ON SCIENCE a ela ag) stg Charles P. Gerba Mark L. BrusseauProce The Titers xvi Conmbiting Aathoss ne Lae Depsmtment of Sol, Water ond uvironspenal erence (SES) xe Part 1 PROCESSES AFFECTING FATE AND TRANSPORT OF CONTAMINANTS. CHAPTER 1 The Extent of Global Polfution 3 LL, Pepper, CY. Gerbe, and SLL. Brasseas Scienceund Palluton Global Persciea the Fasionment 8 Pollution snd Population Prosi 4 Onervicn of Envikonmena] Charseerition— & 14.1 Soil andthe Scbmuface 8 12 Water Val Ale 8 LS Advances in Arayical Petetign Tevtmalogy — 10 1.5.1 advances ia Chemical Analysis 20 1.52. Advencesia Bistogical Avssis 10 US The Risk Hared Apprcoch t Palietion Scisnes 14) UL Was Management. Sie Remediation, ard scesyst2n Resimaion (2 Rekrenees and Additonal easing, WZ 1 1 1 1 CHAPTER 2 Physical-Chemical Characteristics of Soils and the Subsurfnce 13 LL Pepperand ME. Brwssne 2A Sealand Subseeties Envitonmants 4 2 Soll Paige it 221 Solltiofie 222 Prinaay PariolesaneSeutevaure 16 234 SolSinuente 36 w ‘ABLE OF CONTENTS BRE Soll pH 1S 2.26 Orgmic Mater 19 37 Vass Zone Solid Phase 20 Gaseoms these 2) 23.) Consens Seil Avner 2 BILL Availabilty af Onsen und Sail Respicaive 20 2.8 Grnvus Phase Within the Vadose Zane 2s Lagu rise 22 Bani Moysical Popes 2 25.) Bulk Deny 2? 252 Panty 27 25 Soll War Content 24 244 Soll Teneratuse 2 ‘Questionsand Problems 23 eterences and Addisona Hescing 23 cHapTER 3 Physical-Chemical Characteristics of Waters 24 oe. la thon, MEL. Broun asl, Bitsinmans The Wary Planet 28 SL Distution 25 312 Tae Hpurologte Cvele Unicus Propenics of Water 3.2.1 Swuetrs aud Volriy 322 Theenal Properies Mechanical Properties 27 331 Inercepiun, Fesporaein, Tetration, Ruool! 2° ‘The Univsreal Soleout 28 41 Concentration Torminoleey’ 29 342 Oxvgenand Winer Geses in Water 28 343 Carbon Dronidein Water 39 Osidtion Redaction Messtions 32 Light in Aquite Fovirgerninis 38 ROI Light Exerey 87 3.62 Light stand Bslow tte Wetcr Surtco 4 Occ Bul Saks 372 Transpectand Aseria of Plutus 4 323 Wave Moepbeiogy acdCurrents 433 sa ul cra Las and Reverveies: The Lente Syseen 15 341 Lewie Typokwy 13 382 Trophic State 483 Density and Loyering 98 Sirens anc Rivers “Tae Lovie System 37 39 Steam Morphomeiry JF 392 Stnam liyeranlics 18 ‘Groundweler—Wateron the Suostuface 3 3.A01 Water in ibe Sabwartice 39 VLN2 Peatcigies of Swomurtace Water Mowe 40 2403 Dergysbaw EU Mydrealie Candhetnvity «2 AWactshudl Apnach 4 ‘Quesonsard Pratiems 44 References nd Addiconal Reading 45 TER + Physical-Chemical Characteristics of the Atmosphere 43 4 42 cua Bi a 5A 53 54 55 56 ST 58 59. 