Power System Analysis Complex Engineering Problem

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract ..........................................................................................................................2
Introduction ...................................................................................................................2
LOAD PROFILES ANALYSIS .....................................................................................5
GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE ON MATLAB OF LOAD PROFILES.................15
LOAD FACTOR COMPARISON ...............................................................................20
POWER PLANT DESIGNING AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS FOR TWO WORST
CASES.........................................................................................................................20
MODELLING OF POWER STATIONS .....................................................................26
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT 3D VIEW (SKETCHUP)........................................... 26
DIESEL POWER PLANT 3D VIEW (SKETCHUP) ............................................... 27
DIESEL POWER PLANT 2D VIEW (AUTOCAD) ................................................. 28
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT 2D VIEW (AUTOCAD) ............................................ 28
References....................................................................................................................29

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Power System Analysis Complex Engineering Problem

Analysis of Weekly/Monthly/Yearly Load Profile

Generated in 10 Different Industries/Utility
Companies/Research Papers
Muhammad Ibrahim Zafar (EE-17138), Ahmed Ullah Khan (EE-17153)

Muhammad Maaz Akhtar (EE-17158), Muhammad Absar Uddin (EE-17165),

Department of Electrical Engineering (Section E) – Batch 2017

NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi

Abstract
The report first provides an introduction to generating stations and their various
types. It then briefly defines economic and technical parameters on which we have
done the analysis of 10 practical load profiles. After discussing in detail 10 such real-
world load profiles we have attached manual as well as MATLAB calculations for
technical factors.

In such manner, the report proposes a plan for two creating stations including their
3D models, details and financial aspects for driving the two case profiles.

Introduction
The conversion of energy available in different forms in nature into electrical energy
is known as generation of electrical energy.

Electricity has become an indivisible part of our life today. It is required for many
domestic, commercial as well as industrial purposes, and the requirement is still
increasing day by day. This bulk demand for electric power is supplied by huge
electric power-generating stations or power plants. Some fuel source, such as coal,
oil, natural gas, or nuclear fuel produces heat, which is then used to boil water to
create steam. The steam under high pressure is used to spin turbine coupled with the
shaft(s) of one or more alternators or generating units. Generators then provide
electric power to the grid through a transmission and distribution system. Indeed,
generating stations are the source of all power.

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Power System Analysis Complex Engineering Problem

 Technical Analysis
 Base Load: The minimum load that must always be supplied by a generating
Station

 Maximum Demand: It is the greatest demand of load on the power station

during a given period.

 Load Factor: The ratio of average load to the maximum demand during a
given period is known as load factor i.e.,
Load factor = Average load / Max. Demand
The ideal load factor is 1 which represent load is drawing the maximum
Possible Power from a generating station,

 Demand Factor: It is the ratio of maximum demand on the power station to

its connected load i.e.
Demand factor = Maximum demand / Connected load

 Diversity Factor: The ratio of the sum of individual maximum demands to

the maximum demand on power station is known as diversity factor i.e.,
Diversity factor = Sum of individual max. demands / Max. demand on station

 Plant Capacity Factor: It is the ratio of actual energy produced to the

maximum possible energy that could have been produced during a
given period
Plant capacity factor = Actual energy produced / Max. energy that could have been
produced

 Plant Use Factor: It is ratio of kWh generated to the product of plant

capacity and the number of hours for which the plant was in operation
i.e.
Plant use factor = Station output in kWh / Plant capacity × Hours of use

 Average Load = Maximum Demand × Load Factor

 Units Generated/Annum = Average Load in kW × No. of Hours in a Year

 Units Generated/Annum = Maximum Demand in kW × Load Factor × 8760

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Power System Analysis Complex Engineering Problem

 Economical Analysis

For economic analysis of a power plant, the overall annual cost of

electrical energy generated by a power station can be expressed in
two forms i.e. three part form and two part form. In this report two-
part form will be used.
Two-part form: In this case, the annual cost of energy is divided into two
parts
Total annual cost of energy = Rs. (A kW + B kWh) : where A and B are
constants

