Hospital Management System with Chatbot

Abstract

Through chatbots one can communicate with text or voice interface and get reply through
artificial intelligence. Typically, a chat bot will communicate with a real person. Chat bots are
used in applications such as ecommerce customer service, call centres and Internet gaming.
Chatbots are programs built to automatically engage with received messages. Chatbots can be
programmed to respond the same way each time, to respond differently to messages containing
certain keywords and even to use machine learning to adapt their responses to fit the situation. A
developing number of hospitals, nursing homes, and even private centres, presently utilize online
Chatbots for human services on their sites. These bots connect with potential patients visiting the
site, helping them discover specialists, booking their appointments, and getting them access to
the correct treatment. In any case, the utilization of artificial intelligence in an industry where
individuals’ lives could be in question, still starts misgivings in individuals. It brings up issues
about whether the task mentioned above ought to be assigned to human staff. This healthcare
chatbot system will help hospitals to provide healthcare support online 24 x 7, it answers deep as
well as general questions. It also helps to generate leads and automatically delivers the
information of leads to sales. By asking the questions in series it helps patients by guiding what
exactly he/she is looking for.
 INTRODUCTION

Computers give us information; they

engage us and help
us in a lot of manners. A chatbot is a
program intended to
counterfeit smart communication on a
text or speech. Yet,
this paper concentrates only on text.
Computers give us information; they
engage us and help
us in a lot of manners. A chatbot is a
program intended to
counterfeit smart communication on a
text or speech. Yet,
this paper concentrates only on text.
Computers give us information; they
engage us and help
us in a lot of manners. A chatbot is a
program intended to
counterfeit smart communication on a
text or speech. Yet,
this paper concentrates only on text.
Computers give us information; they engage us and help us in a lot of manners. A chatbot is
a program intended to counterfeit smart communication on a text or speech. Yet, this paper
concentrates only on text.

These systems can learn themselves and restore their knowledge using human assistance or
using web resources. This application is incredibly fundamental since knowledge is stored in
advance. The system application uses the question and answer protocol in the form of a chatbot
to answer user queries. This system is developed to reduce the healthcare cost and time of the
users, as it is not possible for the users to visit the doctors or experts when immediately needed

The response to the question will be replied based on the user query and knowledge base.
The significant keywords are fetched from the sentence and answer to those sentences. If the
match is discovered or the significant, answer will be given or similar answers will be displayed

The complex questions and answers present in the database are viewed and answered by an
expert. Here the users can personally ask any questions regarding healthcare, as not much time
will be wasted by the user for consulting a doctor. The input sentence of the chat pattern is stored
in an Relational Database Management System (RDBMS). The chatbot would coordinate the
input sentence from the user

keywords are extracted from the given input sentence and the sentence similarity is found.
The keyword ranking and sentence similarity are found using the N-gram, TF-IDF, and cosine
similarity. The interfaces are standalone built using the PYTHON programming language.

In this project we are designing hospital systems where chatbot will accept symptoms from
patient and then suggest doctor availability date and time for that symptoms. To send SMS to
doctor we need to have mobile service provider without that this service will not work and you
are asking to generate prescription by chatbot but we don’t have diseases and related medicines
to generate prescription so we are not doing this but chatbot will suggest doctor by taking
symptoms from patients.

Modules:

The system comprises of 3 major modules with their sub-modules as follows:

1. User:
 Registration: user need to register to get credentials.

 Login:usercan login using credentials

 Homepage: user can view the webpage

 Hospital Details:user can see the hospital details

 Doctor Details:user can view the available doctors.

 Chat with Bot:user can chat with the bot regarding the query

2. Admin:

 Login:Admin can login by using credentials.

 Manage Question & Answer:Admin can arrange questions and

answers.

 View Users:Admin can also view the users.

 Manage Hospital Details:Admin can update hospital details.

  Manage Doctor Details:Admin can update details of available
doctors.

Description
The waterfall Model is a linear sequential flow. In which progress is seen as
flowing steadily downwards (like a waterfall) through the phases of software
implementation. This means that any phase in the development process begins
only if the previous phase is complete. The waterfall approach does not define the
process to go back to the previous phase to handle changes in requirement. The
waterfall approach is the earliest approach that was used for software
development.
 Hardware Requirement:

 i3 Processor Based Computer or higher

 Memory: 1 GB
 Hard Drive: 50 GB
 Monitor
 Internet Connection

 Software Requirement:

 Windows 7 or higher
 WAMP Server
 Notepad++
 My SQL 5.5
 Google Chrome Browser
 Advantages

 Save time and money

 Generate new leads
 Guide users
 It provides support 24 x 7

 Limitation

 It requires active internet connection.

 Not all business can use chatbot.