46 Matra, St, Mast, wad 112, Boles Chemicil Compoiilon 37 Physica Properies ana scucure 4 4.2.1 Beas, Presouee, and Wied 5 42.2 tempermme 37 42.5 Water Vsporand Precipiation $5 424 Radiatwe Lransfer 3 425 Laweratmonpliae 50 42.6 Upper Aumowphere 37 Questonsand Problems 52 Reterenies aml AddivonalReasing, 57 PTER S ractcristics of the Eaviroamenl ‘pper ond KE. Fesenton Major Groof Organon: 59 Microorgnaivns in Surlivs Soils 67 S21 Beene 6t S211 Meds ofmuntin —6¢ 5212 typectelceranaccopir a 52.1.3 Gcelogwal classification 65 52.1.4 Dowieanceutuntle oil bacera 65 52.15 Distributing andfureson 68 522 Emel 66 323 Algce 08 S24 Trotwzoa 68 Microetganist inthe Subeerfuce 49 Wigingwal Cenersico of Enerey 6 Seal asan Enviernment toe Mienbes. 7 321 BioticSires 10 522 sbolie Ses 77 Activity ad Yhyriological Sate of Micrsbssin Sil 72 tenurietation of So Bactria visiladon and Plving 73 Moroocpanime in Air 7H 38.1 Incisence ot wionerosols 72 28.2 Fae and Teansoor of Bioaercsols Microorganisrs in Surface Waters 76 88.1 Goasril Charactoriice of Mictobial AguaticEnviconmens 16 Quecioneand Probie 77 References an Additonal Rensing 77 cHaprer 6 Physical Processes Affecting Contaminant Transport and Fate 75 Hd, Broo SL Contaminwri Teewpor and Fein he Saviroament 79 62. Contumnan! Propenioe 8) 63 Advection 82 64 Digpewion #2 fS Mais Transfer 3 5 Tronstonmation Reactions — 89 87 Chacuctersing Spat and Temporal Diseibutlons of Contaminants 83 Estimating Phase Dismbatons pf Comannaos 85 ‘Guunetving Conteminamt Transport am Fate A Quesuoesand Pratems 87 references and Adcieonal Reading 65 58 5a CHAPTER 7 Chemical Processes Affecting Contaminant Tramsportand Wate 89 Wd, Brusca aad. Chane TA topeduerion 96 72. Basie Fiozerties of Iocysais Coatimaimnts 9 721 Specatine oftncrgonic Pollutants 0 73.2 Aqueous Phaze Acciesand Conecnmations 60 2.25 tun Hyebstion. fan Hyatolysts, a cists Reins #1 2.24 Aqacous Phase Complexion Reactions 93 225 PeccpresoaDissohtionReveions 89 ssi Propemes of Crgonie Contmniauaty $4 FAL Phasee Sobds, Liquids, Gases 9 32 Disloen and Aqueous Solubl ides of Orgame Conaminants 95 Ad Evapontion of Onginie Conurninanis 96 734 Volaiization of Ongunic Commins 3k Muleple-Corpenant Crganie Phiser 6 Somption Processes 9? 7.1 Ingepanics 97 3242 Orpaics 98 7.4.3. Magainuds and Rete of Sorption Abioti Trauafonnstion Resctien: 251 Nydas te 7.3.2 Osldavon-Keauetion Kesetions 3.53 Phothemisal Reactions 102 TSA Radiative Decay 1 TS Qualifying Trantor Rates Queioneend Probleme 104 Referensce and Adio! Roding woo 1a 04 ma a4 CHAPTER & Biological Processes Affecting Contaminant Transport and Fate 205 BM. Mosier 1 Biologist! kffeet om Pulitaars 106 82. TheCverall recess of Biodseradtion 126fi Micobial Aciviny a Blodegradaion 10 AM Envivouacwal Bifects en Bindegiadation 144 3.1.1 Onygen td otter Lined alsetion sesepires 100 83.1.2 Meioial pepulitions ani arganie mater woven TUT 8313 Niowgsn UL 832 Pelhvane Stowe — LL Sa Riodegradsnen Patbways JL? R41 Brodeptedanon Under Aerobic Conditions 572 84.1.1 Abphauetydioserbons 1/2 $412 Aromat hydicexsbons 11 EAB Alieysic hydrcarbens 17 8A Biodegrdition Unier Antrahic