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Who makes in-play bets? Investigating the demographics, psychological

characteristics, and gambling-related harms of in-play sports bettors

Article in Journal of Behavioral Addictions · June 2023

DOI: 10.1556/2006.2023.00030

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 Who makes in-play bets? Investigating the
demographics, psychological characteristics, and
gambling-related harms of in-play sports bettors

Journal of Behavioral JENNA L. VIEIRA1 , SOPHIE G. COELHO2 ,

Addictions LINDSEY A. SNAYCHUK1 , PUNEET K. PARMAR1 ,
MATTHEW T. KEOUGH2 and HYOUN S. KIM1,3p
DOI:
1
10.1556/2006.2023.00030 Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada
© 2023 The Author(s) 2
Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
3
University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research at the Royal, Ottawa, ON, Canada

Received: April 14, 2023 • Revised manuscript received: May 29, 2023 • Accepted: May 30, 2023

FULL-LENGTH REPORT
ABSTRACT
Background and aims: Sports betting has increased markedly in recent years, in part due to legislative
changes and the introduction of novel forms of sports betting (e.g., in-play betting). Some evidence
suggests that in-play betting is more harmful than other types of sports betting (i.e., traditional and
single-event). However, existing research on in-play sports betting has been limited in scope. To address
this gap, the present study examined the extent to which demographic, psychological, and gambling-
related constructs (e.g., harms) are endorsed by in-play sports bettors relative to single-event and
traditional sports bettors. Methods: Sports bettors (N 5 920) aged 18þ from Ontario, Canada
completed an online survey containing self-report measures of demographic, psychological, and
gambling-related variables. Participants were classified as either in-play (n 5 223), single-event (n 5
533), or traditional bettors (n 5 164) based on their sports betting engagement. Results: In-play sports
bettors reported higher problem gambling severity, endorsed greater gambling-related harms across
several domains, and reported greater mental health and substance use difficulties compared to single-
event and traditional sports bettors. There were generally no differences between single-event and
traditional sports bettors. Discussion: Results provide empirical support for the potential harms asso-
ciated with in-play sports betting and inform our understanding of who may be at risk for increased
harms associated with in-play betting. Conclusions: Findings may be important for the development of
public health and responsible gambling initiatives to reduce the potential harms of in-play betting,
particularly as many jurisdictions globally move towards legalization of sports betting.

KEYWORDS
sports betting, in-play sports betting, single-event sports betting, gambling-related harms

INTRODUCTION
The proliferation of modern technology and expanding legalization efforts (Bengel &
McCarriston, 2022; Evans, 2021) have facilitated a marked increase in sports betting
engagement among North Americans in recent years (Lopez-Gonzalez & Perez, 2022;
Statista, 2018). To illustrate, a 2021 report revealed that the proportion of United States
p
Corresponding author. citizens who regularly bet on sports increased by 80% from the beginning to end of the year
E-mail: [email protected]
(Silverman, 2022). Unfortunately, while many people consider sports gambling to be a less
harmful form of gambling (Nyemcsok, Pitt, Kremer, & Thomas, 2022; Seal et al., 2022),
studies have identified numerous harms associated with sports betting, including heightened
problem gambling severity (Nyemcsok et al., 2022), mental distress (Hing, Li, Vitartas, &

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2 Journal of Behavioral Addictions

