Topic: AN ALYTI C GEOM ETRY - LI N ES

FUN D AM EN TALS
RECTAN GULAR OR CARTESI AN COORD I N ATES
D ivision of Line Se gm e nt

x1 + x 2
The x- coordinat e is t he abscissa, and t he y- coordinat e is t he x =
2
ordinat e.
y1 + y2
D ist a n ce be t w e e n t w o poin t s y =
2

Slope a n d I n clin a t ion of a Lin e

The slope ( m ) of a line is t he t angent of t he inclinat ion

The dist ance bet ween P1 and P2 : d = (x 2 − x1) + (y 2 − y1)
2 2
m = t an θ

Ar e a of a Tr ia n gle Let P1 ( x 1 , y 1 ) and P2 ( x 2 , y 2 ) be t wo giv en point s, and is

indicat ed by slope m

1 x1 x2 x3
A = y2 − y1
2 y1 y2 y3 m = t an θ =
x2 − x1

A =
1
[( x 1 y 2 + x 2 y 3 + x 3 y 1 ) − ( y 1 x 2 + y 2 x 3 + y 3 x 1 ) ] An gle be t w e e n Tw o Lin e s
2

A r e a of polygon of n - side s

1 x 1 x 2 x 3 ... x n
A =
2 y 1 y 2 y 3 ... y n

m2 − m1
t an θ =
1 + m 2m 1

Where: m 1 = slope of line 1

m 2 = slope of line 2
θ = angle from line 1 t o line 2, m easur ed
clockwise from line 1 t o line 2

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Topic: AN ALYTI C GEOM ETRY - LI N ES

LI N ES
The Equat ion Ax + By + C is an equat ion of a line. A and B are not bot h zero.

Poin t - slope for m Slope - in t e r ce pt for m I n t e r ce pt for m

y − y1 = m (x − x1 ) y = mx + b x y
+ =1
a b
I f t he line passes t hrough ( 0, b) t hen
t he y- int ercept is b.
I f t he line passes t hrough ( a, 0) t hen
t he x- int ercept is a.

NOTE: m 1 = m 2 lines are parallel

1
m1 = − lines ar e perpendicular t o each ot her
m2

D ist a n ce be t w e e n a poin t a n d a lin e

| Ax + By + C |
d=
A 2 + B2

Where: A = coefficient of x
B = coefficient of y
C = coefficient of const ant at t he left m em ber of t he
given equat ion
NOTE: d is always posit ive

Ele m e n t s a n d Pr ope r t ie s of a Tr ia n gle

M e dia n of a Tr ia n gle
Median of t he t riangle is t he
line segm ent j oining t he ver t ex t o t he A lt it u de of a Tr ia n gle A n gle Bi se ct or of a Tr ia n gle
m idpoint of it s opposit e side. Alt it ude of a t r iangle is t he Angle bisect or of a t riangle is
line segm ent j oining one vert ex t he line segm ent j oining one vert ex t o
perpendicular t o it s opposit e side. t he opposit e side bisect ing t he angl e
included b et ween t wo sides of t he
t riangle.

2A T
Lengt h of alt it ude Aa: aa =
The lengt h of t he m edian Aa: a Lengt h of angle bisect or Aa:

2b 2 + 2 c 2 − a 2 2
ma = ba = bcs( s − a)
4 b+c

a+b +c
s=
2

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Topic: CON I C SECTI ON , POLAR COORD I N ATES AN D SPACE GEOM ETRY

CON I C SECTI ON

Ax 2 + By 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 is t he general equat ion of conics

CI RCLE
Circle is set point s w hich lie at a fixed dist ance called t he Cir cle Ta n ge n t t o Lin e Ax + By + C = 0
radius and from a fixed point called t he cent er

S t a n da r d e qu a t ion : r 2 = ( x − h) 2 + ( y − k ) 2 | Ah + Bk + C |
Where: r= rad ius r =
( h, k ) = cent er of t he circle A 2 + B2
( x, y) = any point in t he cir cle
Ge n e r a l e qu a t ion of a cir cle : x 2 + y 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
where D, E an d F are arbit rar y const ant s.
NOTE: r 2 < 0 no graph ( im aginary circle)
r 2 = 0 graph is a single point
r 2 > 0 graph is a cir cle

PARABOLA
The locus of a m ovin g point t hat it s dist ance from a fixed point called t he focus is equal t o it s dist ance from a fixed line called t he
direct rix .