Conlitioas 115 $421 Aliphatic tydraserboms 11S 34.22 Aromatic hudioctbons 116 Trewinmation of Metal Polluns 27 $5.1 Texts olMealsen Micobial Menbetinn 148 SQ Migvbial Trantineations of zala 18 Questions and Prebiems 120 Aaferencey nal Adinal Reading 120 part 2 MONITORING, ASSESSMENT, AND REGULATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CHAPTER 9 Physical Contaminant J. Walworth aud LL. Pepper 123 D1 Panicle Crigins 12 92 Panis Sis 104 92.1 Nasoparicls 1 93° Parisles in Air or Acrosoly 25 Yd Aetosols of Concern 125 GSA Asbestor 126 D312 Site 124 BLS Humanemdeacroccls 127 931M Biers 128 94 Yomiculaes in Wester 128 Gall Sul Paniches 138 94.1.1 Soll particle Hoceulation £29 DS Sueny 290 ‘Quesponsand Problems (31 Reteyngys and AddionalRaadieg 131 CHAPTER 10 Chemical Contaminants 132 ML, Brvseens, CM MCR. G. Pamisan aml F Aetifa Wt uteoauetion 133 102 Typesor Contaminants 132 103. Suyurces Agrvularal Actities 132 VO Sources Inusenl aval Mirnuctaring Activities 138 L$ Soures Minicinal Waste 728 Las Sourpes: ScrvieeRelated Achiaties 447 {D7 Yowces Kesource Exacta Fiowsicn 47 1D Sauces Aecloactive Comaminants 140 19 Natural Sosees ofCoataminants M7 Quedionsandrodlens 143 Raferences ard Aldona Reading CHAPTER 11 Microbial Concamimants 444 OP, Gerba anal Papper LiL Water-Reluted Whecabval Desease 123 112 Claserer Diseases and Lypen of Pathogsas 06 U2 Typerof Pathagenie Orgenaans 47 Wha) Vimwer 14? 1133 Basrona 148 \L32d Enenetacters 798 M1322 Lepienella 152 11323 Opperuristi baccnal patogens 151 TW 224 beatae hastens 1S 113.23 The Most Pronable Number iurjes 13 11326 the MembrancTileriMPpwst 154 11327 ho tresence-abwenre PASO IST 11328 Feealseptocasct 187 11329 Hottwtophierlste cow 138 1132.10 Brwstiophage 258 LLB Protoeor 358 IRE Giarsia 180 1332 Copexporidaun — 100 Haba tlelmlads 150 IBS BhueGieen Algae 162 114 Soursar of Pathogens i the Environment 167 U1 Sludge 164 (142 Solid Wane 6 11.3. Fars aml Transpon of Paes i tae Buvironeseer 165 THL6 Stimecding Cotein For Haioatars 103 Questions apd Problems 168 References and Addition Rowing 168 cuaprer 12 The Role of Environmental Monitoring in Polluthon Seleuce 270 LF aot and MT. Arse (2.2 umeducin 71 (2.2. Sarapling ond Monitoring Basics 77 (23 Stmittice and Goostiaten 172 (De Sampling ne Mamitring Tas 125 nal Migs 173 TPA Rewore Senvaring 128 125 Soil and Vadase Zone Sarmpling snd Menituing 776 126 Groundwarer Sampling nd Monitormg 177 122 sufaee Waree Sampling ane Monitoring 19 IEE Aunosphee Sampling and Menitesing 179 129 Conclusions 187 Quesdore andfrcklers 182 Refereneraand Adsiion! Reading $22 crater 13 Environmental Teaicology 283 CP. Gora INL History of Made Tosicity inthe United Stetoy 74 132 Toris VessasNomtoxie 14133° taposure and Dose 18 134 Talula Toxieky 186 [Ral Manilesatioan of Vnsiciy 187 142 Tewcily Tering 8 IRS Taaitily Toss lneCorvivogeniciny 