Appendix A

ITS66404 Principle of Software Engineering

Assignment 2 (30%)
Semester February 2024
Name Marks
Registration No. Signature
(Block Capital) (For Lecturer Use)

1. Raiyan Al Islam Khan 0370381 Raiyan

2. Shakhawat Hossin 0371628 Shakhawat
3. MD Asif Bapary 0371667 Asif
4. Ahmad I m Allahham 0371789 Ahmad
5.
6.
7.

I declare that:

• I understand what is meant by plagiarism.

• The implication of plagiarism has been explained to us by our lecturer. This
project is all our work and I have acknowledged any use of the published or
unpublished works of other people.
Appendix B

ITS66404 Principle of Software Engineering

Individual Tasks Allocation

Indicate (√) in the member’s name column if he/she has been involved in that task.
Add rows if necessary.

Tasks Name 1 Name 2 Name 3 Name 4 Name 5

MD Asif
1. Sequence Diagram
Bapary
MD Asif
2. Activity Diagram
Bapary
Ahmad Im
3. State Chart Diagram
Allahham
Ahmad Im MD Asif
4. UI and UX Design
Allahham Bapary
Group Analysis and
Shakhawat
5. Collaboration Strategy
Hossin

Project management Shakhawat

6.
Approach Hossin

1
 Shakhawat
7. Software Testing Strategy
Hossin
RAIYAN AL
8. Test Plan ISLAM
KHAN
RAIYAN AL
9. Risk Management Plan ISLAM
KHAN
RAIYAN AL
Maintenance and Evolution
10. ISLAM
Plan
KHAN

Important note: For anyone who does not contribute to the assignment, your marks will be discounted depending on the
lecturer’s decision. The case will be based on the group member’s complaint. Remember, strictly there are no free-riding or
free marks.

2
APPENDIX C : Assignment 2 Assessment Rubrics

ITS66404 Assignment Assessment Rubrics

Assignment 2 Report Assessment Rubrics
Marks (5 marks for each criterion below)
Criteria Excellent Good Average Poor Very Poor
5 4 3 2 (1-0)
Design Rationale REPORT

Sequence Diagram
Activity Diagram
State Chart
Diagram
User Interface (UI)/
User Experience
(UX) Design
Group Analysis and
collaboration
strategy
Project
Management
Approach
Software Testing
Strategy
Test Plan

3
Risk Management
Plan
Maintenance and
Evolution Plan
Mark (50%)

PROTOTYPE

Excellent Good Average Poor Very Poor

(20 -15) (14 - 11) (10 - 6) (5 - 2) (1 - 0)
Prototype and with
Short Video
demonstration
Mark (20%)

ORAL PRESENTATION – Presentation- Individual Marking

Excellent (4.1 - 5)
Good (3.1 - 4)
Average (2.1 - 3)
Poor (1.1 - 2)
Very Poor (0 - 1)
Student Name Student ID Grammatical Volume and Pace: Confidence and Positive Audience Engagement: Connection,
Precision: Accuracy, Balanced, audible. Enthusiasm: Nonverbal responsiveness.
Pronunciation: Clear, Energetic, Communication:
clarity.
accurate. persuasive. Eye contact,
gestures, poise.

4
 Student Name Student Name Student Name Student Name Student Name Student Name Student Name

Presentation
(20%)
Video (20%)
Design
Rationale
(50%)
Total 90%
Weighted
marks (30%)

Overall Feedback:

5
 ITS66404
Principle of Software Engineering
Assignment 2 (30%)
Semester February 2024
Date Released: 23/2/2024
Due Date: 18/3/2024

6
 Research Page Number

Sequence Diagram 8

Activity Diagram 9-12

State Chart Diagram 13

UI and UX Design 14-18

Group Analysis and Collaboration Strategy 19-21

Project Management Approach 21-23

Software Testing Strategy 24-26

Test Plan 27-31

Risk Management Plan 32-33

Maintenance and Evolution Plan 34-37

Reference 38-39

7
 Sequence Diagram

DHL Admin stuff

Delivery team

8
Activity Diagram of a Admin

9
Activity Diagram of a Staff

10
Activity Diagram of a User

11
 Activity Diagram of a Delivery System
dd

Delivery team

LOG IN

wrong password
forget password

access granted

transport(car, plane)

new item
track existing item
send to warehouse

24/7 sends all

emergency information to DHL
office

sends report to DHL office

checks location normal

damage item

ship check location

handover to
receiver

sends
confirmation

12
State Chart Diagram

13
14
 UI and UX Design
UI and UX Design Link: https://raiyanalislam3.wixsite.com/my-site-1/blank-1

Registration and Login Page:

15
Home Page:

16
17
About:

18
Tips:

Contact Info:

19
 Group Analysis and Collaboration Strategy
DHL International GmbH assumes its role as an industrial innovator in the field of logistics
where a team of people who share the same vision of development and the ability of
collective problem-solving is the driving force for progress. The company's determination to
revolutionize global logistics and the maintenance of sustainable world connectivity is built
right from the group composition strategy of the company and the practices of collaboration.
It explores the roles and management techniques as well as communication models within
the organization to implement the plan to spare the environment.