 Application
 This system can be used by the multiple peoples to get the
counselling sessions online.
To implement this project we have designed following modules

1) Admin: admin can login to application by using username and password as

‘admin’ and then add new doctor details and give login details to all doctors.
Admin will record all in-patient details and give ID to each patient. Admin
will view all investigations and prescription given by doctor and can give
details on insurance
2) Doctor: Doctor can login to application and then view in-patient details and
then generate prescription and then update time table, online appointments
and scheduled meetings.
3) Patient: patient can login to application by using patient ID and can view
own prescription and can view doctor time table, meeting time and online
appointment time and can chat with chatbot
 5.SOFTWARE ENVIRONMENT

What is Python :-
Below are some facts about Python.

Python is currently the most widely used multi-purpose, high-level

programming language.

Python allows programming in Object-Oriented and Procedural paradigms. Python

programs generally are smaller than other programming languages like Java.

Programmers have to type relatively less and indentation requirement of the language,
makes them readable all the time.

Python language is being used by almost all tech-giant companies like – Google,
Amazon, Facebook, Instagram, Dropbox, Uber… etc.

The biggest strength of Python is huge collection of standard library which can be used
for the following –

 Machine Learning
 GUI Applications (like Kivy, Tkinter, PyQt etc. )
 Web frameworks like Django (used by YouTube, Instagram, Dropbox)
 Image processing (like Opencv, Pillow)
 Web scraping (like Scrapy, BeautifulSoup, Selenium)
 Test frameworks
 Multimedia
Advantages of Python :-

Let’s see how Python dominates over other languages.

1. Extensive Libraries

Python downloads with an extensive library and it contain code for various
purposes like regular expressions, documentation-generation, unit-testing,
web browsers, threading, databases, CGI, email, image manipulation, and
more. So, we don’t have to write the complete code for that manually.

2. Extensible

As we have seen earlier, Python can be extended to other languages. You

can write some of your code in languages like C++ or C. This comes in
handy, especially in projects.

3. Embeddable

Complimentary to extensibility, Python is embeddable as well. You can put

your Python code in your source code of a different language, like C++. This
lets us add scripting capabilities to our code in the other language.

4. Improved Productivity

The language’s simplicity and extensive libraries render programmers more

productive than languages like Java and C++ do. Also, the fact that you
need to write less and get more things done.

5. IOT Opportunities

Since Python forms the basis of new platforms like Raspberry Pi, it finds the
future bright for the Internet Of Things. This is a way to connect the
language with the real world.
6. Simple and Easy

When working with Java, you may have to create a class to print ‘Hello
World’. But in Python, just a print statement will do. It is also quite easy
to learn, understand, and code. This is why when people pick up Python,
they have a hard time adjusting to other more verbose languages like Java.

7. Readable

Because it is not such a verbose language, reading Python is much like

reading English. This is the reason why it is so easy to learn, understand,
and code. It also does not need curly braces to define blocks,
and indentation is mandatory. This further aids the readability of the
code.

8. Object-Oriented

This language supports both the procedural and object-

oriented programming paradigms. While functions help us with code
reusability, classes and objects let us model the real world. A class allows
the encapsulation of data and functions into one.

9. Free and Open-Source

Like we said earlier, Python is freely available. But not only can
you download Python for free, but you can also download its source code,
make changes to it, and even distribute it. It downloads with an extensive
collection of libraries to help you with your tasks.

10. Portable

When you code your project in a language like C++, you may need to make
some changes to it if you want to run it on another platform. But it isn’t
the same with Python. Here, you need to code only once, and you can run
it anywhere. This is called Write Once Run Anywhere (WORA). However,
you need to be careful enough not to include any system-dependent
features.

11. Interpreted

Lastly, we will say that it is an interpreted language. Since statements are

executed one by one, debugging is easier than in compiled languages.
Any doubts till now in the advantages of Python? Mention in the comment
section.

Advantages of Python Over Other Languages

1. Less Coding

Almost all of the tasks done in Python requires less coding when the same
task is done in other languages. Python also has an awesome standard
library support, so you don’t have to search for any third-party libraries to
get your job done. This is the reason that many people suggest learning
Python to beginners.

2. Affordable

Python is free therefore individuals, small companies or big organizations

can leverage the free available resources to build applications. Python is
popular and widely used so it gives you better community support.

The 2019 Github annual survey showed us that Python has overtaken
Java in the most popular programming language category.
3. Python is for Everyone

Python code can run on any machine whether it is Linux, Mac or Windows.
Programmers need to learn different languages for different jobs but with
Python, you can professionally build web apps, perform data analysis
and machine learning, automate things, do web scraping and also build
games and powerful visualizations. It is an all-rounder programming
language.

Disadvantages of Python

So far, we’ve seen why Python is a great choice for your project. But if you
choose it, you should be aware of its consequences as well. Let’s now see
the downsides of choosing Python over another language.

1. Speed Limitations

We have seen that Python code is executed line by line. But since Python is
interpreted, it often results in slow execution. This, however, isn’t a
problem unless speed is a focal point for the project. In other words, unless
high speed is a requirement, the benefits offered by Python are enough to
distract us from its speed limitations.

