Unit 2– English I – Psychology –Iarossi – Stéfano – UCES- 2020
UNIT 2: CONJUNCTIONS
FILE 5 – PRACTICE FILE – WORKING ON
CONJUNCTIONS
IN TEXT 1
Activity 1
Categorize the bolded conjunctions (10) in text 1
according to type: coordinating or subordinating.
Activity 2
1. Read text 1 attentively.
2. Complete it with the missing words provided below (a-j).
a – e: memory / and / human / stimuli / of
f – j: that / different / but / brain / auditory
TEXT 1 (Part A):
ON HUMAN
MEMORY
Scientists believed that the (a) __________ brain was a simple organ with specific areas
allotted for different tasks. However (_______________), with the recent research and case
studies, scientists concluded that the human brain is a very complex organ of the body.
(b) __________ functions in many different parts of the brain. The brain is a large neural
supercomputer that has neurons, firing information and (_______________) tasks away to
each other from one corner to the other.
There are three major ways (c) __________ processing the memory: encoding, storage and
retrieval.
Encoding memory is when (_______________) any event, person, object or (d) __________
are sensed to be important. For instance, you are at a party, you meet someone and you want
to remember their name. Such small chemical, visual (e) __________ auditory stimuli first
Unit 2– English I – Psychology –Iarossi – Stéfano – UCES- 2020
get converted into an electrical message that (_______________) can be transferred from
the neurons. This process is called encoding.
The second stage of memory recording is storage. In this stage, the same memory is stored
or (_______________) kept in the (f) __________ to be used in the future.
The third stage is the retrieval stage. In this stage, the memory (g) __________ was once
encoded and stored is recalled for use. For instance, when you meet the same person you met
at the party a few days ago, you will instantly recognize his face due to (_______________)
your visual memory, his voice through your (h) __________ complex and his name from your
speech centre.
Our prefrontal cortex is not the centre of all the memory; instead what we do, what we say,
what we hear and what we see are stored in different packages in (i) __________ areas of
our brain. That is why (_______________) people with a traumatic brain injury in a certain
part of the brain lose part of their memory, (j) __________ they can still relate to activities;
it is also (_______________) why people have different approaches to learning and studies.
Some study visually by seeing and drawing out things while (_______________) others are
listeners and are more kinetic learners so (_______________) they learn practically.
(Adapted from://brainmadesimple.com/memory/)
Activity 3
Complete the following sentences with information about the text.
a. En el pasado los científicos creían que _________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
b. Los tres procesos más importantes en el proceso de la memoria son:_________________
__________________________________________________________________________
c. Durante la primer etapa, ___________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
d. En la tercer etapa, ________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
e. Debido a que la corteza prefrontal no es el centro de la memoria ____________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Unit 2– English I – Psychology –Iarossi – Stéfano – UCES- 2020
Activity 4
Watch the following video: How does human memory work?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4tfh7vs0MIc
Write information about the three critical components of memory.
COMPONENT INFORMATION
IN TEXT 2
Activity 1
1. Read the article dealing with “The Stage Model of Memory”.
2. Put the following subtitles in the suitable blanks A – B – C in the same text.
(a) Short-Term Memory
(b) Sensory Memory
(c) Long-Term Memory
TEXT 2 (Part B): THE STAGE MODEL OF MEMORY
1. ______ there are several different models of memory, the stage
model of memory is often used to explain the basic structure
2. ______ function of memory. Initially proposed in 1968 by
Atkinson and Shiffrin, this theory outlines three separate stages of memory: sensory memory,
short-term memory 3. ______ long-term memory.
Unit 2– English I – Psychology –Iarossi – Stéfano – UCES- 2020
A_________________________
It is the earliest stage of memory. During this stage, information from the environment is
stored for a very brief period of time, generally for no longer than a half-second for visual
information and 3 or 4 seconds for auditory information. We attend to only certain aspects of
this memory, 4. ______ , allowing some of this information to pass into the next stage.
B__________________________
It is also known as active memory 5. ______it is the information we are currently aware of or
thinking about. In Freudian psychology, this memory would be referred to as the conscious
mind. Paying attention to the first stage memories generates the information in the following
stage memory. 6. ______, most of the information stored in active memory will be kept for
approximately 20 to 30 seconds. 7. ______ many of these memories are quickly forgotten,
attending to this information allows it to continue on the next stage.