Group Composition and Roles:

The specific group composition of DHL International GmbH meets the strategic criteria of a
professional group from different fields, and each member is endowed with one's own unique
strengths and outlooks. The group is composed of logistics specialists, data analysts, software
engineers, sustainability engineers, and supply chain strategists, all being key to the
corporation, therefore it is achieving its goals.

1. Logistics Professionals:
Logistics professionals not only are the vital backbone of the team, but they also
provide the most advanced domain expertise revolving supply chain management,
transportation logistics, and trade regulations across the globe. They have to identify
the client’s needs, assess the operational environment, and design logistic solutions
that can solve the identified challenges in a very efficient manner.

2. Data Analysts:
Data analysts ought to be Master of Data usage to derive patterns, trends and optimize
logistics for providing the best efficiency possible. They utilize advanced data
analytics tools and techniques to form an analytics-driven decision framework and
support an ongoing optimization of logistics operations.

3. Software Engineers:
Programmers take part in designing and implication of such solutions into logistics
processes. By utilizing new techniques including cloud computing, artificial
intelligence, and IoT they develop solid, flexible systems that can be adjusted to the
changing demands of clients and groups of interests.

4. Sustainability Experts:
Sustainability specialists who are tasked with putting sustainability principles into
every company's practice are the core players in this process. Solutions are developed
to ensure that they involve among others route optimization, packaging materials
selection options that put environmental preservation first, cut carbon emissions, and
result in socially responsible businesses.

5. Supply Chain Strategists:

20
 Supply chain strategists major in developing strategic initiatives and mind maps to
maximize supply chain performance by increasing production efficiency. The work
together closely with cross-functional teams to find the point of improvement and
introduce new approaches which create value for clients and stakeholders.

Collaboration Strategy:
Collaboration is the foundation of the pioneering model of DHL International GmbH
pursuing innovation and exhibiting out-of-the-box logistical solutions. The enterprise has
developed a multi-faceted collaboration strategy, including aspects of alignment, clarity, and
efficiency, that covers all areas of collaboration.

1. Regular Team Meetings:

Scheduled team meetings are not only a space for discussions but also an opportunity
for regular updates, synchronization, and focus on goals and objectives. In these
meetings, each team member gets on the same page as other team members and
members from different functional areas work in harmony.

2. Undefined:
A set of clear roles and responsibilities are given to prevent duplicate efforts and to
make efficient use of resources. Task allocation is organized on an individual
candidate's strengths and expertise to maximize productivity and promote
responsibility within the team.

3. Cross-Functional Collaboration:
Team members from different departments are encouraged to work together to ensure
an all-rounded problem-solving process and solutions are developed. Frequent
communication pathways enable the shifting of thoughts, feedback, and data among
team members which makes the process of collaboration and innovation smooth.

4. Stakeholder Engagement:
Contact with stakeholders such as clients, end-users, suppliers and industry experts is
made frequently, so as to gather information, address concerns as well as ensure a
uniform direction toward the project objectives. Stakeholder consultations are used
for translating into action and convergence of objectives through participatory
solution development.

5. Feedback Mechanisms:
Loops of constant feedback are created which gives a place for feedback and
receiving constructive feedback on project improvements, performance, and results.
This is used to identify gaps and create avenues for learning and better practices
within the team.

In short, DHL International GmbH drafts elaborate group analysis and collaboration
strategies that seek to foster an environment of knowledge sharing, innovation, and

21
teamwork among its employees. Through assigning responsible roles, easy communication,
and constant improvement, the company foresees leading in innovation, to promote
sustainability, and to create benefit for clients and stakeholders in the challenging
logistics sector.

Project Management Approach

To have the entire manual logistics systems of DHL International GmbH transformed into
digital, automated versions, the Agile methodology is deemed to be the most appropriate
project management method. Although the agile method is the best fit for projects with
flexible, dynamic, and mostly interactive nature, it demonstrates a methodological approach
to the project which perfectly coalesces with our requirements and objectives.

Justification for Agile Methodology:

Flexibility: Agile advocates for an iterative development that involves regular feedback loops
that enables us with the needed flexibility to respond to changes at the project's requirements
and needs of our stakeholders over time. It is imperative that this be done in a project that
uses complicated logistics processes and new tech innovations which are constantly
changing.