Where: F = focus
v = vert ex, m idpoint of t he segm ent
d1 = d2
e = eccent ricit y = 1

S t a n da r d e qu a t ion : ( y − k ) 2 = 4 a ( x − h) if t he dir ect rix is ver t ical

( x − h) = 4 a ( y − k )
2
if t he dir ect rix is hor izont al

Va r iou s ope n in g of a pa r a bola

G e n e r a l e qu a t ion of a pa r a bola : x 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 is a parabola w it h horizont al direct rix

y 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 is a parabola w it h vert ical dir ect rix.

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Topic: CON I C SECTI ON , POLAR COORD I N ATES AN D SPACE GEOM ETRY

ELLI PSE
An ellipse i s a set of point s in a plane, such t hat t he sum of t he dist ances of each from t wo fixed point is a const ant . The fixed point s
are called t he foci and t he line t hrough t hem is t he axis.

W here: F1 , F2 = focus
v 1 , v 2 = vert ex , m idpoint of t he segm ent
d 1 + d 2 = 2a
d3 c
e = eccent ricit y = = <1
d4 a
a
d=
e
a2 = b 2 + c 2
2b 2
LR = Lat us Rect um =
a

( x − h) 2 (y − k)2
St a n da r d e qu a t ion : 2
+ =1 if t he m aj or axis, M.A. is parallel t o t he x- axis
a b2

(y − k)2 ( x − h) 2
2
+ =1 if t he m aj or axis, M.A. is parallel t o t he y- axis
a b2

G e n e r a l e qu a t ion of a n e llipse : Ax 2 + By 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 where A and B is great er t han 0

NOTE: M < 0 no graph ( i m aginary ellipse)
M = 0 graph is a single point
M > 0 graph is an ellipse
D2 E2
M = −F + +
4 A 4B

H YPERBOLA
A hyperbola is a set of point s in a plane, such t hat t he difference of t he dist ances of each from t wo fixed point is a const ant . The
fixed point s ar e called t he foci and t he line t hrough t hem is t he ax is.

W here: F1 , F2 = focus
v 1 , v 2 = vert ex , m idpoint of t he segm ent
d 1 + d 2 = 2a
d3 c
e = eccent ricit y = = >1
d4 a
a
d=
e
c 2 =a2 +b 2
2b 2
LR = Lat us Rect um =
a

Equ a t ion of Asym pt ot e

Asym pt ot e of a cu rve is a line when t he perpendicular dist ance from a line t o a curve approaches zero as t he curve ext ends
indefinit ely far from t he origin.

y − k = ±m( x − h)

Where ( h, k) is t he cent er of t he hyperbola and m is t he slope, m = b/ a if t he axis is horizont al and m = a/ b if t he axis is

vert ical. Use ( + ) for upward asym pt ot e and ( - ) for downw ard asym pt ot e.

( x − h) 2 (y − k)2
St a n da r d e qu a t ion : − =1 if t he t ransver se axis is parallel t o t he x- axis ( Opens left and right )
a2 b2

(y − k)2 ( x − h) 2
2
− =1 if t he t ransver se axis is parallel t o t he y- axis ( Opens up and down)
a b2

Lengt h of t ransver se axis ( TA) = 2a

Lengt h of conj ugat e axis ( CA) = 2b
Lengt h of t he focal axis ( FA) = 2c

G e n e r a l e qu a t ion of h ype r bola : Ax 2 + By 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 where A or B is less t han 0

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Topic: CON I C SECTI ON , POLAR COORD I N ATES AN D SPACE GEOM ETRY