C___________________________
It refers to the continuing storage of information. In Freudian psychology, this memory is
called the preconscious 8. ______ unconscious. This information is largely outside of our
awareness; 9. ______, it can be called into working memory to be used when needed. Some
of this information is fairly easy to recall, 10. ______ other memories are much more difficult
to access.
(Adapted from: psychology.about.com/od/cognitivepsychology/a/memory.htm)
Activity 2
Choose the correct conjunction to complete text 2 (1-10)
1 - a. as b. even though c. also
2 - a. and b. because c. or
3 - a. as well as b. or c. and
4 - a. thus b. yet c. so that
5 - a. because b. even if c. whether
6 - a. unless b. moreover c. as well
7 - a. due to b. while c. because
8 - a. or b. and c. but
9 - a. despite b. furthermore c. however
10-a. whereas b. so c. consequently
Unit 2– English I – Psychology –Iarossi – Stéfano – UCES- 2020
Activity 3
Categorize the underlined sentences into simple or complex. Choose the categorization
next to the sentence.
Activity 4
Translate the following sentences into Spanish.
(a) It is the earliest stage of memory. (SIMPLE / COMPLEX)
__________________________________________________________________________
(b) It is also known as active memory and it is the information that we are currently
aware of or thinking about. (SIMPLE / COMPLEX)
__________________________________________________________________________
(c) Paying attention to the first stage memories generates the information in the
following stage memory. (SIMPLE / COMPLEX)
__________________________________________________________________________
(d) In Freudian psychology, this memory is called the preconscious and unconscious.
(SIMPLE / COMPLEX)
__________________________________________________________________________
(e) Some of this information is fairly easy to recall, while other memories are much
more difficult to access. (SIMPLE / COMPLEX)
Parte de esta información es bastante fácil de rellamar, aunque otras memorias son mucho
más difíciles de acceder.
__________________________________________________________________________
Activity 5
Watch a video and answer the questions below
Memory test:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=TFP9rLPRI3g&feature=related
Unit 2– English I – Psychology –Iarossi – Stéfano – UCES- 2020
i. How many words did you remember from the first list?
ii. How many times did you remember from tythe second list?
iii. How are these figures relevant to the study?
40% _________________________________________________________
60% _________________________________________________________
90% _________________________________________________________
TEXT 3
Activity 1
1. Read the following article on STEREOTYPES
2. Classify the bolded words into noun, verb, adjective, adverb, pronoun, article, preposition
or conjunction.
Activity 2
Write the Spanish translation for the words in activity 1 next to the classification.
Definition: A stereotype is “...a fixed, over generalised belief about a particular group or
class of people.” (Cardwell,1996). For example, a “hell´s angel” biker dresses in leather.
One (1) advantage (____________________) of a
stereotype is that it (2) enables
(____________________) us to respond rapidly to
situations (3) because (____________________) we
had a similar experience before.
One disadvantage is that it makes us ignore (4) differences (____________________)
between individuals; therefore we (5) think (____________________) things about people
that may not be true (i.e. make generalisations).
The (6) use (____________________) of stereotypes is a major way (7) in
(____________________) which we simplify our social world; (8) since
(____________________) they reduce (9) the (____________________) amount of
processing (i.e. thinking) we have to do when we meet a new person.
Unit 2– English I – Psychology –Iarossi – Stéfano – UCES- 2020
(10) By (____________________) stereotyping (11) we (____________________) infer
that (12) a (____________________) person (13) has (____________________) a whole
range of characteristics and (14) abilities (____________________) that we assume all
members of that group have. Stereotypes lead to social categorisation: this is one (15) of
(____________________) the reasons for prejudice attitudes which leads to ingroups and
outgroups.
Most stereotypes (16) probably (____________________) tend to convey a negative
impression. Positive examples (17) include (____________________) judges (the phrase
“sober as a judge” would suggest this is a stereotype with a very (18) respectable
(____________________) set of characteristics), overweight (19) people
(____________________) (who are often seen as “jolly”) and television newsreaders (usually
seen as highly dependable, respectable and impartial). Negative stereotypes seem far more
common, (20) however (____________________).
(Adapted from:www.simplypsychology.org/katz-braly.html)
Activity 3
“Everyone is prejudiced and uses stereotypes. That’s normal.
But prejudice can lead to unequal treatment. Watch the video to
see how prejudice works and what you can do about it. Read the
answers to frequently asked questions and watch the personal
stories of some young people.” Anne Frank House (Amsterdam)
Watch a video on stereotypes and prejudices at:
https://www.annefrank.org/en/topics/prejudice-and-
stereotypes/
Write a short summary about it.