Cross-Functional Collaboration: Agile is the concept of cooperation among multidisciplinary

teams, including logistics managers, data analysts, software designers, experts in
sustainability, and designers of supply chain management. It guarantees that diverse ideas are
presented, what might result in new solutions that are workable and better outcomes.

Incremental Delivery: Scrum development process enables us to show our preliminary results
for stakeholders in the early stages and this helps us to show the progress towards the final
product in the future. It assists in maintaining the expectations of stakeholders and keeps the
project on track, committed to attaining business objectives.

Continuous Improvement: It enables permanent feedback in the form of repetitive

retrospectives and the moving loop (the feedback cycle). These let us come up with remedial
measures and problematic situations beforehand and, consequently, increase productivity and
effectiveness of all processes.
Adaptability to Change: Industry of logistics is a volatile one where changes are much
expected. Agile methodology is our model that includes the incorporation of changes. This
allows us to react quickly to market shifts and technological breakthroughs and ensures that
our solutions are relevant and competitive.

Planning Phase:
The project objectives, scope, and requirements will be determined by the Agile team through
a collaborative process during planning. As a result, we will develop the product backlog,

22
sort the tasks, and determine the sprint effort. The team shall as well come up with KPIs to
monitor project outcomes and success criteria.

Execution Phase:
For the sake of the execution phase, Agile team will be divided into iterative sprints which
usually have two- to four-weeks’ duration for each iteration. A sprint planning meeting will
be held at the beginning of each sprint, during which time, the team selects from the product
backlog tasks that are to be completed within the sprint. Every day a meeting will be held
with a daily status review, obstacles discussion and plan adjustment as necessary. The team
will work closely together to perform design and test the software solutions, using feedback
from the shareholders throughout the process.

Monitoring Phase:
These Agile metrics here comprise burndown charts, velocity, and cumulative flow diagrams.
They are going to be used for monitoring all the project progress. The reviews of project
deliverables at the end of the sprints, the collection of feedback, and the making of necessary
adjustments to the project plan will be held during regular meetings. The Agile process for
managing changes in scope, schedule or requirements is also in place so that the project is in
a place to do the required business objectives.

Closing Phase:
From the standpoint of the closing phase, the Agile team will conduct final sprint
presentations for project stakeholders and collect feedback on the deliverables to enhance
future versions. A debriefing meeting will be convened to evaluate both the experienced
information and the celebrated achievements and come up with the areas to be improved.
Upon the conclusion of this project, the documents will be updated, and major key learnings
and insights will be captured to be referred to in the future.

Below is a simplified Gantt chart illustrating the timeline for the Agile project management
approach:

Task Start Date End Date

Project Initiation 05-02-2024 09-02-2024

Requirement Gathering 11-02-2024 18-02-2024

System Design and Architecture 20-02-2024 02-03-2024

Development and Implementation 05-03-2024 20-03-2024

23
 Testing, Quality Assurances, and
23-03-2024 10-04-2024
Fixing

Deployment and Rollout 15-04-2024 05-05-2024

Monitoring and Feedback

07-05-2024 15-05-2024
Collection

Project Review 18-05-2024 25-05-2024

Rechecking 27-05-2024 10-06-2024

Handing Over 12-06-2024 25-06-2024

The Pert chart is a chart showing the sequence of work items and their interrelationship,
which enables the identification of common work items. Each task will be divided into
smaller sub-tasks with their correlate estimated durations that will be used to allocate
resources and schedule.

Summing up, agile methodology is a strong preference in this project of transforming manual
logistics systems into digital, automated ones for DHL International GmbH as it guarantees
agility and collaboration and continuous improvement opportunities which ensures
successful project outcomes and customer satisfaction. The project team will do that as well
in a way of a comprehensive planning, execution, monitoring and closing operations by
delivering innovative and impactful solutions that drive the logistics industry progress and
competitiveness in the dynamic logistics industry.

24
 Software Testing Strategy

Software Testing Strategy for DHL International GmbH: Software Testing Strategy for DHL
International GmbH:
For the project of utilizing manual logistics systems into digital and automated ones the step-
by-step implementation of testing strategy will identify the software defects before they
become critical issues for digitalization logistics systems of the company. Unit testing,
integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing will be the desired phases when
testing that will serve specific purposes and integrate into the lifecycle of software
development.

Unit Testing:
Unit testing is the key part of the software development pipeline where developers check if
standalone units or components perform the right functions or not. Through this isolation
technique, typically with units being a method or function, developers would be able to
evaluate the performance of such part of the system without having to involve other parts of
the system. This approach is quite helpful for detection and resolution of defects and errors in
early stages of integration thereby, the risk of further propagation of errors or issues can be
avoided.