2. Weak in Mobile Computing and Browsers

While it serves as an excellent server-side language, Python is much rarely

seen on the client-side. Besides that, it is rarely ever used to implement
smartphone-based applications. One such application is
called Carbonnelle.
The reason it is not so famous despite the existence of Brython is that it
isn’t that secure.
3. Design Restrictions

As you know, Python is dynamically-typed. This means that you don’t

need to declare the type of variable while writing the code. It uses duck-
typing. But wait, what’s that? Well, it just means that if it looks like a
duck, it must be a duck. While this is easy on the programmers during
coding, it can raise run-time errors.

4. Underdeveloped Database Access Layers

Compared to more widely used technologies like JDBC (Java DataBase

Connectivity) and ODBC (Open DataBase Connectivity), Python’s
database access layers are a bit underdeveloped. Consequently, it is less
often applied in huge enterprises.

5. Simple

No, we’re not kidding. Python’s simplicity can indeed be a problem. Take my
example. I don’t do Java, I’m more of a Python person. To me, its syntax is
so simple that the verbosity of Java code seems unnecessary.

This was all about the Advantages and Disadvantages of Python

Programming Language.

History of Python : -

What do the alphabet and the programming language Python have in common? Right, both
start with ABC. If we are talking about ABC in the Python context, it's clear that the
programming language ABC is meant. ABC is a general-purpose programming language and
programming environment, which had been developed in the Netherlands, Amsterdam, at the
CWI (Centrum Wiskunde &Informatica). The greatest achievement of ABC was to influence
the design of Python.Python was conceptualized in the late 1980s. Guido van Rossum
worked that time in a project at the CWI, called Amoeba, a distributed operating system. In
an interview with Bill Venners1, Guido van Rossum said: "In the early 1980s, I worked as an
implementer on a team building a language called ABC at Centrum voor Wiskunde en
Informatica (CWI). I don't know how well people know ABC's influence on Python. I try to
mention ABC's influence because I'm indebted to everything I learned during that project
and to the people who worked on it."Later on in the same Interview, Guido van Rossum
continued: "I remembered all my experience and some of my frustration with ABC. I
decided to try to design a simple scripting language that possessed some of ABC's better
properties, but without its problems. So I started typing. I created a simple virtual machine, a
simple parser, and a simple runtime. I made my own version of the various ABC parts that I
liked. I created a basic syntax, used indentation for statement grouping instead of curly
braces or begin-end blocks, and developed a small number of powerful data types: a hash
table (or dictionary, as we call it), a list, strings, and numbers."

What is Machine Learning : -

Before we take a look at the details of various machine learning methods,

let's start by looking at what machine learning is, and what it isn't. Machine
learning is often categorized as a subfield of artificial intelligence, but I find
that categorization can often be misleading at first brush. The study of
machine learning certainly arose from research in this context, but in the
data science application of machine learning methods, it's more helpful to
think of machine learning as a means of building models of data.

Fundamentally, machine learning involves building mathematical models to

help understand data. "Learning" enters the fray when we give these
models tunable parameters that can be adapted to observed data; in this
way the program can be considered to be "learning" from the data. Once
these models have been fit to previously seen data, they can be used to
predict and understand aspects of newly observed data. I'll leave to the
reader the more philosophical digression regarding the extent to which this
type of mathematical, model-based "learning" is similar to the "learning"
exhibited by the human brain.Understanding the problem setting in
 machine learning is essential to using these tools effectively, and so we will
start with some broad categorizations of the types of approaches we'll
discuss here.

Categories Of Machine Leaning :-

At the most fundamental level, machine learning can be categorized into

two main types: supervised learning and unsupervised learning.

Supervised learning involves somehow modeling the relationship between

measured features of data and some label associated with the data; once
this model is determined, it can be used to apply labels to new, unknown
data. This is further subdivided into classification tasks
and regression tasks: in classification, the labels are discrete categories,
while in regression, the labels are continuous quantities. We will see
examples of both types of supervised learning in the following section.

Unsupervised learning involves modeling the features of a dataset without

reference to any label, and is often described as "letting the dataset speak
for itself." These models include tasks such as clustering and dimensionality
reduction. Clustering algorithms identify distinct groups of data, while
dimensionality reduction algorithms search for more succinct
representations of the data. We will see examples of both types of
unsupervised learning in the following section.

Need for Machine Learning

Human beings, at this moment, are the most intelligent and advanced
species on earth because they can think, evaluate and solve complex
problems. On the other side, AI is still in its initial stage and haven’t
surpassed human intelligence in many aspects. Then the question is that
 what is the need to make machine learn? The most suitable reason for
doing this is, “to make decisions, based on data, with efficiency and scale”.

Lately, organizations are investing heavily in newer technologies like

Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Deep Learning to get the key
information from data to perform several real-world tasks and solve
problems. We can call it data-driven decisions taken by machines,
particularly to automate the process. These data-driven decisions can be
used, instead of using programing logic, in the problems that cannot be
programmed inherently. The fact is that we can’t do without human
intelligence, but other aspect is that we all need to solve real-world
problems with efficiency at a huge scale. That is why the need for machine
learning arises.