180 12 Endomolcgied Suies 14 1345 Son-Tom Tes Su Tosisky 192 Gale Hveshols kifeeis 182 Respameste Posie Substance 19% IZ 1 Abperplion GE 1K Distibusion 198 JAE Esention 745 J338 Mewbolin 195 IES Biotraneforvaion ef Loricans 145 \RSi6 Pasa! Vansformaions 105 1357 Phase Tearsienmatwins 196 134 Caremogns 197 137 Mumyens 199 138 Taralugew 209 IR9 Chonsed Texiciy: Geooul Coraiderviom 207 TAtb Chemieal Tovicig Soloed Snbstancee 202 [Link].1 Heavy Metals 202 13.10.2 texans Raionucces 295 1.10.3 fenethides 207 L304 Hlebicidey 298 1310S Aalogsnited Hydrocarbons 205 ett arbPrbtenne 214 Aferanser ard Addkional Reading 204 1 Cuaprer 14 Risk Assessment — 222 CP Geri 4.1 The Coneep! of Risk Assessineot 182. ThePrvcess of Risk Assesricat 13.1 ened doar feation 1422 Haponate Ascenrven 275 1425 Tose Response Arseosmem 207 1424 Risk Chanwtenvatien 222 L241 Cagcerrisks 220 143.42 Nonoaners tsk 142.45 Lacectaing aaclin 14344 Bik preyestins aed geet 225 L424 laardous waste rst assesment 223 4.3 Gonleyjeal Risk ssesumetn 2d HA Micrabal Risk Asseserent 25 Queene ns Prosbome 217 Pafeenser ac tonal Reading, 234 cHaprer 15, Environmental Lays and Regulutions 232 CP. Garbo and C. Sravh 5.1 Regulauey Overview 234 52 The Sali Brivking WaterAcl 234 IS3 Thelen Water Act 238 Comprehensive Envizonncenal Reegonss, Compson aan Lisbility Act Ins Fextotal usoctcige and Rocenticlae Act 288 Clan ain Net 288 Resource Crmervarign and esoveny Act IRERA) 23 33 ThePolluion Provostion Ast 245 Other Regulatory Agoacivasnd Needs 220 Questions and Problem 240 Hefermsee an Addiaonal Raadirg 240 LAND AND WATER POLLUTION MITIGATION, CHAPTER 16 Soil and Land Pollution — 243 AP Artiol, LE. Walworth, SA Must and WA. Cronanias 161 Towocuerem 244 162 Suties Manny 24 162.1 Mine talogs 248 122 AirTinissan 245 163. Delorentation 24S 163.1 Tol Land Polition ia Defocestition 284 16.3.2 Regional Aur Quality mpacte oF Defovesiauen 26 164 Soll Acicity -Saliniyy "246 WAT Acid Sly 216 1642 Salinay 24 16S Soilresion 26 IGS.1 Soi. waver Erosion and Contrat 16.52 Soit Wind trosion and Conued 249 L6G) sgecubural Aciviies 240 1641 Fenilinre 208 Vas? Pestcsles 256 165.24 Types ofpostcides 25" $6622 Eaten orpesccdeue 275 V6h2] Fare obpenisidey 2 167 ssnimat Wastes 257 1671 Newpoirt Versus Point Sousee Politi 25 162.2 SpecilsePollnarts 254 Us Indusra] Wastes Wieh Hiph Salisand Osenntes 294 1681 DilLriing 254 1682 Coal-Bevnang Hlecuie Power Pate 254 W683 Udastiial West I gain Organi Chetmicus 255 FO9 lovaswe Species 297 W691 Kuan 26 1.9.2 Salt Codhn 256 Questions and Prien — 267 Referees an dinal Raasiog 250 cHaprer 17 Subsurface Pollution 259 ML, Brusca oitl C, Hck TFL Geoundhugier ana Resuree 260 172. Gevandosuer Palkaans 28) TPS. Geaundpater Polluion Risk Assessonent 263Point Seurce Contenination 267 TL Beavis OrgnieChemicas 6 1a Lanatiis 276 ‘Didiuse-Nouroe Comeauiuition 