Russell, 2017; Mestre-Bach et al., 2022; Nower, Caler, Despite a growing pool of evidence suggesting that in-
Pickering, & Blaszczynski, 2018), and financial consequences play betting is associated with a distinct profile of individual-
(Gathoni, Munayi, Wanjira, & Inyega, 2021). level characteristics and gambling-related harms, the exist-
Several types of betting are subsumed under the over- ing body of literature is limited in scope. Research on the
arching category of sports gambling, each possessing discrete predictors of in-play sports betting has mostly centered on
rules and characteristics. Parlay betting, for example, in- demographic correlates (Russell, Hing, Browne, Li, &
volves selecting multiple picks as part of one single wager Vitartas, 2018), and studies examining the harms of in-play
and requires the bettor to correctly select all their picks to sports betting have typically focused exclusively on gambling
win, presenting low odds of winning but high payout (De frequency and severity (Gainsbury et al., 2020; Lopez-Gon-
Saro, 2022). Conversely, single event or fixed odds sports zalez et al., 2018). Consequently, less is known regarding the
betting simply involves selecting one specific outcome to bet psychological risk factors of in-play betting, and whether in-
on prior to the start of the event (e.g., which team will win play betting is associated with greater gambling-related
the soccer game) (Hartmann, Keen, Dawczyk, & Blaszcznski, harms (e.g., financial, interpersonal) beyond problem
2016). These two activities can be considered discrete forms gambling severity. Further, to our knowledge, no studies to
of sports betting. In contrast, in-play betting is a continuous date have directly compared the individual characteristics
form of sports betting given that it presents up to hundreds and harms endorsed by in-play bettors to those of other
of opportunities to place wagers throughout the duration of specific groups of sports bettors, such as those who bet on
a sporting event (Newall, Russell, & Hing, 2021). In-play single-event or parlay. This gap raises questions regarding
betting encompasses the placement of any bet once a the extent to which the characteristics and harms identified
sporting event has started; in other words, bets can be placed by previous studies are unique to in-play betting or simply
while the event is ongoing (e.g., which team will score the linked to sports betting more broadly.
next point) rather than only on its outcome (Killick & The present study sought to address these gaps in the
Griffiths, 2019). In-play betting may be a relatively popular literature by exploring the extent to which a range of de-
form of sports betting, with previous studies suggesting that mographic (e.g., age, gender), psychological (e.g., emotion
25–45% of sports bettors place in-play bets (Gainsbury, dysregulation, impulsivity), and gambling-related constructs
Abarbanel, & Blaszczynski, 2020; Gambling Commission, (e.g., problem gambling severity, harms) are endorsed by in-
2016). Given that players can bet continuously when play bettors relative to single-event and traditional bettors.
engaging in in-play betting, it has been suggested that in- The overarching goal of this research is to obtain a clearer
play sports betting shares similar structural characteristics to understanding of the extent to which these characteristics
electronic gaming machines (EGMs; Newall et al., 2021) that and experiences may be uniquely associated with in-play
may promote and reinforce excessive gambling (Killick & betting.
Griffiths, 2019). Specifically, the continuous nature of in-
play betting may encourage the placement of bets in rapid
succession with minimal forethought as well as present METHODS
increased opportunities for immediate reward, which can
serve to reinforce and potentially increase betting behavior Participants
(Killick & Griffiths, 2019). Importantly, game speed and
Participants were recruited via AskingCanadians, a large
frequency, two structural characteristics that are embedded
online panel that is representative of the general Canadian
within in-play betting, have been proposed to contribute to
the development and progression of problem gambling population. To be eligible to participate, individuals were
required to 1) be 18 years of age or older, 2) reside in the
(Auer & Griffiths, 2022; Griffiths & Auer, 2013).
province of Ontario, Canada, 3) have gambled at least once
There is some evidence to suggest that in-play sports
within the past three months, and 4) have bet on sports at
betting may be linked to greater risks relative to other forms
least once within the past three months. A total of 1,229
of sports betting. For example, in-play sports bettors have
participants met eligibility criteria, of which 309 were
endorsed greater gambling frequency and problem gambling
excluded following data collection due to a response style
severity compared to sports bettors who do not place in-play
that indicated lack of attention and/or substantial missing
bets (Gainsbury et al., 2020; Lopez-Gonzalez, Griffiths, &
Estévez, 2018). Preliminary evidence also suggests that in- data on key measures of interest. Following these exclusions,
the final sample consisted of 920 Ontarian adults who had
dividual-level demographic and psychological characteristics
bet on sports in the past three months.
are important determinants of who places in-play bets,
including younger age (Gainsbury et al., 2020), being a man
(Hing et al., 2017), impulsivity (Killick & Griffiths, 2019),
Measures
and increased substance use while gambling (Lopez-Gon-
zalez et al., 2018). Specific motives may also promote in-play Demographics. Demographic data regarding age in years,
betting among some individuals, with those of increased gender identity, ethnicity, education level, employment sta-
excitement and demonstration of skill having been identified tus, and annual household income were collected via a self-
in a previous qualitative study (Killick & Griffiths, 2020). report questionnaire.

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Journal of Behavioral Addictions 3

Gambling-related variables and crime in household. Items were coded dichotomously to