Challenges in Machines Learning :-

While Machine Learning is rapidly evolving, making significant strides with

cybersecurity and autonomous cars, this segment of AI as whole still has a
long way to go. The reason behind is that ML has not been able to overcome
number of challenges. The challenges that ML is facing currently are −

Quality of data − Having good-quality data for ML algorithms is one of the

biggest challenges. Use of low-quality data leads to the problems related to
data preprocessing and feature extraction.

Time-Consuming task − Another challenge faced by ML models is the

consumption of time especially for data acquisition, feature extraction and
retrieval.

Lack of specialist persons − As ML technology is still in its infancy stage,

availability of expert resources is a tough job.
 No clear objective for formulating business problems − Having no clear
objective and well-defined goal for business problems is another key
challenge for ML because this technology is not that mature yet.

Issue of overfitting & underfitting − If the model is overfitting or

underfitting, it cannot be represented well for the problem.

Curse of dimensionality − Another challenge ML model faces is too many

features of data points. This can be a real hindrance.

Difficulty in deployment − Complexity of the ML model makes it quite

difficult to be deployed in real life.

Applications of Machines Learning :-

Machine Learning is the most rapidly growing technology and according to researchers we
are in the golden year of AI and ML. It is used to solve many real-world complex problems
which cannot be solved with traditional approach. Following are some real-world applications
of ML −

 Emotion analysis

 Sentiment analysis

 Error detection and prevention

 Weather forecasting and prediction

 Stock market analysis and forecasting

 Speech synthesis

 Speech recognition

 Customer segmentation

 Object recognition

 Fraud detection

 Fraud prevention
 Recommendation of products to customer in online shopping

How to Start Learning Machine Learning?

Arthur Samuel coined the term “Machine Learning” in 1959 and defined it
as a “Field of study that gives computers the capability to learn without
being explicitly programmed”.
And that was the beginning of Machine Learning! In modern times, Machine
Learning is one of the most popular (if not the most!) career choices.
According to Indeed, Machine Learning Engineer Is The Best Job of 2019
with a 344% growth and an average base salary of $146,085 per year.
But there is still a lot of doubt about what exactly is Machine Learning and
how to start learning it? So this article deals with the Basics of Machine
Learning and also the path you can follow to eventually become a full-
fledged Machine Learning Engineer. Now let’s get started!!!

How to start learning ML?

This is a rough roadmap you can follow on your way to becoming an

insanely talented Machine Learning Engineer. Of course, you can always
modify the steps according to your needs to reach your desired end-goal!

Step 1 – Understand the Prerequisites

In case you are a genius, you could start ML directly but normally, there are
some prerequisites that you need to know which include Linear Algebra,
Multivariate Calculus, Statistics, and Python. And if you don’t know these,
never fear! You don’t need a Ph.D. degree in these topics to get started but
you do need a basic understanding.
(a) Learn Linear Algebra and Multivariate Calculus

Both Linear Algebra and Multivariate Calculus are important in Machine

Learning. However, the extent to which you need them depends on your role
as a data scientist. If you are more focused on application heavy machine
learning, then you will not be that heavily focused on maths as there are
many common libraries available. But if you want to focus on R&D in
Machine Learning, then mastery of Linear Algebra and Multivariate Calculus
is very important as you will have to implement many ML algorithms from
scratch.

(b) Learn Statistics

Data plays a huge role in Machine Learning. In fact, around 80% of your
time as an ML expert will be spent collecting and cleaning data. And
statistics is a field that handles the collection, analysis, and presentation of
data. So it is no surprise that you need to learn it!!!
Some of the key concepts in statistics that are important are Statistical
Significance, Probability Distributions, Hypothesis Testing, Regression, etc.
Also, Bayesian Thinking is also a very important part of ML which deals with
various concepts like Conditional Probability, Priors, and Posteriors,
Maximum Likelihood, etc.

(c) Learn Python

Some people prefer to skip Linear Algebra, Multivariate Calculus and

Statistics and learn them as they go along with trial and error. But the one
thing that you absolutely cannot skip is Python! While there are other
languages you can use for Machine Learning like R, Scala, etc. Python is
currently the most popular language for ML. In fact, there are many Python
 libraries that are specifically useful for Artificial Intelligence and Machine
Learning such as Keras, TensorFlow, Scikit-learn, etc.
So if you want to learn ML, it’s best if you learn Python! You can do that
using various online resources and courses such as Fork Python available
Free on GeeksforGeeks.