Our project will perform modular testing, which is a type of unit testing, on applications
written by software engineers with the help of automated testing frameworks like JUnit for
Java-based applications or PyTest for Python-based applications. On top of this, the Test-
driven development (TDD) methodology method introduces a developer to write the test
cases just before implementing the related code for the sake of leaving no gaps. Utilizing this
technique ensures that all the test cases are covered and are directed towards the given
criteria from the onset stage of the development. With the adopted TDD, our team aims to
bring in a more strict, systematic and discipline approach to software testing that energizes
the software system reliability as well as enable its maintainability.

Integration Testing:
Interaction testing is concerned with checking the ways in which different modules display
interaction and communication with one another so as to work together as desired. It
provides the integration of institute parts into indivisible subsystems and identifies the
inconsistency, regularity or out of compatibility. Integration testing involving both integration
testing using top-down, or bottom-up integrational testing techniques will be considered
according to defined project requirements. Tools like Selenium will be applied for the web
applications and Postman for the APIs for defining the standards of the integration and
ensure fast and stable testing of every feature.

System Testing:
25
It involves application testing, integration, and functionality test where the entire
environment is evaluated to confirm its functioning, processing speed, and reliability as a
whole, including testing interfaces and dependencies. in such manner software make sure it
meets the expected requirements and will work correctly under many various conditions. The
system testing stage will be characterized by completing the end-to-end test scenarios where
the possible user workflows and bugs will be explored. Such tools as JMeter for the load
testing purpose and Apache Bench for the benchmarking one are going to be used to estimate
the system performance and its scalable character. For the fourth phase also, UAT (User
acceptance testing) will be executed to check the software against the intended users and
business requirements.

Acceptance Testing:
Acceptance testing is the final phase of the software lifecycle development process, which is
the climax where software is looked at deeper to see whether it is in accordance with the
stakeholders' expectations. This phase, which is critical component of validation involving
readiness of software for deployment is the verification of scalability and robustness to
mentioned defects along with acceptance of it by the end-users or respective stakeholders
through UAT i.e. user acceptance testing (UAT) where end-users or stakeholders perform
comprehensive evaluation asses the software’s usability, functioning and its conformance to
intended purposes.

In our project, we’ll be meticulously carrying out acceptance testing with the manual testing
techniques as the main approaches to be used, namely exploratory testing and scenario-based
testing. Such methods assist testers in relation to relocating real-world usage scenarios and
thereby uncovering possible inconsistencies and usability issues that software effectiveness
may be impeded with during its actual implementation in operational environment. It is the
feedback gotten from acceptance testing that makes that phase to worthwhile, it acts as
guidance for the continuous refinement so as to fix any imperfection or failures that might be
existing and take seize of the software before its final deployment. The area of our project in
which the acceptance testing gets to be the final evaluation point is the part that we are
aiming for the highest standards of software quality and fulfillment of the needs of our
stakeholders by making the adoption and utilization of the software by our target users a
success.

Testing Methodologies and Tools:

Agile Testing: Agile testing approaches will be adopted such as Scrum or Kanban to aid the
quick prototyping and verification of the software within the software development life
cycle. This provides an opportunity for the discovery of issues in the early stage and their
quick fix, which makes the dispatch of high-quality software solutions as expeditious as
possible.

26
Test Automation: For example, the Selenium, Appium, or Test Complete tools will be used to
automate the most repetitive tests and help to speed up the testing of a similar process. Thus,
the testers can find defects faster with fewer resources allocated to testing and consequently
boosting productivity and testing effectiveness.

Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment (CI/CD): With CI/CD pipelines getting

integrated into the build, test and deployment processes, the software updates are likely to be
done frequently and regularly with a higher level of reliability. This guarantees that the
changes are tested and passed the validation during all the development and production
stages, hence minimizing the possibility of rolling out defects or regression.

Performance Testing: The quality of the software will be tested by JMeter, LoadRunner or
Gantlet, performance testing tools that shall be used to assess the performance of the
software in different load conditions. The profiling also allows pointing out performance
bottlenecks, scalability issues, and the areas that are able to be transported to the new level of
the performance, so that software can manage expected user loads and meet the high-
performance requirements.

Security Testing: The website will be tested with OWASP ZAP, Burp Suite, or Nessus tools
installed to detect and eliminate security vulnerabilities within the software. Security testing
involves looking for the commonly used security challenges in the first place and these could
be SQL injections, XSS, and authentication leaks which must be prevented at any cost to
make the software safe and durable against imminent attacks.

In closing, an all-inclusive testing scheme that matters unit, integration, system, and
acceptance testing phases is a must for verifying the superior caliber and reliability of the
software that is aimed at transforming the analogue logistics systems at DHL international b
jelt into automatic ones. With test methodologies and tools like {testing with agile, test
automation, CI/CD, performance testing, and security testing} we can effectively eliminate
risks, enhance release delivery speed, and generate software that matches stakeholders'
expectations and brings value to the business.