produce scores on 10 subscales, each reflecting endorsement
Sports betting Timeline Follow-Back. The Gambling of a particular ACE assessed (0 5 No and 1 5 Yes), and were
Timeline Follow-Back (G-TLFB; Weinstock, Whelan, & summed to obtain a total score reflecting the number of
Meyers, 2004) was modified for sports betting and used to ACE types an individual experienced. Higher scores indicate
obtain a detailed assessment of participants’ engagement in exposure to a greater number of ACEs.
sports betting activities over the past three months. Using an
interactive calendar, participants were asked to consult their Brief Version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation
sports betting accounts to aid recall and select all days Scale (DERS-18). The brief version of the Difficulties in
during which they had engaged in sports betting in the past Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS-18; Victor & Klonsky,
three months. For each of the selected days, they were 2016) is an 18-item (α 5 0.92) self-report measure of
further asked to indicate the specific type(s) of sports betting emotion dysregulation. Higher scores indicate greater diffi-
they had engaged in (in-play, single-event, parlay, systems, culties in emotion regulation.
micro, prop, and/or daily fantasy sports). This measure was
used to categorize participants as either in-play, single-event, Short UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale (SUPPS-
or traditional bettors. P). The Short UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale (SUPPS-
P; Cyders, Littlefield, Coffey, & Karyadi, 2014) is a 20-item
Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI). The Problem self-report measure of five facets of impulsivity: negative
Gambling Severity Index (PGSI; Ferris & Wynne, 2001) is a urgency, positive urgency, lack of perseverance, lack of
nine-item (α 5 0.95) self-report measure of problem premeditation, and sensation seeking (α 5 0.66 to 0.85).
gambling in the general population. Higher scores reflect Higher scores indicate greater impulsivity within a particular
greater problem gambling. Instructions were modified such facet.
that participants were asked to reflect on the past three
months while completing the measure, to be consistent with Mental health and addiction
the timeframe assessed by the G-TLFB (Weinstock
et al., 2004). Depression Anxiety Stress Scales–21 (DASS-21). The
Depression Anxiety Stress Scales–21 (DASS-21; Lovibond &
18-Item Short Gambling Harm Screen (SGHS-18). The Lovibond, 1995) is a 21-item self-report measure of
18-Item Short Gambling Harm Screen (SGHS-18; Latvala, depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms experienced over
Browne, Rockloff, & Salonen, 2021) is a self-report measure the past week. Items form three subscales, each reflecting
of gambling-related harms experienced over the past 12 one of the types of symptoms assessed (i.e., depression,
months within six domains: financial, work, health, anxiety, stress; α 5 0.94 to 0.95). Higher scores indicate
emotional/psychological, relationships, and social deviance greater symptom severity.
(α 5 0.73 to 0.82). Higher scores indicate greater gambling-
related harms. Instructions were modified such that partic- The Brief Screener for Substance and Behavioral Addic-
ipants were asked to reflect on the past three months while tions (SSBA). The Brief Screener for Substance and
completing the measure, to be consistent with the timeframe Behavioral Addictions (SSBA; Schluter, Hodgins, Wolfe, &
assessed by the G-TLFB (Weinstock et al., 2004). Wild, 2018) is a self-report measure of addiction problems
experienced in relation to several substances and addictive
Sports Betting Motivation Scale (SBMS). The Sports behaviors in the past 12 months. Only items related to
Betting Motivation Scale (SBMS; Gökce Yüce, Yüce, Katırcı, alcohol (α 5 0.92) and cannabis (α 5 0.94) were used in the
Nogueira-López, & González-Hernández, 2021) is a 37-item present study to capture substances that are most commonly
self-report measure of motives for engagement in sports used by individuals who gamble (Barnes, Welte, Tidwell, &
betting within seven domains: make money, fun, socializ- Hoffman, 2015). For each substance, participants are asked
ation, recreation/escape, knowledge of the game, interest in to rate the extent to which four statements apply to them
the sports, and being in the game (α 5 0.84 to 0.97). Higher regarding whether their use of this substance is excessive,
scores indicate greater endorsement of a particular sports uncontrollable, and/or persistent despite negative conse-
betting motive. quences. Scores on the four items are summed to produce a
total score, with higher scores reflecting greater problem-
Psychological correlates atic use.
Adverse Childhood Experience Questionnaire
(ACE). The Adverse Childhood Experience Questionnaire
Procedure
(ACE; Dong et al., 2004) is a 29-item (α 5 0.85) self-report Eligible participants were redirected to Qualtrics to complete
measure of exposure to 10 types of potentially traumatic an online survey containing the above-noted self-report
experiences prior to the age of 18 years: emotional abuse, questionnaires and were compensated reward points of their
physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect, physical choosing (e.g., VIA Rail, PetroPoints) via AskingCanadians.
neglect, interparental violence, household substance use, Following data collection, participants were categorized into
parental separation or divorce, mental illness in household, one of three groups depending on the specific type of sports

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4 Journal of Behavioral Addictions