Step 2 – Learn Various ML Concepts

Now that you are done with the prerequisites, you can move on to actually
learning ML (Which is the fun part!!!) It’s best to start with the basics and
then move on to the more complicated stuff. Some of the basic concepts in
ML are:

(a) Terminologies of Machine Learning

 Model – A model is a specific representation learned from data by applying some machine
learning algorithm. A model is also called a hypothesis.
 Feature – A feature is an individual measurable property of the data. A set of numeric
features can be conveniently described by a feature vector. Feature vectors are fed as input to
the model. For example, in order to predict a fruit, there may be features like color, smell,
taste, etc.
 Target (Label) – A target variable or label is the value to be predicted by our model. For the
fruit example discussed in the feature section, the label with each set of input would be the
name of the fruit like apple, orange, banana, etc.
 Training – The idea is to give a set of inputs(features) and it’s expected outputs(labels), so
after training, we will have a model (hypothesis) that will then map new data to one of the
categories trained on.
 Prediction – Once our model is ready, it can be fed a set of inputs to which it will provide a
predicted output(label).
 (b) Types of Machine Learning

 Supervised Learning – This involves learning from a training dataset with labeled data using
classification and regression models. This learning process continues until the required level of
performance is achieved.
 Unsupervised Learning – This involves using unlabelled data and then finding the underlying
structure in the data in order to learn more and more about the data itself using factor and
cluster analysis models.
 Semi-supervised Learning – This involves using unlabelled data like Unsupervised Learning
with a small amount of labeled data. Using labeled data vastly increases the learning accuracy
and is also more cost-effective than Supervised Learning.
 Reinforcement Learning – This involves learning optimal actions through trial and error. So
the next action is decided by learning behaviors that are based on the current state and that will
maximize the reward in the future.
Advantages of Machine learning :-

1. Easily identifies trends and patterns -

Machine Learning can review large volumes of data and discover specific trends and patterns
that would not be apparent to humans. For instance, for an e-commerce website like Amazon, it
serves to understand the browsing behaviors and purchase histories of its users to help cater to
the right products, deals, and reminders relevant to them. It uses the results to reveal relevant
advertisements to them.

2. No human intervention needed (automation)

With ML, you don’t need to babysit your project every step of the way. Since it means giving
machines the ability to learn, it lets them make predictions and also improve the algorithms on
their own. A common example of this is anti-virus softwares; they learn to filter new threats as
they are recognized. ML is also good at recognizing spam.
3. Continuous Improvement

As ML algorithms gain experience, they keep improving in accuracy and efficiency. This lets
them make better decisions. Say you need to make a weather forecast model. As the amount of
data you have keeps growing, your algorithms learn to make more accurate predictions faster.

4. Handling multi-dimensional and multi-variety data

Machine Learning algorithms are good at handling data that are multi-dimensional and multi-
variety, and they can do this in dynamic or uncertain environments.

5. Wide Applications

You could be an e-tailer or a healthcare provider and make ML work for you. Where it does
apply, it holds the capability to help deliver a much more personal experience to customers
while also targeting the right customers.

Disadvantages of Machine Learning :-

1. Data Acquisition

Machine Learning requires massive data sets to train on, and these should be
inclusive/unbiased, and of good quality. There can also be times where they must wait for new
data to be generated.

2. Time and Resources

ML needs enough time to let the algorithms learn and develop enough to fulfill
their purpose with a considerable amount of accuracy and relevancy. It also
needs massive resources to function. This can mean additional requirements
of computer power for you.

3. Interpretation of Results

Another major challenge is the ability to accurately interpret results generated by the
algorithms. You must also carefully choose the algorithms for your purpose.
 4. High error-susceptibility

Machine Learning is autonomous but highly susceptible to errors. Suppose you train an
algorithm with data sets small enough to not be inclusive. You end up with biased predictions
coming from a biased training set. This leads to irrelevant advertisements being displayed to
customers. In the case of ML, such blunders can set off a chain of errors that can go undetected
for long periods of time. And when they do get noticed, it takes quite some time to recognize
the source of the issue, and even longer to correct it.

Python Development Steps : -

Guido Van Rossum published the first version of Python code (version 0.9.0) at alt.sources in
February 1991. This release included already exception handling, functions, and the core data
types of list, dict, str and others. It was also object oriented and had a module system.
Python version 1.0 was released in January 1994. The major new features included in this
release were the functional programming tools lambda, map, filter and reduce, which Guido
Van Rossum never liked.Six and a half years later in October 2000, Python 2.0 was
introduced. This release included list comprehensions, a full garbage collector and it was
supporting unicode.Python flourished for another 8 years in the versions 2.x before the next
major release as Python 3.0 (also known as "Python 3000" and "Py3K") was released. Python
3 is not backwards compatible with Python 2.x. The emphasis in Python 3 had been on the
removal of duplicate programming constructs and modules, thus fulfilling or coming close to
fulfilling the 13th law of the Zen of Python: "There should be one -- and preferably only one --
obvious way to do it."Some changes in Python 7.3:

 Print is now a function

 Views and iterators instead of lists
 The rules for ordering comparisons have been simplified. E.g. a heterogeneous list cannot be
sorted, because all the elements of a list must be comparable to each other.
 There is only one integer type left, i.e. int. long is int as well.
 The division of two integers returns a float instead of an integer. "//" can be used to have the
"old" behaviour.
 Text Vs. Data Instead Of Unicode Vs. 8-bit

Purpose :-

We demonstrated that our approach enables successful segmentation of intra-retinal layers—

even with low-quality images containing speckle noise, low contrast, and different intensity
ranges throughout—with the assistance of the ANIS feature.