2 1 Agcoclinical Gollricn of se Subsenfou 1782 Salt-vateclatvsion 274 (Other Greusiheatae Contamination Problems 275 Una Father Contansiain of Growndlnates 2° 152. Gesoline Stinee: Meltod Temiaey-Burys Eee (MTEL) 6 17a belvew Adeitisce: diosane 7 T7MA Parchlores inGrouacbeaee 78 IPAS Assente inGirountwarer oF JFR® Acw-Mine Dinitaue 2 Suvainablky of Growxloster Resources {Questonsand Problems 278 Rofeences ind AddivonalRandng 27 CHAPTER 18 Surface Water Pollution 279 Pr usher. 2 aumgantacr. K Firsinmons, and CP Corba Sunfies Fravhwnter Rescuises 280 Marne Warr Roseays 40 IS21 TheCoasulzone 289 1322 Open Oucan Wotess 380 Souteve of Sufoor Water Pollan 297 Soments sc Suriace Water Concaninan's 257 ISL Saupe Sls aol Tuticity SF Metals as Sface Warer Cemamirants JES Vigreury 284 1852 Ancuic 285 1853 Chavmniuy 26 [854 Selenium 745, otters and Eutepiction af Suniace Walers 286 Isnt iinet Alga Bicows 290 18.6 Li ermful Algal inom in Marine Systems 260 U6. Teunfal Algal onan in Ersuhwstoe Systeme 209 Orgame Compounesin Mater 298 187.1 Persson, Biouesurvuative Organic Compounds 296 Tmeric Pathogens as Suwfnce Water Contamina Tore Macimar Daily Tale TMIDLR) 30 unnitcation of Sarfsee Watee Potion 100 [80 L DesdlC of toes rganams 300 18 102 Orginie Materand Diswlved Oxyecn 303 610.5 Measurement of Porat] Oxygen Dericex OF Orwiniesin Sewage tte (ki021 COD ao Iwi032 BOD 369 Determining ROD He VAITT Inpasrof BOD un Dissobved Oxygen of Recewing Wares AT Dilvuon of Ehucras 30 TWLIZS Dilton in Steams arg Riveee 3 1122 Dilan m Litas Bodice of Waser 307 181221 wiial Alabonand tempest TRI22.2 Meanezmensand cleulations $F IGE DyeTracng of Plores 208 18.04 Spatial ar Temporal Variation of Flame Coucemiations 509 Compliance Monitoring 320 TRLS.L Mixing 7onee 470 ISLS Kogulatory Use 10 1X35 Nentiewion Sarming 337 OuesionardFreblens 307 Referees and Additions ending 407 cHapier 19 Soil und Groundwator Remediation 312 Mad Araceae 18. Intrnction 313 192 Smeriond Pres 312 Led ite Chisvererigation 8 194 Remediation Ischnologiss 308 1941 Coneammcar iechmelugie 21 TG481 Physi! hammers 329 9.1.2 Usdeaute haiers 319 I9AL13 Cher coninnene aeteds 20 W942 Rees 329 102 Exavation 227 12 Mmpandnet 127 G42 bnitanced fusbing 322 424 Soll vapar emtactin 325 in423 airspugng 22 LOT Themeol mato 324 ARF Bletohintiemaeals 325 1945 insite brewtneat 325 1M83.1 Blormediation — 225 Iveth.2 dnsineshetniedl weaumcor 328 19.444 Other Teshrolegies. Meoitoted Navural Ancimtion 329 TAs Cher Terhrolegies: Paetorevedistion 429 Quntiomsint Problame 338 Refeonces and Adiinal Reading 33% cuapter 20 Ecosystem Restoration aud Land Reclamation 334 EE Clem, WE Wah end Pepper 2m tnuodsction HF h2 SiceChaactensation 235 263.1 Crncapeual Plan and Site Assessmem)—538 2022 Plane S 386 202 Sie Restorunen 336 204 Site Mauitering 336 DNS Appeonches wo Eevrysiow Restoraion 137 