27
 Test Plan

Test Plan for Inventory Management System

Use Case Description
Basic Flow @ Alternative Flow @ Exception Flow @
Use case name Happy path alternative path Exception Pathway
Inventory Update Actor, Description, Error Handling and Inventory
Process Location, Status, Data Refresh Management
Priority, Features System Failure and
Assumption,
Inventory Register
Precondition, Post
Condition, Management,
Invalid Login
Credentials Alert,
Automatic
Duplication
Detection, Exceeding
Maximum Product
Amount Warning

Use Case Specifications

Name: Inventory Update Process
Description: The inventory manager updates the inventory database with new stock
information.
Author(s): Developer
Actor(s): Inventory Manager
Location(s): Inventory Management System
Status: Active
Priority: High
Assumption(s): The inventory manager has access to the Inventory Management System and
valid credentials.
Precondition(s): The Inventory Management System is operational and accessible.
Postcondition(s): The inventory database is successfully updated with the new stock
information.
Primary (Happy) Path:
 The inventory manager logged into the Inventory Management System by using a
proper account name and password.
 The inventory manager access "Update Inventory" part.
 The SKU manager sends the command to the system to add a new product.

28
  The sequence leads an inventory manager to type in the specific details of the new
goods, such as the item's name, amount, and position.
 The manager punches in the required data and submits the request.
 In this situation, checking accuracy of input information is completed and upgrading
the system to the current state of the item database is realized.
 The system shows a confirmation of inventory addition as successful addition and
sends you a test message confirmation.
 The user closes the system thus ending the Inventory manager's activity.
Alternate Pathway(s):
 The case of misplacing or incorrect data during data reprocessing will lead the system
to display the appropriate error message and will ask to fix the wrongly entered data.
 In such case when the store manager opts for refreshing the current stock goods, the
version offers access to a quick search feature for the item the stock is to be updated
on.
Exception Pathway(s):
 In case, the Inventory Management System fails to turn on or is undergoing technical
issues, the inventory manager cannot manage the opening and closing the registers in
the system either.
 On the instance that the inventory manager key in an invalid username or password
while trying to login, a message alerting him of an invalid login credentials comes
across the screen.
 In the inventory system, if inventory manager unintentionally tries to put the same
items into stock several times, the system detects the duplication automatically and
asks the user to acknowledge the action.
 If the inventory manager uses the product amount that is exceeding the allowed
maximum for an item, the system shows a warning message with text: “Reached the
Limit”.

29
Template for one test case:
Use-Case
Use Case: UC01: Inventory Update Process

Test Case
Test Case 1: TC01-1: Successful Addition of New Stock
Description
Verify that the inventory manager can successfully add new stock to the inventory database.
Procedure
Log into the Inventory Management System.
Navigate to the "Update Inventory" section.
Select the option to add new stock.
Enter valid details for the new stock item.
Submit the form.
Expected Result
The inventory database is updated with the new stock information, and a confirmation
message is displayed.

Test Case
Test Case 2; TC01-2: Error Handling for Invalid Input
Description
Verify that the system correctly handles errors when the inventory manager provides invalid
input during the update process.
Procedure
Log into the inventory management System.
Navigate to the “Update Inventory” section.
Select the option to add new stock.
Enter invalid details for the new stock item (e.g., empty fields or incorrect format).
Submit the form.
Expected Result
The system displays appropriate error messages for the invalid input and prompts the user to
correct the errors.

A sample test table is provided below.

Use Test Case Description Procedure Expected Results
Case
UC01: TC01-1: Verify that the Log into the The inventory
Login Successful inventory manager Inventory database is updated
login can successfully add Management with the new stock
new stock to the System. information, and a
Navigate to the
inventory database. confirmation
"Update
message is
Inventory"
section. displayed.
Select the option

30
 to add new stock.
Enter valid details
for the new stock
item.

Log into the

Inventory
Management
System.
Verify that the Navigate to the
"Update The system displays
system correctly
Inventory" appropriate error
TC01-2: handles errors when
section. messages for the
Failure to the inventory
Select the option invalid input and
Login manager provides to add new stock. prompts the user to
invalid input during Enter invalid correct the errors.
the update process. details for the new
stock item (e.g.,
empty fields or
incorrect format).
Submit the form.
Log into the
Inventory
Management
System.
Navigate to the The inventory
Verify that the "Update database is updated
TC01-3: inventory manager Inventory"
with the depleted
Successful can successfully section.
stock information,
Depletion of deplete stock from Select the option
to deplete existing and a confirmation
Stock the inventory
stock. message is
database.
Choose the stock displayed.
item to deplete.
Enter the quantity
to deplete.
Submit the form.