betting they reported having engaged in at least once in the event bettors to identify as South Asian. A Fisher’s exact test
past three months. Specifically, participants were categorized also revealed a significant association between bettor group
as either in-play bettors (n 5 223) if they had made an in- and annual household income; however, a post-hoc test
play bet,1 single-event bettors (n 5 533) if they had made a revealed no significant pairwise differences between the
bet on the outcome of single event but not an in-play bet, or groups. No significant differences in education level nor
traditional bettors (n 5 164) if they had made a parlay, employment status were observed. Frequencies, test statis-
systems, and/or daily fantasy sports bet but not an in-play or tics, and p-values for demographics can be found in Table 1.
single event bet. The present study was not pre-registered; as
such, the results should be considered exploratory. The data Gambling-related variables
underlying the present study as well as the materials are
Medians, test statistics, and p-values for each dependent
available on OSF (https://osf.io/85whc/).
variable (gambling-related, psychological) stratified by
Statistical analysis. Analyses were conducted using IBM bettor group can be found in Table 2. In-play bettors re-
SPSS Statistics, Version 28. The assumption of normality ported greater problem gambling severity compared to both
was violated for most dependent variables of interest, single-event and traditional bettors. There was a significant
as indicated by the Shapiro-Wilk test of normality difference in median financial, emotional/psychological,
(p’s < 0.05). Consequently, Kruskal-Wallis H tests were health, relationships, work, and social deviance harms with
used to examine group differences between in-play, in-play bettors reported greater gambling-related harms
single-event, and traditional bettors in all continuous within each of the six domains compared to both single-
dependent variables. To follow-up on significant between- event and traditional bettors. Single-event and traditional
group differences identified by Kruskal-Wallis H tests, bettors did not differ in problem gambling severity or in any
post-hoc analyses were conducted using Dunn’s proce- domains of gambling-related harms.
dure and adjusted for multiple comparisons using Bon- There was a significant difference in median SBMS fun
ferroni correction. Chi-square tests of independence and subscale scores between in-play, single-event, and traditional
Fisher’s Exact tests (when expected cell counts <5) were bettors. In-play bettors were more likely to endorse sports
used to investigate between-group differences in all cate- betting for fun compared to single-event bettors, whereas no
gorical dependent variables.2 significant difference was observed between in-play and
traditional bettors nor between single-event and traditional
Ethics bettors. Further, there was a significant difference in median
interest in the sports, knowledge of the game, make money,
Ethics approval was obtained from the Toronto Metropol- recreation/escape, and socialization subscale scores between
itan University and York University Research Ethics Boards in-play, single-event, and traditional bettors. In-play bettors
prior to data collection, and all participants provided were more likely to endorse each of these five motives
informed consent prior to completing the online survey. compared to both single-event and traditional bettors, and
no significant differences were observed between single-
event and traditional bettors. No significant difference in
RESULTS being in the game subscale scores was observed between the
three groups.
Demographics
In-play bettors were younger than both single-event and
Psychological correlates
traditional bettors, and no significant difference was In-play bettors reported having been exposed to greater
observed between single-event and traditional bettors. childhood adversity compared to both single-event and
Traditional bettors were more likely than both in-play and traditional bettors. In-play bettors also reported greater
single-event bettors to be men; further, in-play bettors were emotion dysregulation compared to both single-event and
more likely than single-event bettors to be men. Single-event traditional bettors. Regarding impulsivity, in-play bettors
bettors were more likely than both in-play and traditional endorsed greater negative and positive urgency compared to
bettors to be women; further, in-play bettors were more both single-event and traditional bettors. Further, in-play
likely than traditional bettors to be women. bettors endorsed greater lack of premeditation compared to
A Fisher’s exact test revealed a significant association single-event bettors, while no significant differences were
between group and ethnicity. A post-hoc test further observed between in-play and traditional bettors. In-play
revealed that in-play bettors were more likely than single- bettors also endorsed greater sensation seeking compared to
traditional bettors, while no significant differences were
observed between in-play and single-event bettors. No sig-
1 nificant difference in perseverance subscale scores were
Participants who had made both an in-play and single-event bet were
classified as in-play bettors. observed between the three groups.
2
Analyses were conducted twice, with outliers both included and excluded. The single-event and traditional bettor groups did not
As results remained the same across both sets of analyses, the decision was differ in childhood adversity, emotion dysregulation, or
made to retain outliers to maximize our data and sample size. facets of impulsivity.

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Journal of Behavioral Addictions 5

Table 1. Frequencies, test statistics, and p-values for demographic characteristics among in-play, single-event, and traditional bettors.
Single-event Traditional
In-play bettors bettors (n 5 bettors (n 5
(n 5 223) 533) 164)
Demographic characteristic n % n % n % χ2 p