BUST Sanual Resemtion 47 252 Massive Heclogieat Risen 337 2033 Aeuve Feologicel Resterstien 534 20.54 Taslopiea Restoration Using Chic Avent 3 D085 The Invnsive Species Priam 220 206 Land Reclamation 439 2.) Acide Sols 347206.2 Saline and Sudie Sil? 306.3 Relorstation 348 Quersone and Probline 342 Patewnevs ard Adio Renting 2 PaRT 4 ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION cnaprer 21 ‘Sensory Potlucants, Ekeecromagnerie Fields and Radiofrequency Radiation 357 ALF, Arnal on CM MoCo 1 dvuedueion 32 2 Hew 382 2124 Somes of Hout lands 452 2 fees of Heat sles 2123 Contoling Heatislonds 428 2124 Sammy 552 213 Light 211 Sources of Light Vallation 254 TAD Effees of Light Sd 1.33 Cowrolling Light oluwon 38 DUS Simons 336 DLA Nowe lolsnon 436 214) The Phyciss of Soares 356 2142 How We Seer Noise 39% BIAS SnuvesoPNoke 888 D1aa Flee of Nie 388 2143 Samay 458 Cader ae Serr Pollan — #80 aus 21S. Od Respense 399 2152 Ow Perceptions a0 BIS] Sounevel Oder 59 IVS Ragulotens 368 3185 Sammy 366 Elecuoagnetie Peles and Radi eanney Ridation 360 216.2 CMiatrend bovis gf EVE 352 2162 fillets arclVorele oR 882 2163 Summary 362 Questions and Probleme 364 Reteenves are dhl Reading, 268 charrer 22 Andoor Air Quality 365 Ka. tepnots 221 Funtemnvalsofindvor Ai Quilty 456 2B2 Suoreis of Induor AScPolitints 258 222.1 Valais Greinic Conpomes 247 22ELI Pesisides 30? 222.2 Construction Mineiae aud Furshings 267 Combustion Products Fad 2222.1 Caron Monoxide ane eng Diesids 368 2222.2 Gvituamnciral Tubicso Staobe ETS) 68 Lew and Radon Saf Biolegical Feibwanty 369 P2A1 Mold 366 ndotovin 348 24. Viewos and Buca S76 244 Animal Allevpens 57% DAS Artbropod Allsgons 370 246 Blaut Allergene 72 bastors Influencing Fspyosar a Tesioe Ar roluien $04 BBM! Stung Peevaleme 377 FZ Baskling Maintoamnse anal Opsmion 372 233 RadMing Design 277 224 Sensitive Poplaiors 373 7A Monitoring AG 374 uesconsand Problem 75 References and Addinonal Reading 375, CHAPTER 23 Atmaspheris Pollution 377 AD, Mantas. AAS Came anal $4, Must 331 Air Pollwion Coawepte 278 212 Souteos Tops, and wfc of Ale elfation 37% 2321 Primary Polhuaws 36 2221.1 Chen meets 38) 2212 Uyirveubons 347 DERI Periwuiie mtr 38) Sufix dignide 382 = Wimgen aeides (MO) aN 216 Led 38 Seooncary Pelluiats 388 Yosie aad Favantews AirFolleants 348 Peliaims With Redisive Eifects 34 224d Greenhouse gasss 385 2) 242 Swetosphotis polhuioe 38% 2324.21 NOV Os destusuen tule AF PA242.2 1.010 saksteion erle 88 CREO, desrerion cvle 23.3 Weales wd relaus 384 233. sibility and loversas 386 DBS Band end Tushalenos ie Relation te A Pallnion SAB 23.3.3 Palani Transformation and Remaesal 441 234 Follivien Troms inthe Uwited Sizes 297 ‘Quesponsand Prablens $95 edeence and tonal cacing 595 cHapter 24 Global Charge 395 EP, Cloned A), Satins 241 tatrduction 246 342. Gilphal Warming ard the Greechanss Effet 107 BALL