The test plan for the Inventory Management System's "Inventory Update Process" is the
blueprint for the testing effort to make sure the application handles several cases like the
primary (happy) path, alternative paths, and exception paths. Throughout the verification
process, test cases have been devised to check the full functionality of the system as well as
the routines responsible for error handlings.

So, because of TC01-1 functional testing, we make certain that the system properly adds new
items to the stock database and provides a confirmation message after the completion.

31
Test Case 2 (TC01-2) has been completed. It confirms the system's error handling by
displaying appropriate errors when the user inputs an invalid information during the update
process. These errors help the user to correct any wrong inputs.

The test cases can be expanded to contain other functionalities like successful depletion of
item stock (TC01-3) among others to validate the solutions implications on the system
holistically.

In general, the test plan is based on a procedure to make it possible to verify and re-check this
system process's reliability and durability while running it through all its scenarios.

32
 Risk Management Plan
The proper realization of threat and risk management is so important that is the
differentiating aspect of the success of any project. From the perspective of creating a
mechanism to manage the stocks, the risks related to the work of the design, project
management along with the influence on the business processes should be foreseen and
simultaneously prevented. Below is an overview of the risk management approach, including
the identification of potential risks and the corresponding mitigation strategies: Below is an
overview of the risk management approach, including the identification of potential risks and
the corresponding mitigation strategies:

Technical Risks:
Integration Challenges: While integrating inventory management system with existing
systems or third-party applications may be an issue, it also may be seen as a solution.

Mitigation Strategy: Implements compatibility tests between programs to be integrated and

set define integration protocols. Keep interfaces standardized and highly compatible for easy
connectivity.
Performance Issues: The process might be slowed down by bottlenecks or inaccuracies of
scalability, especially when there are so many concurrent transactions.

Mitigation Strategy: Conduct load testing principally for the purpose of identifying possible
performance issues before proceeding to the development stage. Use technology to help you
(as part of business scalability).
Security Vulnerabilities: On the other hand, the system may become a target of hackers or
data leakage, resulting in stealing sensitive information about the stock-level.

Mitigation Strategy: Ensuring the security of your users by providing encrypted data, access
controls, and conducting security audits on a regular basis. Instructions: Humanize the given
sentence. Always be aware of new security updates and follow necessary guidelines. Use our
AI to write for you about any topic! Enjoy

Project Management Risks:

Scope Creep: Requirements may change soon and bring in scope creep and project timeline.
Mitigation Strategy: Enough of delimitation project scope and requirements must be done.
Ensure scope changes are dealt with the help of change management procedures.
Resource Constraints: Insufficient resources, like for example time, finances, and qualified
personnel, are among the factors that challenge the project implementation.

Mitigation Strategy: Implement resource allocation and planning prudently. Evaluate the
viability of offloading specific workload or educating the present workforce to close the
knowledge gap.
Communication Breakdown: Inadequate information flowing within the team or stakeholders
can cause discrepancies in understanding and slow down progress.

33
Mitigation Strategy: Develop regular communication and project status updates. Employ
project management tools for the purpose of tracking progress and assistance in coordination.
Business Risks:

Market Changes: Changes of market demands or regulations can become determinant for the
future of the inventory management system.

Mitigation Strategy: Keep up to date on the changes in the market and the new regulations.
Make the system flexible to be updated or adjusted to as time passes.
Vendor Dependency: A dependence on third party suppliers for the provision of essential
components and services, in turn, may possess some drawbacks, e.g. a service disruption or
vendor lock-in.

Mitigation Strategy: Diversify vendors as much as possible and make sure that you have
backup plans ready in case of vendor failures. Plan out service level agreements (SLAs) that
guarantee reliability.
Financial Uncertainty: Budget limitations, or maybe some unexpected costs, may affect the
finances of the project.

Mitigation Strategy: Conduct proper financial planning and have risk assessment done.
Create a reserve fund to cater for the unexpected and make sure that expenses are aligned
with project priorities.
The project team will minimize the incidence of unforeseen risks by proactively
identifying/addressing these potential risks. Then they can ensure the smooth project
execution and increase the project success probability The risk monitoring and the mitigation
activities must be associated with the project management process. This allows any changes
in circumstances and new risks to be better identified and managed.

34
 Maintenance and Evolution Plan
Having succeeded in implementing the inventory management system, it goes without
saying, that a plan for post-deployment is a must, including maintenance, bug fixes, updates,
and adding new features. This Maintenance and Evolution Plan provides strategies and
procedures for the system to function well, to stay up to date, and to be adapted in its
relevance over time.