Gender 6.43 0.040

Man 178 80.5 394 74.2 134 82.2
Woman 43 19.5 137 25.8 29 17.8
Ethnicity <0.001
East Asian 0 0.0 1 0.2 2 1.4
Latino 5 2.8 7 1.6 3 2.0
Black 4 2.2 7 1.6 6 4.1
White 123 68.3 355 79.2 108 73.5
South Asian 27 15.0 22 4.9 10 6.8
Middle Eastern 6 3.3 12 2.7 4 2.7
Indigenous 1 0.6 4 0.9 4 2.7
Mixed 11 6.1 16 3.6 3 2.0
Education level 18.15 0.200
Less than high school 2 0.9 6 1.1 2 1.2
High school diploma 18 8.1 42 7.9 15 9.1
One or two year post high school but 2 0.9 10 1.9 7 4.3
not college
One or two year diploma from a 8 3.6 31 5.8 12 7.3
trade or professional school but
not college
Some college or university education 35 15.7 67 12.6 28 17.1
College or university degree 109 48.9 270 50.7 76 46.3
(Bachelors)
Post graduate work 7 3.1 29 5.4 8 4.9
Post graduate degree 42 18.8 78 14.6 16 9.8
Employment status 9.30 0.054
Working full-time 163 78.7 356 72.2 98 67.1
Working part-time 21 10.1 45 9.1 15 10.3
Not working 23 11.1 92 18.7 33 22.6
Annual household income 0.001
Less than $20,000 3 1.3 12 2.3 0 0.0
$20,000–$39,999 17 7.6 34 6.4 18 11.0
$40,000–$59,999 35 15.7 52 9.8 21 12.8
$60,000–$79,999 24 10.8 57 10.7 30 18.3
$80,000–$99,999 37 16.6 67 12.6 23 14.0
$100,000–$149,999 51 22.9 124 23.3 36 22.0
$150,000–$199,999 29 13.0 82 15.4 20 12.2
Over $200,000 23 10.3 69 12.9 8 4.9

Mental health and addiction present study, nearly a quarter (24.2%) of the sample had
placed an in-play bet in the past three months, highlighting
In-play bettors endorsed greater depression, anxiety, and the popularity of this novel form of sports betting. More-
stress symptoms compared to both single-event and tradi- over, individuals who placed in-play bets reported signifi-
tional bettors. In-play bettors also endorsed greater problem cantly higher levels of problem gambling severity, as well as
alcohol and cannabis use compared to both single-event and greater harms within the financial, work, health, emotional/
traditional bettors. The single-event and traditional bettor psychological, relationship, and social deviance domains
groups did not differ in mental health or addictions. compared to those who had placed traditional and single-
event bets. To our knowledge, this study is the first to have
demonstrated that the risks of problem gambling and related
DISCUSSION harms are not merely associated with sports betting in
general, but appear to be the greatest for in-play betting. By
The results of our research corroborate and extend previous extension, this study is also the first to present empirical
findings on the characteristics of in-play sports bettors evidence that the ability to bet continuously throughout a
and increased harms associated with in-play betting. In the sporting event carries greater risks than making a single bet.

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6 Journal of Behavioral Addictions

Table 2. Medians, means, standard deviations, test statistics, and p-values for continuous dependent variables separated by in-play, single-
event, and traditional bettors.
In-play bettors Single-event bettors Traditional bettors
(n 5 223) (n 5 533) (n 5 164)
Variable Median M SD Median M SD Median M SD H p

Age 41.00 42.97 11.77 48.00 48.64 13.96 52.00 50.81 13.69 37.08 <0.001
PGSI 3.00 5.09 5.29 0.00 2.26 3.78 1.00 2.75 3.89 81.18 <0.001
SGHS-18
Financial 1.00 1.19 1.25 0.00 0.65 1.04 0.00 0.79 1.12 36.05 <0.001
Emotional/psychological 0.00 0.85 1.14 0.00 0.45 0.87 0.00 0.46 0.82 26.34 <0.001
Health 0.00 0.72 1.06 0.00 0.34 0.77 0.00 0.37 0.74 26.20 <0.001
Relationships 0.00 0.80 1.11 0.00 0.36 0.83 0.00 0.88 0.40 38.62 <0.001
Work 0.00 0.72 1.07 0.00 0.35 0.81 0.00 0.38 0.81 27.27 <0.001
Social deviance 0.00 0.33 0.67 0.00 0.11 0.40 0.00 0.14 0.46 41.13 <0.001
SBMS
Fun 3.75 3.74 0.69 3.63 3.51 0.75 3.63 3.57 0.67 14.30 <0.001
Interest in the sports 4.00 3.65 0.86 3.33 3.31 1.02 3.67 3.38 0.84 20.26 <0.001
Knowledge of the game 3.67 3.65 0.83 3.33 3.26 1.01 3.67 3.33 0.88 22.27 <0.001
Make money 3.00 2.88 1.12 2.10 2.25 1.10 2.10 2.20 1.04 54.24 <0.001
Recreation/escape 3.00 3.01 1.00 2.40 2.44 1.03 2.40 2.39 0.94 56.17 <0.001
Socialization 3.00 3.03 0.99 2.67 2.59 0.98 2.50 2.42 0.92 43.65 <0.001
Being in the game 4.00 4.01 0.82 4.00 4.05 0.73 4.00 4.04 0.74 0.20 0.907
ACEs 2.00 3.35 3.25 1.00 2.34 2.65 2.00 2.24 2.52 13.46 0.001
DERS-18 38.00 39.89 14.52 30.00 34.30 12.23 31.00 34.26 12.25 24.98 <0.001
SUPPS-P
Negative urgency 2.50 2.38 0.79 2.00 2.14 0.77 2.00 2.04 0.75 22.10 <0.001
Positive urgency 2.25 2.25 0.83 1.75 1.91 0.77 1.75 1.83 0.72 34.32 <0.001
Premeditation 1.75 1.78 0.52 1.75 1.66 0.51 1.75 1.69 0.53 9.19 0.010
Perseverance 1.75 1.82 0.52 1.75 1.75 0.49 1.75 1.83 0.49 4.25 0.120
Sensation seeking 2.75 2.68 0.64 2.50 2.54 0.69 2.50 2.46 0.59 9.93 0.007
DASS-21
Depression 5.00 9.71 10.57 2.00 5.38 7.96 2.00 6.20 8.44 29.53 <0.001
Anxiety 4.00 9.19 10.11 1.00 4.41 7.06 2.00 5.14 7.20 45.71 <0.001
Stress 8.00 10.80 9.87 4.00 6.36 7.69 4.00 7.54 8.30 38.16 <0.001
SSBA
Alcohol 3.00 4.27 4.49 1.00 2.28 3.24 1.00 2.23 3.30 35.56 <0.001
Cannabis 1.00 3.76 4.81 0.00 1.56 3.23 0.00 1.59 3.30 37.06 <0.001
Note. PGSI 5 Problem Gambling Severity Index; SGHS-18 5 18-Item Short Gambling Harm Screen; SBMS 5 Sports Betting Motivation
Scale; ACE 5 Adverse Childhood Experience Questionnaire; DERS-18 5 Brief Version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale;
SUPPS-P 5 Short UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale; DASS-21 5 Depression Anxiety Stress Scales–21; SSBA 5 Brief Screener for Substance
and Behavioral Addictions