A = a constant which when multiplied by maximum kW

demand gives the annual cost of the 1 st part
B = a constant which when multiplied by the annual kWh
generated gives the annual running cost
Interest and depreciation area unit the terms that has to be employed in the
social science of power generation
Interest: The cost of use of money is known as interest.
Depreciation: The decrease in the value of the power plant
equipment and building due to constant use is known as depreciation.
In this report 10% of interest and depreciation rate will be considered
Fixed Charges = Peak Demand × Installed Charges/kW

Running Charges = Energy Generated × Installed Charges / kWh

Per Unit Generation = Total Charges / Energy Generated

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 Power System Analysis Complex Engineering Problem

LOAD PROFILES ANALYSIS

1. LOAD PROFILE #1:
Electric load at household level (kW) [1]

The data extracted from research paper is given below

TIME kW
00:00 190
01:00 200
02:00 220
03:00 180
04:00 230
05:00 185
06:00 230
07:00 380
08:00 470
09:00 420
10:00 360
11:00 310
12:00 460
13:00 370
14:00 340
15:00 385
16:00 360
17:00 390
18:00 490
19:00 910
20:00 620
21:00 730
22:00 575
23:00 460
Units Consumed = 9705 kWh

Load Factor = 0.444 or 44%

Explanation: The demand increases during the night time (7 PM to 11 PM) because of
lighting load. The demand stays capped at around 400 KW during the day time (6AM to 6
PM), with only occasional peaks. During the sleeping hours (after 12 AM to 5 AM) the
demand is the lowest at 200 KW.

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Power System Analysis Complex Engineering Problem

2. LOAD PROFILE #2:

Airport in Veneto Region Northern Italy (kW) [2]

The data extracted from research paper is given below

Time kW
00:00 3700
01:00 3500
02:00 3520
03:00 3570
04:00 3580
05:00 3650
06:00 3680
07:00 3900
08:00 3950
09:00 4100
10:00 4500
11:00 4650
12:00 4580
13:00 4710
14:00 4750
15:00 4900
16:00 4700
17:00 4710
18:00 4400
19:00 4340
20:00 4200
21:00 4300
22:00 4600
23:00 4300
Units Consumed = 104990 kWh

Load Factor = 0.892 or 89.2%

Explanation: The demand during the (12 AM TO 9 AM) is almost around 400KW.
The peak demand of the airport is 4900KW which is at (3PM).the demand during the (9 AM
to 12AM) is varies.

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Power System Analysis Complex Engineering Problem

3. LOAD PROFILE #3:

Shopping Centers Building Indonesia (kW) [3]

The data extracted from research paper is given below

Time kW
00:00 950
01:00 1020
02:00 980
03:00 970
04:00 975
05:00 1310
06:00 1700
07:00 3020
08:00 3800
09:00 4650
10:00 5650
11:00 6450
12:00 6590
13:00 6800
14:00 6900
15:00 7050
16:00 7100
17:00 7010
18:00 7200
19:00 7350
20:00 7020
21:00 7025
22:00 6130
23:00 2950

Units Consumed = 111600 kWh

Load Factor = 0.63 or 63%

Explanation: Shopping centers operate from 09:30 to 22:00 and their major utilities and
lighting systems are started up at 07:00, after which the electrical load keeps rising until
22:00.

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Power System Analysis Complex Engineering Problem

4. LOAD PROFILE #4:

UK Domestic Electricity (MW) [4]

The data extracted from research paper is given below

Time MW
00:00 5900
01:00 5100
02:00 4700
03:00 4600
04:00 4750
05:00 6200
06:00 7300
07:00 8700
08:00 8800
09:00 6500
10:00 4900
11:00 4100
12:00 3600
13:00 3000
14:00 3200
15:00 4000
16:00 5150
17:00 7850
18:00 8200
19:00 8250
20:00 8000
21:00 5000
22:00 4750
23:00 5050
Units Consumed = 104990 kWh

Load Factor = 0.892 or 89.2%

Explanation: The peak demand of UK is achieved during the time (6AM to8AM) is
8800MW and then from (9AM to 4PM) is low. Then in the evening during the time (5PM to
8PM) again peak demand is achieved. The demand during the night time is lowest which
moves around 6000MW.