1. Maintenance Procedures:
a. Corrective Maintenance: This involves solving and rectifying any bugs, errors or
faults then occur after deployment. It includes finding the problem, the disease
diagnosis, doing the treatment and to confirm the problem is fixed.
b. Preventive Maintenance: To avoid problems in the future preventive maintenance
means inspections, upgrading, and optimization of the system on a regular basis. It
encompasses such features as software patches, security updates, database
optimizations, and performance tuning.
c. Adaptive Maintenance: Adaptive maintenance makes sure that a system is always up
to date with the latest business and operational requirements. This can be achieved by
tweaking the existing design, introducing new features, or gaining access to novel
technological innovations.

2. Bug Fixing Process:

a. Bug Identification: Bugs are detected by means of a range of processes, including
feedback from users, automated monitoring tools and in-house testing.
b. Bug Prioritization: The next step is to determine the severity of the bug so that it can
be properly rated by considering the impact on the users and the business importance.
c. Bug Resolution: The team that is devising the fix investigates the reason for the error,
implements the fix and tests it thoroughly to make sure that the solution is not
regressing.
d. Bug Verification: Thereafter, QA supports that the bug is resolved and there are no
side effects because of the bug fix.

3. Update and Release Management:

a. Version Control: Develop a system of version control that allows a managerial
process of the changes made in the codebase. User changes/updates are effectively
tracked, documented, and made reversible if a need emerges.
b. Release Planning: Plan the release calendar to release updates, bugs fixes, and new
features to the user experiences. Launching policies should ensure that the frequency
of changes is in sync with the system’s stability and reliability.
c. User Communication: Users are kept informed on the upcoming releases, updates, as
well as system maintenance through release notes, email messages, or in-app
messages. Indicate the necessary steps clearly – either software updates or flow
changes – your users might need to take.

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 4. Feature Additions and Enhancements:
a. User Feedback Collection: Get thoughts from end-users, stakeholders, and internal
teams about what new features should be added, how usability can be generally
improved, and what else needs to be enhanced.
b. Feature Prioritization: Determine the feature requests by the degree of their revenue
impact, user interests, and quantifiable changes to our product.
c. Agile Development: Use agile development methodologies that include Scrum and
Kanban to have each iteration plan, design and release new features. Apply feature in
streamlines that divide huge chunks into tiny tasks and upgrade part by part.
d. User Acceptance Testing: Prior to the announcement of new features and
enhancements, undertake exhaustive user acceptance testing that will elicit the
feedback, fix the usability problems and create certainty that the new functionality
fulfils the users' requirements.

5. Continuous Monitoring and Improvement:

a. Performance Monitoring: Enforce calculating the system uptime, response times, and
resource consumption through tools which monitor the system performance. Observe
for any occurrences of an abnormal operation or functionality decline that can signify
an underlying problem.
b. Feedback Loop: Establish a data loop by persistently gathering user feedback, system
performance check, and determine the areas where the improvement is necessary.
Employ this feedback to point out the areas that require more refinement in the future
and hype up efforts to identify upcoming problems quickly.
c. Technology Upgrades: Keep your information and data up to date with technologies
and frameworks that are commonly used for inventory management. Constantly
evaluate the ability and suitability of bring in new techs to resolve problems with
system speed, high load, and security.
d. Documentation: Keep updated documentation that is systematic, such as architectures,
setting and APIs’ configurations and development guidelines. Check the documents
includes any modifications or updates to the system in a timely manner.
Generally, this maintenance and evolution plan identifies the step-by-step path that ensures
the continuous straightforwardness and relevance of the inventory management system just
outlined as such. Through the introduction of certified maintenance plans, bug fixing
processes, release and update strategies, refinements and additions can be done while as well
as continuous monitoring and improvement operations, to derive a system that can withstand
any unforeseen changes and be accommodative.

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 Interface Design Proposal
Introduction:
The user interface layout which is the vital part of the Inventory Management System helps
the users to easily operate the system and gives a user interface which is very intuitive and
easy to use. This paper presents the way of the interface design, as well as user-interface
mock-ups for key operations.
Design Principles:
Before delving into the mock-ups, it's essential to establish the design principles that will
guide the interface design process:
User-Centric Approach: The inter phase will take into consideration user needs, workflows,
and preferences to achieve the usability and satisfaction required.
Simplicity: The interface shall seek to a clear and simple usage with unnecessary
complexities and cognitive overload, avoided.
Consistency: The things like design elements, patterns, navigation which are consistent all
over the interface could be the enhancement of the user familiarity and, consequently, the
reduction of the friction.
Accessibility: The interface will be designed with an accessibility perspective in mind,
putting forward accessibility standards and guidelines so that all users, including those with
disabilities, can use the platform.
Feedback and Guidance: Cleared feedback methods and context specific instructions will
be embedded into the user interface to guide users in the accomplishment of the tasks and
understanding the system responses.