Indeed, as noted previously, in-play betting may be associ- conceptualized as a strategy used to cognitively escape psy-
ated with greater risk of problem gambling and related chological distress (Lanius, 2015) and have been associated
harms due to sharing structural characteristics with EGMs, with EGM use (Schluter & Hodgins, 2019). Given that there
which have been identified as a particularly risky form of is substantial overlap between the structural characteristics
gambling (Newall et al., 2021). of EGMs and in-play betting, it is plausible that individuals
In-play betting was also associated with a range of de- with greater psychosocial vulnerabilities may similarly be
mographic features, psychological characteristics, and sports drawn to in-play betting to escape mental distress.
betting motives in the present study. For example, in-play In-play bettors were also more likely than both other
bettors presented with consistently greater psychosocial types of bettors to endorse engaging in sports betting to
vulnerabilities, including childhood adversity, emotion dys- socialize, to make money, for recreation and/or escape, due
regulation, affective impulsivity (i.e., positive and negative to their interest in the sports, and due to their knowledge of
urgency), mental health symptoms (e.g., anxiety, depres- the game. Notably, the sports betting motives assessed by the
sion), and problem alcohol and cannabis use. The concept of SBMS (Gökce Yüce et al., 2021) differ from those that apply
the slot machine zone (i.e., absorptive cognitive state; see to gambling in general. Interest in the sports and knowledge
Murch & Clark, 2021 for a review) may help to explain why of the game motives are particularly unique to sports betting
individuals with greater psychosocial vulnerabilities may be and were endorsed to the greatest extent by in-play bettors
drawn to in-play betting. Dissociative experiences have been in the present study. It is possible that in-play bettors are

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Journal of Behavioral Addictions 7