Python

Python is an interpreted high-level programming language for general-purpose

programming. Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991, Python has a design
philosophy that emphasizes code readability, notably using significant whitespace.

Python features a dynamic type system and automatic memory management. It supports
multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative, functional and
procedural, and has a large and comprehensive standard library.

 Python is Interpreted − Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You do not need to
compile your program before executing it. This is similar to PERL and PHP.
 Python is Interactive − you can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with the
interpreter directly to write your programs.
Python also acknowledges that speed of development is important. Readable and terse
code is part of this, and so is access to powerful constructs that avoid tedious repetition of
code. Maintainability also ties into this may be an all but useless metric, but it does say
something about how much code you have to scan, read and/or understand to
troubleshoot problems or tweak behaviors. This speed of development, the ease with
which a programmer of other languages can pick up basic Python skills and the huge
standard library is key to another area where Python excels. All its tools have been quick to
implement, saved a lot of time, and several of them have later been patched and updated
by people with no Python background - without breaking.
 Modules Used in Project :-

Tensorflow

TensorFlow is a free and open-source software library for dataflow and

differentiable programming across a range of tasks. It is a symbolic math
library, and is also used for machine learning applications such as neural
networks. It is used for both research and production at Google.‍

TensorFlow was developed by the Google Brain team for internal Google
use. It was released under the Apache 2.0 open-source license on November
9, 2015.

Numpy

Numpy is a general-purpose array-processing package. It provides a high-performance

multidimensional array object, and tools for working with these arrays.

It is the fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. It contains various
features including these important ones:

 A powerful N-dimensional array object

 Sophisticated (broadcasting) functions
 Tools for integrating C/C++ and Fortran code
 Useful linear algebra, Fourier transform, and random number capabilities
Besides its obvious scientific uses, Numpy can also be used as an efficient multi-dimensional
container of generic data. Arbitrary data-types can be defined using Numpy which allows
Numpy to seamlessly and speedily integrate with a wide variety of databases.

Pandas

Pandas is an open-source Python Library providing high-performance data

manipulation and analysis tool using its powerful data structures. Python
was majorly used for data munging and preparation. It had very little
contribution towards data analysis. Pandas solved this problem. Using
Pandas, we can accomplish five typical steps in the processing and analysis
of data, regardless of the origin of data load, prepare, manipulate, model,
and analyze. Python with Pandas is used in a wide range of fields including
academic and commercial domains including finance, economics, Statistics,
analytics, etc.

Matplotlib

Matplotlib is a Python 2D plotting library which produces publication

quality figures in a variety of hardcopy formats and interactive
environments across platforms. Matplotlib can be used in Python scripts,
the Python and IPython shells, the Jupyter Notebook, web application
servers, and four graphical user interface toolkits. Matplotlib tries to make
easy things easy and hard things possible. You can generate plots,
histograms, power spectra, bar charts, error charts, scatter plots, etc., with
just a few lines of code. For examples, see the sample plots and thumbnail
gallery.

For simple plotting the pyplot module provides a MATLAB-like interface,

particularly when combined with IPython. For the power user, you have full
control of line styles, font properties, axes properties, etc, via an object
oriented interface or via a set of functions familiar to MATLAB users.

Scikit – learn

Scikit-learn provides a range of supervised and unsupervised learning algorithms via a

consistent interface in Python. It is licensed under a permissive simplified BSD license and is
distributed under many Linux distributions, encouraging academic and commercial use.
Python

Python is an interpreted high-level programming language for general-purpose

programming. Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991, Python has a design
philosophy that emphasizes code readability, notably using significant whitespace.
 Python features a dynamic type system and automatic memory management. It supports
multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative, functional and
procedural, and has a large and comprehensive standard library.

 Python is Interpreted − Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You do not need to
compile your program before executing it. This is similar to PERL and PHP.
 Python is Interactive − you can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with the
interpreter directly to write your programs.
Python also acknowledges that speed of development is important. Readable and terse
code is part of this, and so is access to powerful constructs that avoid tedious repetition of
code. Maintainability also ties into this may be an all but useless metric, but it does say
something about how much code you have to scan, read and/or understand to
troubleshoot problems or tweak behaviors. This speed of development, the ease with
which a programmer of other languages can pick up basic Python skills and the huge
standard library is key to another area where Python excels. All its tools have been quick to
implement, saved a lot of time, and several of them have later been patched and updated
by people with no Python background - without breaking.