Mock-ups for Major User Interaction Cases:

Login and Dashboard:

Mock-up Description: Users are kindly requested to fill in these form fields: username and
password for authentication. Users are redirected to the dashboard, which acts the central part
for accessing important functions and controlling inventory-based indicators once they enter
their login details and get access to the application.
Mock-up Image: Login and Dashboard Wireframes.
Product Management:

Mock-up Description: From product interface users can monitor information and add, edit,
and delete it if needed. It is also about the direct product entry intuitive such as name,
description, quantity, price and a category. Another function provided here is users uploading
product images or alerts if the stock is low.
Mock-up Image: Virtual Product Management Mockup
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Order Processing:

Mock-up Description: The interface for order processing provides an easier way to manage
incoming orders by optimizing workflow. It displays a pending orders listing with relevant
info included, i.e. order ID, customer name, order date, and its status. Customers can check
order history, change order status, create invoices, print shipping labels from this interface
directly.
Mock-up Image: Order Procedure Mock-up
Reporting and Analytics:

Mock-up Description: The reporting and analytics interface relationship provides the users
with visualizations and trends information of the inventory performance. Users can generate
custom reports, as well as Limit the results by entering criteria such as sales revenue,
inventory turnover, top-selling products, and supplier performance. Explainability factor is
provided with interactive charts, graphs, and tables which help data analysis and decision
making.
Mock-up Image: Simulation of the Dashboard and Reporting.
Settings and Preferences:

Mock-up Description: The settings and preferences menu provides the opportunity for users
to adjust their device’s settings and individualize their user experience. Users can adapt
notification notifications, language settings, time zone settings and user permissions. The
interface deals with data backup, restore or system updates as well.
Mock-up Image: Default Settings and Preferences (mockup)
Conclusion:
Proposed interfacing guidelines with mockups for the possible scenarios of user interaction
have been illustrated in the user interface design shown above. Following the user-centricity
design principles and using intuitive interfaces the proposed design becomes lively with the
increase if user productivity, efficiency, and satisfaction. The feedback delivered by users and
stakeholders shall be received on an ongoing basis and used to refine the interface design
during the development process.

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 Reference

Official Website:

www.dhl.com

Journal Articles:

Christopher, M. (2016). Logistics and supply chain Management: creating value-adding

networks (5th ed.) Pearson.

Dey, A, & O’Brien, L. (2015). The adoption of information technology-enable supply chain
management system in the transport and logistics industry: an Australian perspective. Journal
of Enterprise information Management, 28(5), 663-688.

Lvanov, D., & Dolgui, A. (2020). A digital supply chain twin for managing the disruption
risks and resilience in the era of industry 4.0. Production planning & Control, 31(10), 824-
840.

Case Studies:

Amazon: Transforming the Supply Chain with Technology. Harvard Business Review. (Case
Study, HBS No. 616056).

FedEx: Managing Quality Day and Night. Harvard Business Review. (Case Study, HBS No.
9-699-022).

UPS: Delivering Packages and E-Commerce Solution. Harvard Business Review. (Case
Study, HSB No. 9-102-035)

DHL: Case studies showcasing DHL's innovative supply chain solutions, including
warehousing, transportation, and last-mile delivery.

Journals and Proceedings:

International Journal of Logistics Management Transporting Review Proceedings of the

IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management
(IEEM)

Theses:

Smith, J. (2020). Leveraging Technology for Sustainable Logistics: A Case Study of UPS
(Master`s thesis, University of California. Berkeley).

E-books:

Rushton, A, Croucher, P., & Baker, p. (2014). The Handbook of Supply Chain Management
(3rd ed.). Kogan Page.

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U.S. Department of Transportation - https:// www.transportation.gov/

European Commission – Mobility and Transport – https://ec.europa.eu/transport/index_en

World Economic Forum - Logistics & supply

Chain Industry – https://www.weforum.org/industries/logistics-and-supply-chain

News and Educational Source:

Logistics Management – https://www.logisticsmgmt.com/

Supply Chain Dive - https://www.supplychaindive.com/

National Geographic - https://www.nationalgeographic.com/transportation/

These references provide a wide range of materials including academic research, case
studies, industry reports, and official sources, offering insights into the improvement and
innovation in the logistics industry.

Documentary:

“Inside Amazon: Secrets of an Online Mega-Giant” (Discovery Channel Documentary) “The

Age of Amazon” (PBS Frontline Documentary) “Trucking Hell” (BBC Two Documentary
Series Official Website:

International Air Transport Association (IATA) - https://www.iata.org/

Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals (CSCMP) - https://cscmp.org/

United States Postal Service (UPSC) - https://www.usps.com/

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