more interested in sports than the average sports bettor and Nevada for 10 or more years, and that casino employees who
consequently, they may be more engaged and immersed in were younger and had been working for a shorter period of
the sporting events they spectate. This heightened interest time endorsed higher rates of gambling disorder relative to
and engagement could encourage them to place a greater older, longer-term employees. In other words, individuals
number of in-play bets, especially given that placing bets who had been exposed to gambling for a longer period of
continuously may further enhance their immersion in the time appear to have adapted to its novelty and in turn,
event. In-play bettors were also more likely to endorse sports demonstrated less gambling engagement and associated
betting to verify and demonstrate their knowledge of the harms.
game, and as such, it is possible that in-play bettors perceive Considering in-play betting in the context of adaptation
themselves as more knowledgeable about sports than the theory (Shaffer et al., 2004), the relatively high proportion of
average sports bettor. Importantly, a previous study found individuals who are currently attracted to in-play betting
that sports bettors commonly believed their knowledge of may be due to in-play betting being a novel product. In
the game assisted in their betting and financial success, Canada specifically, in-play betting only recently became
which in turn appeared to lower their perception of the risks available to the general public, having been legalized in 2021
associated with sports betting (Nyemcsok et al., 2022). In- (Evans, 2021). As in-play betting becomes increasingly
play bettors may therefore be at greater risk of placing bets normalized and its novelty diminishes, it is possible that
impulsively and with minimal forethought given their value individuals will reduce their engagement in this activity, and
for knowledge of the game. in turn, demonstrate lower rates of problem gambling and
Taken together, these results suggest that in-play betting associated harms identified in the present study. Future
may be a particularly attractive form of sports betting among longitudinal studies that examine whether the prevalence of
those who are most vulnerable to experiencing problem in-play betting among Ontarian adults decreases overtime
gambling, mental health challenges, and substance use. would be informative. In addition, future studies may
However, the directionality of these relationships is unclear; investigate whether in-play betting intensity and associated
in other words, it is unknown whether engaging in in-play problem gambling and harms are elevated among in-
bets leads to these increased vulnerabilities, or whether in- dividuals who are new to in-play betting relative to those
dividuals who are already experiencing these vulnerabilities who have been placing in-play bets for a longer period
are attracted to in-play sports betting given its aforemen- of time.
tioned structural characteristics. For example, individuals The results of the present study may have important
who are already experiencing mental health- and addiction- implications for public policy and responsible gambling
related challenges may be drawn to in-play betting because it guidelines. Concerted efforts to address in-play betting and
is a fast-paced activity that encourages the placement of mitigate its associated risks are imperative, as the ongoing
multiple bets in rapid succession and consequently, may legalization of sports betting is likely to increase its avail-
render the sporting event more immersive (i.e., sports ability in the coming years and thereby the prevalence of its
betting zone). Conversely, in-play betting may encourage harms (Bengel & McCarriston, 2022; Evans, 2021). Several
problem gambling and increase the severity of mental health general responsible gambling (RG) strategies have been
symptoms due to the risks associated with its structural implemented with positive outcomes (e.g., reduced problem
characteristics. For instance, in-play betting may encourage gambling severity), such as self-exclusion programs, through
loss-chasing, a hallmark feature of problem gambling (Zhang which individuals can voluntarily ban themselves from both
& Clark, 2020), as it presents individuals with the oppor- land- and Internet-based gambling venues (Ladouceur,
tunity to place additional bets immediately after experi- Shaffer, Blaszczynski, & Shaffer, 2017). However, few studies
encing a loss (Newall et al., 2021). These unanswered have examined the effectiveness of RG strategies that have
questions highlight the need for longitudinal studies to been developed for sports bettors and, more specifically, in-
examine the pathways into in-play sports betting and play bettors. Some demographic characteristics such as ed-
elucidate whether in-play sports betting is a causal risk factor ucation and income level did not differ between in-play and
for experiencing problem gambling and related harms. other types of sports bettors in the present study, diverging
It is also unclear whether the results observed in the from previous research suggesting that individuals with
present study may be attributable in part to the novelty of greater problem gambling severity tend to have lower edu-
in-play betting as a product. According to adaptation theory cation (Welte, Barnes, Tidwell, & Wieczorek, 2017) and
(Shaffer, LaBrie, & LaPlante, 2004), the characteristic of income (Williams et al., 2021). Considering the unique
novelty tends to stimulate new and widespread interest in a characteristics associated with in-play betting, it is possible
social activity (e.g., gambling). However, a process of social that existing RG strategies may not be applicable to or
learning occurs overtime whereby those who engage in the helpful for in-play bettors.
activity eventually adapt to its novelty and either reduce or However, given that the structural characteristics of in-
cease their participation in it, leading its effects (e.g., prob- play betting share considerable overlap with those of EGMs
lem gambling and associated harms) to be limited. Providing (Newall et al., 2021), it may be fruitful to examine whether
support for adaptation theory, Shaffer et al. (2004) reviewed RG strategies for EGMs may also have utility for in-play
evidence that new Nevada residents endorsed higher rates of betting. One RG strategy that has received empirical atten-
gambling disorder relative to residents who had been in tion in relation to EGMs is reducing speed of play, or how

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8 Journal of Behavioral Addictions