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Power System Analysis Complex Engineering Problem

5. LOAD PROFILE #5:

Singapore Commercial Building (kW) [5]

The data extracted from research paper is given below

Time kW
00:00 0.38
01:00 0.29
02:00 0.25
03:00 0.3
04:00 0.26
05:00 0.22
06:00 0.21
07:00 0.30
08:00 0.41
09:00 0.37
10:00 0.28
11:00 0.24
12:00 0.14
13:00 0.24
14:00 0.23
15:00 0.22
16:00 0.28
17:00 0.30
18:00 0.39
19:00 0.40
20:00 0.53
21:00 0.51
22:00 0.44
23:00 0.42
Units Consumed = 8.02 kWh

Load Factor = 0.63 or 63%

Explanation: The demand during the sleeping time is low which moves around 300W. The
peak demand of the building is 530W (8PM) because of high lighting load.

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Power System Analysis Complex Engineering Problem

6. LOAD PROFILE #6:

Industrial Load US (kW) [6]

The data extracted from research paper is given below

Time kW
00:00 500
01:00 520
02:00 600
03:00 500
04:00 600
05:00 400
06:00 500
07:00 600
08:00 1500
09:00 3000
10:00 2700
11:00 2900
12:00 3000
13:00 2600
14:00 2800
15:00 2700
16:00 2900
17:00 3000
18:00 1500
19:00 400
20:00 500
21:00 600
22:00 400
23:00 500

Units Consumed = 35720 kWh

Load Factor = 0.496 or 49.6%

Explanation: The load between the night time (12AM to 7AM) is very low. The demand
between the peak working hours of industry is around 3000KW. The demand of industry
during the night is again low as the heavy industrial load is not working in night.

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Power System Analysis Complex Engineering Problem

7. LOAD PROFILE #7:

Gujarat Household Electric Load (kW) [7]

The data extracted from research paper is given below

Time kW
00:00 0.15
01:00 0.14
02:00 0.15
03:00 0.13
04:00 0.14
05:00 0.15
06:00 0.16
07:00 0.22
08:00 0.30
09:00 0.31
10:00 0.22
11:00 0.23
12:00 0.19
13:00 0.18
14:00 0.20
15:00 0.20
16:00 0.19
17:00 0.17
18:00 0.16
19:00 0.20
20:00 0.31
21:00 0.41
22:00 0.38
23:00 0.30
Units Consumed = 5.38 kWh

Load Factor = 0.546 or 54.6%

Explanation: The demand increases during the night time (8 PM to 11 PM) because of
lighting load. The demand moves around 3100 W during the day time with only occasional
peaks. During the sleeping hours (after 12 AM to 5 AM) the demand is the lowest at 150W.

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Power System Analysis Complex Engineering Problem

8. LOAD PROFILE #8:

Load of Building Kenya (kW) [8]

The data extracted from research paper is given below

Time kW
00:00 23
01:00 24
02:00 22
03:00 21
04:00 40
05:00 31
06:00 37
07:00 49
08:00 53
09:00 59
10:00 64
11:00 63
12:00 62
13:00 61
14:00 61
15:00 59
16:00 56
17:00 58
18:00 57
19:00 56
20:00 54
21:00 37
22:00 36
23:00 35

Units Consumed = 1151 kWh

Load Factor = 0.749 or 74.9%

Explanation: The peak demand of the building during the time (8AM to 8PM) is around
64KW. The demand during the night time (8PM to 7AM) moves around 49KW.