Poe Greethiowe et 493 2AZ2 Piety Greenluse Gus Emissions ot te Cal Clint ar24} OhkerGhbel Changes 408 2621 Primary Team 1 SU AniRen 109 222 Seems retent 82 Zitz uneplems ime te Poze Tetdne floss 212 2133 Deioestucn 20222 Cenmotonnl mvc adge 435 262.24 Wirogereemennl tharos gs Cuesta sks 19 2524 Sonera efPnboyans by Songs Toit 2825 Removal oFOsguvs and Horns by Sowa part is SeieTinks 402 WASTE AND WATER TREATMENT AND 355 Lae applieicn oF Waowster 3 3h Wetinds sd Aycan Sisems Jas MANAGEMENT ‘2hF Sludge vocessing 440 7 2A. Stubilisuion Vectinalugies #27 CHER 28 jpal Solid Waste ‘Treat a IAL Amagrohin digestion 497 Industrial and Municipal Solid Waste Treatment Shlge Procesange Podure Css & and Disposal 475 Slee Frcs TAZ Redewan Reyolasicas fv lndusteial aud Manicipal Solid Recsionsand neoten ae aso 255 Sinn Ferns ofl Wass 417 354 “tenmoncans Danco of ins Ws 7 Za tivand arte Hssins 8 cuarrer 27 42 CennadlMeomnaion Land Application of Biosolids and Animal 23. Phones onguator, Devan Wastes ast & Stwhilizacion (Newserslizaliewt | and AE Pepguee aed CP. Gerkss Solidificaan — ¢20 271 Biosolide and Animal Wastox: A Historical Parspectvacnd 2SA.6 Landdlilling 25.2 The Nacure of Wasteyarcr (Sowagcl 2 ENS Landen a Rafe Shezesand ois) 312A Raambof Waxewae(Sonaze Bers 21 . FER Class & verusClass 8 Biosolids 453 asas Dow Wel mie el igual Water 10 ayg Hededectlew plies etlfilla 4s S849 (pempsation 4: TES Benefits of Land Applivation uf Bigwwlds 456 254.10 Sinekpilua. ‘Tailiegs, aad Mads 420 5.1 [Link] 2 Seurec of Pint Nulrietis, 45 758 Reuwe ol tudustein Wastes 125 2 Biesolic Unpact on Soil Physiced and Chermival ° S Meals: Recovery: a Properuss 450 Bhs nual weeSohons 425 » 4 gsi West Rose 923 Creatinent and Disgeral of Nuancipal Selid Waste 1 Municipal Solid Waste 124 ae 3861 Modder Sevitary Landfills 2863 Relucnonit SW 20 284 Pollitim Preseniion 26 Questions aru Prebems 427 References anc Actinal Reading 428 cnaprer 26 Municipal Wastewater Treauneat 42? CP or wad BD Pepe 261 The RaturentWaslewsderSessages 450 262 Movorn Busewaler Treatment 432 Hscauds offal Application ol Buecohee 48 INGA Site Reststioms 457 2262 Niatcsand Phosphaes 437 Pies MeaksaniOrancs 47 FPAd Loverguig Chemicals of Couesen AS Path we BSL Fapenuve vin at “9 ey 2265.2 Frpeirs vin yronwater 653 Expose vis soil 450 ‘Soweos of animal Wasies 64 Konpoint Vernus Point Serave Potion #65 Revelin-af Lend Aplietion of Animal Wester Hynes of Land Application of Avimst Wastes Publis Percepsionso Land igplestion 499 (Quessene ard Prebems 467 Refrences nel Aicional Reading 0 65 1carrer 28 Drinking Water Trestment and Water Security 468 CP Gara, KA, Reynolds. al LL, Pepper 281 Wey TrewonenePrecenses 459 2k2 Disinfoion — 7) B83 tactora Atfcoling Dikinistumts 472 DSA Itogene 284.4 Chlorine PAS? Chioranines 454 DRE} Chierine Dale 2EAd Coowe 47 28d$ Uecviole Light 475 