quickly an individual can wager bets while gambling (Harris et al., 2004), it nonetheless relies on retrospective recall and
& Griffiths, 2018). Several studies have found that reducing may thus have led to recall bias. Although participants were
speed of play on EGMs is associated with less time spent asked to consult their sports betting accounts while
gambling. For instance, Linnet, Rømer Thomsen, Møller, completing the survey, the extent to which they followed
and Callesen (2010) found that relative to an EGM that these instructions cannot be ascertained. Second, the cross-
allowed 30 games per minute, setting an EGM to allow 20 sectional nature of the present study precludes conclusions
games per minute (i.e., lower speed of play) led to a decrease regarding the directionality and causal nature of associations
in the desire to play again and time spent gambling among between in-play betting, psychological vulnerabilities,
pathological gamblers. Further, Hopfgartner, Auer, Santos, problem gambling severity, and related harms. Lastly, the
Helic, and Griffiths (2022) found that in a comparison of landscape of sports betting is rapidly changing, and
90-second, five-minute, and 15-minute mandatory play the increased availability of sports betting may lead to the
breaks, a 15-minute mandatory play break led to a longer emergence of different profiles of individuals who bet on in-
voluntary pause in gambling among individuals who play sports. Therefore, ongoing research aimed at under-
engaged in online sport betting, slot machines, and bingo. A standing the characteristics of individuals who place in-play
recent study also found that imposing a speed of play limit bets will be important as this activity continues to evolve.
on an online roulette game led to a reduction in gambling
expenditure on this game, which occurred due to a reduction Conclusion
in the mean number of spins players were able to make
The results of the present study add support to the growing
(Newall et al., 2022).
literature suggesting that in-play sports betting may be a
As noted previously, fast speed of play has been impli-
particularly risky form of sports betting, potentially due to
cated in the development and progression of problem
its structural characteristics. Furthermore, they suggest that
gambling (Auer & Griffiths, 2022; Griffiths & Auer, 2013)
individuals with increased psychosocial vulnerabilities (e.g.,
and is a shared structural characteristic of both EGMs
childhood adversity, emotion dysregulation) and risk factors
(Harris & Griffiths, 2018) and in-play betting (Newall et al.,
for problem gambling may be particularly attracted to in-
2021). Consequently, speed of play limits may also be
play betting, though the directionality of these associations
beneficial for reducing problem gambling and other harms
requires further investigation. As jurisdictions around the
associated with in-play betting, as suggested by Newall
world continue to seek the legalization of sports betting, it is
(2023). Specifically, imposing a speed of play limit on in-play
important to further understand the characteristics and
betting may lead to a reduction in the number of in-play bets
potential negative impacts associated with in-play betting to
an individual is able to place during a given sporting event,
inform the development of public health and RG initiatives
which may in turn reduce their overall expenditure on in-
to reduce the potential harm of this novel form of sports
play bets during this event. This would directly target the
betting.
financial harms associated with in-play betting in the present
study, similar to previous findings by Newall et al. (2022) in
an online roulette task. Funding sources: Funding for this study was provided by a
The risks associated with the continuous, high-speed Research Grant independent managed from Gambling
nature of in-play betting may be further reduced by the Research Exchange Ontario (GREO) with funds supported
implementation of a system whereby individuals can only by Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation (OLG) to HSK
place an in-play bet by making a telephone call, rather than and MTK. GREO and OLG had no role in the study design;
via mobile app. North American policymakers and gambling collection, analysis, or interpretation of the data; writing the
operators can refer to Australia as an example of a region manuscript; or the decision to submit the paper for
where this system is already in place (Hing et al., 2022). publication.
Whereas mobile gambling apps allow for instant, easy access
to repeated betting opportunities (Hing et al., 2022), it may Authors’ contribution: JLV: methodology, data curation,
be less convenient to place a bet via telephone call while formal analysis, writing – original draft, writing – review &
simultaneously spectating and focusing on the outcome(s) of editing; SGC: methodology, writing – original draft, writing
a sporting event, discouraging individuals from placing – review & editing; LAS: writing – original draft, writing –
multiple in-play bets. Future studies that directly examine review & editing; PKP – methodology, writing – original
RG strategies adapted for sports betting, and in particular, draft, writing – review & editing; MTK: conceptualization,
in-play sports betting, would be highly informative. funding acquisition, supervision, writing – original draft,
writing - review & editing; HSK: conceptualization, funding
acquisition, supervision, writing – original draft, writing –
Limitations and future directions
review & editing.
The present study is characterized by several limitations.
First, the G-TLFB was used to assess in-play betting Conflict of interest: HSK has received grants from the
behavior. While this measure has been proposed to improve Alberta Gambling Research Institute (AGRI) and Gambling
accuracy of recall compared to one-item questions regarding Research Exchange Ontario (GREO) in the past three years.
frequency and quantity of gambling behavior (Weinstock He has had conference expenses covered by AGRI and has

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Journal of Behavioral Addictions 9

received honorarium for conference presentation at the Griffiths, M. D., & Auer, M. (2013). The irrelevancy of game-type
Partnership Symposium. MTK has received grants from in the acquisition, development, and maintenance of problem
GREO in the past three years. JLV, SGC, LAS, and PKP have gambling. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 621–621. https://doi.org/
no conflicts to disclose. 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00621.
Harris, A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2018). The impact of speed of play in
gambling on psychological and behavioural factors: A critical
review. Journal of Gambling Studies, 34(2), 393–412. https://doi.
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