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Power System Analysis Complex Engineering Problem

9. LOAD PROFILE #9:

Belgium Load Profile (MW) [9]

The data extracted from research paper is given below

Time MW
00:00 11100
01:00 10100
02:00 9700
03:00 9400
04:00 9200
05:00 9300
06:00 9700
07:00 10800
08:00 11900
09:00 12200
10:00 12250
11:00 12200
12:00 12500
13:00 12150
14:00 12100
15:00 12050
16:00 12150
17:00 12200
18:00 12900
19:00 12900
20:00 12300
21:00 11800
22:00 11100
23:00 11000

Units Consumed = 284200 kWh

Load Factor = 0.917 or 91.7%

Explanation: The peak demand of whole Belgium is moves around 12300MW during the
day time or working hours. The demand during the night time is lowest around 97000MW.

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Power System Analysis Complex Engineering Problem

10. LOAD PROFILE #10:

Building Load Profile (kW) [9]

The data extracted from research paper is given below

Time kW
00:00 5
01:00 5
02:00 5
03:00 5
04:00 5
05:00 5
06:00 5
07:00 15
08:00 15
09:00 15
10:00 15
11:00 15
12:00 20
13:00 20
14:00 20
15:00 20
16:00 20
17:00 20
18:00 20
19:00 5
20:00 5
21:00 5
22:00 5
23:00 5
Units Consumed = 280 kWh

Load Factor = 0.583 or 58.3%

Explanation: The peak demand of the building is achieved during the time (12PM to 6PM)
that is 20KW. The demand during the sleeping time is stays around 5KW. The demand
during the time (7AM to 11AM) stays around 15KW.

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Power System Analysis Complex Engineering Problem

GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE ON MATLAB OF

LOAD PROFILES

1. LOAD PROFILE #1:

2. LOAD PROFILE #2:

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Power System Analysis Complex Engineering Problem

3. LOAD PROFILE #3:

4. LOAD PROFILE #4:

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Power System Analysis Complex Engineering Problem

5. LOAD PROFILE #5:

6. LOAD PROFILE #6:

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Power System Analysis Complex Engineering Problem

7. LOAD PROFILE #7:

8. LOAD PROFILE #8:

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Power System Analysis Complex Engineering Problem

9. LOAD PROFILE #9:

10. LOAD PROFILE #10:

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Power System Analysis Complex Engineering Problem

LOAD FACTOR COMPARISON

Load Profile Average Maximum Load

Load (kW) Demand Factor (%)
(kW)
Electric load at household level 404.375 910 44.4
Airport in Veneto Region Northern Italy 4374.8 4900 89.2
Shopping Centers Building Indonesia 4650 7350 63.2
UK Domestic Electricity 5893.3 8800 67.2
Singapore Commercial Building 0.334 0.53 63.2
Industrial Load US 1488.3 3000 49.6
Gujarat Household Electric Load 0.224 0.41 54.6
Load of Building Kenya 47.95 64 74.9
Belgium Load Profile 11841.6 12900 91.7
Building Load Profile 11.66 20 58.3

The Blue shaded region show the load profile with most poor load factor
(worst scenario) and we will be considering it for proposing it more efficient
power generating station design for them.

POWER PLANT DESIGNING AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS FOR TWO

WORST CASES
CASE 1: ELECTRICAL LOAD AT HOUSEHOLD LEVEL

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Power System Analysis Complex Engineering Problem

Current Load factor =44.4%

Average Load= 404.37kW

Maximum Demand= 910kW

Energy generated in 24 hours=9705k kwh

Generator Sizing

Proposed number of units and values of generators are as

 Number of units: 5
 Values of Units: 250 kW (as base load) + 150 kW + 100 kW + 100 kW
 Plant Reserve capacity = 250 kW
 Plant installed capacity = 600 kW + 250 kW = 850 kW

Improvement Method

For this Load profile, we have adopted peak shifting method. The peak which was
occurring at 7 pm is evenly distributed from 4 pm to 11 pm. In this way average load
increases which lead to increase the load factor which ultimately reduces per unit
generation cost of the electricity. The improved load factor is beneficial for both customer
and utility.