Install Python Step-by-Step in Windows and Mac :

Python a versatile programming language doesn’t come pre-installed on

your computer devices. Python was first released in the year 1991 and
until today it is a very popular high-level programming language. Its style
philosophy emphasizes code readability with its notable use of great
whitespace.
The object-oriented approach and language construct provided by Python
enables programmers to write both clear and logical code for projects. This
software does not come pre-packaged with Windows.
How to Install Python on Windows and Mac :

There have been several updates in the Python version over the years. The
question is how to install Python? It might be confusing for the beginner who
is willing to start learning Python but this tutorial will solve your query. The
latest or the newest version of Python is version 3.7.4 or in other words, it is
Python 3.
Note: The python version 3.7.4 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier
devices.

Before you start with the installation process of Python. First, you need to
know about your System Requirements. Based on your system type i.e.
operating system and based processor, you must download the python
version. My system type is a Windows 64-bit operating system. So the steps
below are to install python version 3.7.4 on Windows 7 device or to install
Python 3. Download the Python Cheatsheet here.The steps on how to install
Python on Windows 10, 8 and 7 are divided into 4 parts to help understand
better.

Download the Correct version into the system

Step 1: Go to the official site to download and install python using Google Chrome or any other
web browser. OR Click on the following link: https://www.python.org
Now, check for the latest and the correct version for your operating system.

Step 2: Click on the Download Tab.

Step 3: You can either select the Download Python for windows 3.7.4 button in Yellow Color
or you can scroll further down and click on download with respective to their version. Here,
we are downloading the most recent python version for windows 3.7.4
Step 4: Scroll down the page until you find the Files option.

Step 5: Here you see a different version of python along with the operating
system.

• To download Windows 32-bit python, you can select any one from the three
options: Windows x86 embeddable zip file, Windows x86 executable installer
or Windows x86 web-based installer.
•To download Windows 64-bit python, you can select any one from the three
options: Windows x86-64 embeddable zip file, Windows x86-64 executable
installer or Windows x86-64 web-based installer.
Here we will install Windows x86-64 web-based installer. Here your first part
regarding which version of python is to be downloaded is completed. Now we
move ahead with the second part in installing python i.e. Installation
Note: To know the changes or updates that are made in the version you can
click on the Release Note Option.
Installation of Python
Step 1: Go to Download and Open the downloaded python version to carry
out the installation process.

Step 2: Before you click on Install Now, Make sure to put a tick on Add
Python 3.7 to PATH.
Step 3: Click on Install NOW After the installation is successful. Click on
Close.
With these above three steps on python installation, you have successfully
and correctly installed Python. Now is the time to verify the installation.
Note: The installation process might take a couple of minutes.

Verify the Python Installation

Step 1: Click on Start
Step 2: In the Windows Run Command, type “cmd”.

Step 3: Open the Command prompt option.

Step 4: Let us test whether the python is correctly installed. Type python –
V and press Enter.
Step 5: You will get the answer as 3.7.4
Note: If you have any of the earlier versions of Python already installed. You
must first uninstall the earlier version and then install the new one.

Check how the Python IDLE works

Step 1: Click on Start
Step 2: In the Windows Run command, type “python idle”.

Step 3: Click on IDLE (Python 3.7 64-bit) and launch the program
Step 4: To go ahead with working in IDLE you must first save the file. Click
on File > Click on Save
 Step 5: Name the file and save as type should be Python files. Click on SAVE.
Here I have named the files as Hey World.
Step 6: Now for e.g. enter print
 6.SYSTEM TEST

The purpose of testing is to discover errors. Testing is the process of trying to discover every
conceivable fault or weakness in a work product. It provides a way to check the functionality of
components, sub assemblies, assemblies and/or a finished product It is the process of exercising
software with the intent of ensuring that the Software system meets its requirements and user
expectations and does not fail in an unacceptable manner. There are various types of test. Each
test type addresses a specific testing requirement.

TYPES OF TESTS
Unit testing
Unit testing involves the design of test cases that validate that the internal
program logic is functioning properly, and that program inputs produce valid outputs. All
decision branches and internal code flow should be validated. It is the testing of individual
software units of the application .it is done after the completion of an individual unit before
integration. This is a structural testing, that relies on knowledge of its construction and is
invasive. Unit tests perform basic tests at component level and test a specific business process,
application, and/or system configuration. Unit tests ensure that each unique path of a business
process performs accurately to the documented specifications and contains clearly defined inputs
and expected results.

Integration testing
Integration tests are designed to test integrated software components to
determine if they actually run as one program. Testing is event driven and is more concerned
with the basic outcome of screens or fields. Integration tests demonstrate that although the
components were individually satisfaction, as shown by successfully unit testing, the
combination of components is correct and consistent. Integration testing is specifically aimed at
exposing the problems that arise from the combination of components.

Functional test
Functional tests provide systematic demonstrations that functions tested are
available as specified by the business and technical requirements, system documentation, and
user manuals.
Functional testing is centered on the following items:

Valid Input : identified classes of valid input must be accepted.

Invalid Input : identified classes of invalid input must be rejected.

Functions : identified functions must be exercised.

Output : identified classes of application outputs must be exercised.