285 Dismfccrion By-Products #77 HO Kesicenial Water Liamneat 428 2AG.1 Resdsctiat Water Conancation 74 26.2 Trewmen Delclensies 470 PREY Pointof ne Water Treat Techuglogy 44) 287 Water Seanity ak? 287.1 Poveatal Feweristanacks 4 2872 Realtme Meaieting 492 ZA Maakorng Uomonanity War Quali 445 ‘Questions and Prime 405 References and Additonal Reading 486 PART 6 EMERGING ISSUES (N POLLUTION SCIENCE CHAPTER 29 ‘Genetically Fnginered Crops and Micrabes 489 ©. Reusing. © Grass. and LL, Pepper 29.1 aniriducnon i» Nucleis Acids 47 252 Rewmiginant DNA Tetiwlegy 136 293 Teasferof Naceis Asid Sequences froin Ons Orguaisn to Another (Cloning) 00 284 Chenvical Synthesis. Sequencing and Ampificoton of DNA WE 284.1 DNA Srmhesis 492 DOAD DNA Sequencing 193 213 PCR Amplifeatica 493 295 Hetemlagens Gene Expresscn in Pro- and Bukayots 49 28.6 Genesically Engineered Plans for Agreuluse 424 29.6. TnreeeResieaces 444 2.62 Virus esietance 195 DUG Herhinide Revitinee 405 29.84 Tungus and Boelerial Resistance 495 29.7 Geuesiealy Enginecatl Phils toeRemedsaion 37% 297.1 Metal Remodation via lems 4/5 29.72 Organic Heenodiation vie Planta 06 268 Microbial Assioed Renuadiation 406 2X. Genetic Engineering of Biadegrahove Pahwars 497 248.2 Ruliuion enisbin Degadery 497 29.) Potsntal Pabloms Du to Gunelially Vedi Orgies 107 BAIN Sumy — Qeestiow and Patan 95 Refeences ard Addcional Reading 482 cHaprer 30 Amibiotie-Resistant Bacteria and Gene Transter 499 CReayog ent LE. Panzer BOL Why Are AnuiONES An Koue? 80 502 Chssifzationane Function gf Awibinive 500 BUR Devatapmieit af Retort Antipas Resisinee SL Sd Trunsler at Gersie Materiel ly Honzemil Geote Truster 28 305. Prevalont Eoviconmments Favoring LOT Se 306 Iselanom ane Detection 91 Anchootic-Renare Beciaia S02 BOLT cience of Anibitie-Resislne Buerrin in Various Erememins 512 207.5 Eavomucutsl Samples md Food 202 3072 Hospice et hurd Keediots 508 SNK Gene Trantor Retweon Ma bie sot 308.1 Lavirenmsntal Samples 0 209 Summary see Couclasiens 505 Quersons and Pablems 55 fefoenies and Addedonal Reading 505 foris-—How Pree cnaeter 31 Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine Disruptors 506 Be Arwoli. D. Qreurad, C2. Gerba, ard LL. Pepper S1.L Fndserine Disruplors and Honmomes 507 312 Sigrificanee WEDC3in Water 507 BUR Mneidenve of EDCs in Warce 58 S14 Patcand Transport of Estcganie Corapomds 1 Muriipal wastewaer 311 21S Methods for Measuin water 512 S16 Whalwwthe Rid TGA S14 Questions and Prablame S15 Batwoncns soe Additions Reading $98 atrogenic Acisiy ia cuaprer 32 Epilogue: Isthe Future of Pollution History? 516 LE Poy, CP. Gerhard ME, Brvsscons BRL The Male af Gowerantnt in Contnltng Patton E22. Reseaeh triaiies Nooessery to Peel Vanier Healt 07 223 Pelluine Preseowen of Fast, Aing ww Water SIT S24. LethePuyeuc! Pollaion stung? SI# Reference and Atioal Reading Sd Index 521