POLAR COORD I N ATES

The coordinat es of a point in a plane ar e it s dist ance from a Re la t ion sh ip be t w e e n Re ct a n gu la r a n d Pola r
fixed point and it s direct ion fr om a fixed line. Coor din a t e s

Where: r = radius vect or or m odulus

θ = am plit ude or argum ent or vect or ial angle

x = r cos θ r = x2 + y2
y
y = r sin θ θ = t an −1
x

Cu r ve Tr a cin g on Pola r Coor din a t e s

1 . The graph of r = k, wher e k is a const ant and great er 4. The graph of r 2 = a 2 sin 2 θ or r 2 = a 2 cos 2 θ is a
t han 0 ( k> 0) is a cir cle wit h cent er at t he pole. lem niscat e.
I llust rat ion: I llust rat ion:
r= 2
r 2 = 4 sin 2 θ

2. The graph of r = 2 a sin θ , c( a,90 o) and r= | a| or

r = 2 a cos θ , c( a, 0 o ) and r = | a| is a circle t hat
passes t hrough t he pole.
I llust rat ion:
r 2 = 3 cos 2 θ
r = 4 sin θ

r = 4 cos θ

5. The graph of r = a sin(n θ) or r = a cos(n θ) is an n-

leaved rose
I f n is an odd int eger, t hen it is a n- leaved
rose
I f n is an even int eger , it is a 2n- leaved rose
I f n = 1, t hen t here is one pet al and it is
circular
I llust rat ion:
3. The graph of r = a(1 ± sin θ) or r = a(1 ± cos θ) is a r = 3 sin 4 θ
cardiod.
I llust rat ion:
r = 3(1 − cos θ)

r = 2 cos 2 θ

r = 1 − cos θ

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Topic: CON I C SECTI ON , POLAR COORD I N ATES AN D SPACE GEOM ETRY

6. The graph of r = a ± b sin θ or r = a ± b cos θ is a lim acon.

I f | a| < | b| t he graph is a lim acon wit h inner loop
I f | a| = | b| t he graph is a car diod
I f | a| > | b| t he graph is a lim acon wit hout a loop
I llust rat ion:
r = 1 − 2 cos θ r = 4 + sin θ

SPACE GEOM ETRY

Th r e e D im e n sion a l Coor din a t e Syst e m
D ist a n ce for m u la in t h r e e spa ce D ist a n ce be t w e e n a poin t ( x , y, z )
a n d a pla n e

Ax 1 + By 1 + Cz 1 + D
d =
A 2 + B 2 + C2

M idpoin t for m u la
x + x2
x = 1
2
y1 + y2
y =
2
z1 + z 2
z =
2
Cart esian coor dinat es ( x, y z) d = ( x 2 − x 1 ) 2 + ( y 2 − y 1 ) 2 + ( z 2 − z1 ) 2

Pla n e

The graph of Ax + By + Cz = D is a plane

I llust rat ion: Cylin de r s
Any equat ion in t wo variables, represent s a
Graph: 2x + y + 3z = 6 cylindrical surface, t hat is per pendicular t o t he t wo
variables and whose generat ing curve is t he plane
curve whose equat ion is given.
I llust rat ion:

Graph: x 2 + z2 = 4

Sph e r e :
St andard equat ion: ( x − h) 2 + ( y − k ) 2 + ( z − l) 2 = r 2
General equat ion: x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + Dx + Ey + Fz + G = 0

I llust rat ion:

Graph: x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2 x + 4 y + 6 z − 2 = 0 Graph: y 2 = 4x
C( 1,- 2,3) and r = 4

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Topic: CON I C SECTI ON , POLAR COORD I N ATES AN D SPACE GEOM ETRY

Qu a dr a t ic Su r fa ce s

1. Ellipsoid 3. Hyperboloid of Two Sheet s

x2 y2 z2
2
+ 2
+ =1
a b c2

2. Hyperboloid of One Sheet x2 y2 z2

2
− 2
− =1
a b c2

4. Ellipt ic Paraboloid

x2 y2 z2
2
+ 2
− =1
a b c2

x2 y2
2
− =z
a b2

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