Systems/Procedures : interfacing systems or procedures must be invoked.

 Organization and preparation of functional tests is focused on requirements, key
functions, or special test cases. In addition, systematic coverage pertaining to identify Business
process flows; data fields, predefined processes, and successive processes must be considered for
testing. Before functional testing is complete, additional tests are identified and the effective
value of current tests is determined.

System Test
System testing ensures that the entire integrated software system meets
requirements. It tests a configuration to ensure known and predictable results. An example of
system testing is the configuration oriented system integration test. System testing is based on
process descriptions and flows, emphasizing pre-driven process links and integration points.

White Box Testing

White Box Testing is a testing in which in which the software tester has
knowledge of the inner workings, structure and language of the software, or at least its purpose.
It is purpose. It is used to test areas that cannot be reached from a black box level.

Black Box Testing

Black Box Testing is testing the software without any knowledge of the inner
workings, structure or language of the module being tested. Black box tests, as most other kinds
of tests, must be written from a definitive source document, such as specification or requirements
document, such as specification or requirements document. It is a testing in which the software
under test is treated, as a black box .you cannot “see” into it. The test provides inputs and
responds to outputs without considering how the software works.
Unit Testing

Unit testing is usually conducted as part of a combined code and unit test phase
of the software lifecycle, although it is not uncommon for coding and unit testing to be
conducted as two distinct phases.

Test strategy and approach

Field testing will be performed manually and functional tests will be written in
detail.
Test objectives
 All field entries must work properly.
 Pages must be activated from the identified link.
 The entry screen, messages and responses must not be delayed.

Features to be tested
 Verify that the entries are of the correct format
 No duplicate entries should be allowed
 All links should take the user to the correct page.
Integration Testing
Software integration testing is the incremental integration testing of two or more
integrated software components on a single platform to produce failures caused by interface
defects.

The task of the integration test is to check that components or software applications, e.g.
components in a software system or – one step up – software applications at the company level –
interact without error.

Test Results: All the test cases mentioned above passed successfully. No defects encountered.

Acceptance Testing
User Acceptance Testing is a critical phase of any project and requires significant participation
by the end user. It also ensures that the system meets the functional requirements.

Test Results: All the test cases mentioned above passed successfully. No defects encountered.
 SCREENSHOTS

In above screen server started and now open browser and enter URL as
http://127.0.0.1:8000/index.html and press enter key to get below output

In above screen click on ‘Admin’ link to get below screen

In above screen admin is login and after login will get below screen

In above screen click on ‘Add Doctors’ link to add new doctor details
In above screen admin will ad doctor details and in last field admin will add doctor
speciality separate with spaces so CHATBOT can match this with patient
symptoms and suggest doctor and now press button to save details

In above screen doctor details added and now click on ‘View doctors’ link to view
all available doctors
In above screen we can see all doctor details and now click on ‘Add In-Patients’
link to add patient details

In above screen admin will select appropriate doctor for patient and then enter
patient id as 0 if this patient is new so application will generate new ID and if old
patient then you can enter existing patient ID and enter remaining details and press
button to get below details

In above screen patient details added and generated ID is 2 and now click on ‘View
Investigations’ link to view all patients details
In above screen if doctor not given any prescription to any patient then it will
display ‘Pending’ otherwise display the given prescription. Now click on
“Insurance Info” link to view insurance details like below screen

In above screen you need to write some insurance description so admin can explain
to patients and now logout and login as patients
In above screen doctor is login and after login will get below screen

In above screen doctor can click on ‘View Patients Reports’ link to view In-Patient
details and then generate prescription

In above screen doctor can view all patient details and then click on ‘Click Here’
link to give prescription to patient
In above screen doctor is giving prescription to patient and press button to generate
prescription like below screen

In above screen prescription generated and now click on ‘Update Time Table’ link
to add time details
In above screen doctor will select date and then select time slot for time table and
press button to update timing

In above screen time table updated and similarly doctor can update meeting and
online appointment timings and now logout and login as patient like below screen
In above screen patient is login by entering his ID and press button to get below
screen

In above screen patient can click on ‘View Prescription’ link to view prescription
given by doctor
In above screen in prescription column patient can view the doctor’s prescription
and now click on ‘View Time Table’ link to view all doctors available timing

In above screen patient can view the doctor availability details and similarly
patient can view meetings and online appointment timing and now click on ‘Chat’
link to get below screen
In above screen patient entered some symptoms and press button to get response
from chatbot like below screen

In above screen for given symptoms chatbot suggested doctor raju with date and
time and now try another symptoms
In above screen entered symptoms as cough and cold and below is the response

In above screen we got response from chatbot and if u give unrelated query then it
will reply ‘Not Available’

Note: For each doctor add his time table so chatbot can suggest doctor and time to
patients
 Reference
 https://shsu-ir.tdl.org/shsu-ir/bitstream/handle/
20.500.11875/1164/0781.pdf?sequence=1
 https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6208293/
 https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4679917/