Plant Running Sequence

Hour Load (KW) Generator (values in KW)

00(Mid night) 190 250
1 200 250
2 220 250
3 180 250
4 230 250
5 185 250
6 230 250
7 380 250 +150
8 470 250 +150 + 100
9 420 250 +150+ 100
10 460 250 +150 + 100
11 360 250 + 150

Running schedule for noon

12 (noon) 310 250 +150

01 370 250 +150
02 340 250 +150

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Power System Analysis Complex Engineering Problem

03 385 250 +150

04 600 250 +150+100+100
05 600 250 +150+100+100
06 600 250 +150+100+100
07 600 250 +150+100+100
08 600 250 +150+100+100
09 600 250 +150+100+100
10 600 250 +150+100+100
11 600 250 +150+100+100

CALCULATION OF PCF & PUF

After optimizing the peak the improved load factor = 67.3%

PCF (Plant Capacity Factor) = Average Load / Plant installed capacity

= 404.375 / 850 = 0.47 OR 47 %

PUF (Plant Use Factor) = Required KWh / Actual KWh generated

Required KWhr = 9705
Actual KWh generated = 9730
PUF = 9705/ 9730= 99.7 %

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE POWER PLANT

Total annual cost of energy = Rs. (A kW + B kWh)
Capital cost / kW= Rs 10,000
Total capital cost for 9730 kW= Rs 97,300,000
Interst and Dep = 10%

Total fixed annual cost = 0.10 x 97,300,000

So A= 9,73,000

Operating cost/ kWh = Rs 3

Units generated per year = Max demand x LF x hours in year

=600 x 0.67 x 8760 = 3,521,520

So Total operating cost = 3521520 x 3 = Rs 10,564,560

Total annual cost = Rs (A+B)

= Rs 11,537,560

Total cost per kWh = 11537560 / 3521520

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Power System Analysis Complex Engineering Problem

Total cost per kwh= Rs 3.27

The above is the cost per unit generated which is much more optimized and economical than the
original one

Comment: We have used Diesel Power Plant for Electrical Load at

Household Level.

CASE 2:

Current Load factor = 49.6%

Average Load= 1488.33 kW

Maximum Demand= 3000kW

Energy generated in 24 hours=35720 kWh

Generator Sizing

Proposed number of units and values of generators are as

 Number of units: 5
 Values of Units: 600kW (as base load) + 600 kW + 600 kW + 500 kW
 Plant Reserve capacity = 600 kW

Plant installed capacity = 2300 kW + 600 kW = 2900 kW

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Power System Analysis Complex Engineering Problem

Improvement Method

For this Load profile of industrial load, we have adopted peak shaving method. The peak
demand of 3000kW is shaved and is shifted to the time where there is less electric
demand. Industry is advised to increase its working hour so that demand gets evenly
distributed.. In this way average load increases which lead to increase the load factor
which ultimately reduces per unit generation cost of the electricity.

Plant running sequence from 12am to 11am

Hour Load (KW) Generator (values in KW)

00(Mid night) 500 600
1 520 600
2 600 600
3 500 600
4 600 600
5 400 600
6 500 600
7 600 600
8 2300 600+600+600+500
9 2300 600+600+600+500
10 2300 600+600+600+500
11 2300 600+600+600+500

Plant running sequence from 12pm to 11pm

Hour Load (KW) Generator (values in KW)

00(Noon) 2300 600+600+600+500
1 2300 600+600+600+500
2 2300 600+600+600+500
3 2300 600+600+600+500
4 2300 600+600+600+500
5 2200 600+600+600+500
6 2200 600+600+600+500
7 2200 600+600+600+500
8 2200 600+600+600+500
9 600 600
10 600 600
11 600 600

