seeds spices and [34], [36],
(Ga) seed eaten raw as chutney. condiments, [42], [43],
Medicinal for jauntice and medicine [51], [54],
diarrhea. [55], [62],
[69], [70],
[75], [76],
[78], [81],
[82], [87],
[93]
Zingiber montanum (J. Kekir (Ad) Zingiberaceae Herb Rhizome Consumed as chutney. Spices and LC [29] 1 0.01
Koenig) A. Dietr. condiments
Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Sm. Kekir (Ad) Zingiberaceae Herb Rhizome, Cooked as vegetable or as Vegetables, NE [34], [40], 5 0.07
flower condiments. Medicinal for spices and [43], [55],
stomach ache, diarrhea, condiments, [92]
vomiting, cough and blood medicine
pressure.

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Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Nebi relam (Ny), Bogori Rhamnaceae Tree Fruit Ripen fruits eaten raw or Fruits, [23], [33], 5 0.07
(Ad) pickled. Medicinal for medicine, [37], [51],
stomach ache. miscellaneous [87]
Ziziphus rugosa Lam. Bogori Rhamnaceae Shrub Fruit Consumed as fruits. Fruits [51] 1 0.01

Ad-Adi; Ak-Aka; Ap-Apatani; As-Assamese; Br-Brokpa; Bu-Bugun; Ch-Chakma; Dm-Digaru Mishmi; Ga-Galo; Hm-Hills Miri; Hr-Hrusso; Im-Idu Mishmi; Kh-Khamba; Li-Lisu; Me-Memba; Mi-Mishmi; Mo-Monpa; Mr-Miri; Ms-Mishing;
No-Nocte; Ny-Nyishi; Pa-Padam; Ra-Ramo; Sa-Sartang; Sh-Sherdukpen; Si-Singpho; Sj-Sajolang; Su-Sulung; Ta-Tagin; Tn-Tangsa; Wa-Wancho; Wk-Wakro
Gajurel P R, Singh B, Kashung S, Adhikary P, Nopi S, Barman R, Yakang T, Doni T, Gogoi D. Foods from the wild: A review on the diversity and use pattern of wild edible plants of Arunachal Himalaya for sustainable management. Plant
Science Today (Early Access). https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.1857

Supplementary file 1. Wild edible plants of Arunachal Pradesh

Gajurel et al. Plant Science Today. https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.1857