CALCULATION OF PCF & PUF

After optimizing the peak the improved load factor = 64.7%

PCF (Plant Capacity Factor) = Average Load / Plant installed capacity

= 1488.33 / 2900= 0.51 OR 51 %
PUF (Plant Use Factor) = Required KWh / Actual KWh generated
Required KWh = 35220

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Power System Analysis Complex Engineering Problem

Actual KWh generated = 35520

PUF = 35220 / 35520= 99.1 %

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE POWER PLANT

Total annual cost of energy = Rs. (A kW + B kWh)
Capital cost / kW= Rs 10,000
Total capital cost for 35520 kW= Rs 355,200,000
Interest and Dep = 10%

Total fixed annual cost = 0.10 x 355,200,000

So A= 35,520,000

Operating cost/ kWh = Rs 3

Units generated per year = Max demand x LF x hours in year

=2300x 0.64 x 8760 = 12,894,720

So Total operating cost = 12,894,720 x 3 = Rs 38,684,160

Total annual cost = Rs (A+B)

= Rs 74,204,160

Total cost per kWh = 74204160 / 12,894,720

Total cost per kwh= Rs 5.758

The above is the cost per unit generated which is much more optimized and economical than the
original one

Comment: We have used Nuclear Power Plant for US Industrial Load.

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Power System Analysis Complex Engineering Problem

MODELLING OF POWER STATIONS

NUCLEAR POWER PLANT 3D VIEW (SKETCHUP)
We have used Nuclear Power Plant for US Industrial Load.

Front Layout

Top View

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Power System Analysis Complex Engineering Problem

DIESEL POWER PLANT 3D VIEW (SKETCHUP)

We have used Diesel Power Plant for Electrical Load at Household Level .

Front Layout

Top View

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Power System Analysis Complex Engineering Problem

DIESEL POWER PLANT 2D VIEW (AUTOCAD)

NUCLEAR POWER PLANT 2D VIEW (AUTOCAD)

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Power System Analysis Complex Engineering Problem

References

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Pablo. (2011) “Agent-based modelling of electrical load at household level”. Cosmos 2011: Proceedings of the
2011 Workshop on Complex Systems Modelling and Simulation. “Research Gate.

[2] R.S. Adhikari, N. Aste, M. Manfren, “Optimization concepts in district energy design and management – A
case study”, Energy Procedia, Volume 14, 2012,Pages 1386-1391, Science Direct

[3] R. Biyanto, Totok & Alhikami, Akhmad & Nugroho, Gunawan & Hantoro, Ridho & Bayuaji, Ridho &
Firmanto, Hudiyo & Waluyo, Joko & Sonhaji, Agus. (2015). “Thermal Energy Storage Optimization in
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[4] Brian Drysdale, Jianzhong Wu, Nick Jenkins,” Flexible demand in the GB domestic electricity sector in
2030”, Applied Energy,Volume 139,2015, Science Direct.

[5] L. Chuan, D. M. K. K. V. Rao and A. Ukil, "Load profiling of Singapore bu ildings for peak shaving," 2014
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10.1109/APPEEC.2014.7065998.

[6] TY - JOUR, AU - Hasanbeigi, Al Price, Lynn 2021/01/22 “Industrial Energy Audit Guidebook: Guidelines
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[7] Amit Garg, P.R. Shukla, Jyoti Maheshwari, Jigeesha Upadhyay, "An assessment of household electricity
load curves and corresponding CO2 marginal abatement cost curves for Gujarat state, India"
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[8] Hart, Craig & Wright, Jarrad. (2016). Impact of novel and disruptive approaches/technologies on a
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[9] Bayram IS, Saffouri F, Koc M, Generation, analysis, and applications of high resolution electricity load
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[10] Atănăsoae, Pavel; Pentiuc, Radu D. 2018. "Choosing the Energy Sources Needed for Utilities in the Design
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