Short notes on Python

Python Overview
What is Python?
Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language known for its
simplicity and readability.

Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991.

Key Features
Simple Syntax: Easy to learn and write.

Interpreted: Executes code line by line.

Dynamically Typed: No need to declare variable types.

Object-Oriented: Supports classes and objects.

Extensive Libraries: Rich standard library and third-party modules.

Basic Syntax
Variables and Data Types
Variables: Store data values.

x = 5
y = "Hello, World!"

Common Data Types: int , float , str , bool , list , tuple , dict , set .

Control Structures
Conditional Statements: if , elif , else

if x > 0:
print("Positive")
elif x == 0:

Short notes on Python 1

 print("Zero")
else:
print("Negative")

Loops: for , while

for i in range(5):
print(i)

while x > 0:
print(x)
x -= 1

Functions
Defined using def keyword.

def greet(name):
return f"Hello, {name}!"

print(greet("Alice"))

Data Structures
Lists
Ordered, mutable collections.

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
my_list.append(6)
print(my_list[2])

Tuples
Ordered, immutable collections.

my_tuple = (1, 2, 3)

Short notes on Python 2

 print(my_tuple[1])

Dictionaries
Key-value pairs, unordered.

my_dict = {"name": "Alice", "age": 25}

print(my_dict["name"])

Sets
Unordered collections of unique elements.

my_set = {1, 2, 3, 3}
print(my_set) # Output: {1, 2, 3}

Advanced Concepts
List Comprehensions
Concise way to create lists.

squares = [x**2 for x in range(10)]

Exception Handling
Using try , except , finally blocks.

try:
result = 10 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Cannot divide by zero")
finally:
print("Execution complete")

Classes and Objects

Define classes using class keyword.

Short notes on Python 3

 class Person:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age

def greet(self):
print(f"Hello, my name is {self.name}")

p = Person("Alice", 25)
p.greet()

Modules and Packages

Importing Modules
Use import to include modules.

import math
print(math.sqrt(16))

Creating Modules
Save Python code in .py file and import.

# in mymodule.py
def add(a, b):
return a + b

# in another file
from mymodule import add
print(add(3, 4))

Virtual Environments
Isolate project dependencies.

python -m venv myenv

source myenv/bin/activate # On Windows use `myenv\\Scripts

Short notes on Python 4

 \\activate`

Popular Libraries
NumPy
Library for numerical computations.

import numpy as np
arr = np.array([1, 2, 3])
print(arr * 2)

Pandas
Data manipulation and analysis.

import pandas as pd
df = pd.DataFrame({'Name': ['Alice', 'Bob'], 'Age': [25, 3
0]})
print(df)

Matplotlib
Plotting and visualization.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

plt.plot([1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6])
plt.show()

Requests
HTTP library for making requests.

import requests
response = requests.get('<https://api.example.com/data>')
print(response.json())

Short notes on Python 5

 Advanced Topics
Generators
Functions that return an iterable set of items, one at a time, using yield .

def generate_numbers():
for i in range(5):
yield i

gen = generate_numbers()
for number in gen:
print(number)

Decorators
Functions that modify the behavior of other functions or methods.

def my_decorator(func):
def wrapper():
print("Something is happening before the function i
s called.")
func()
print("Something is happening after the function is
called.")
return wrapper

@my_decorator
def say_hello():
print("Hello!")

say_hello()

Context Managers
Manage resources using with statement.

with open('file.txt', 'r') as file:

content = file.read()

Short notes on Python 6

 print(content)

Lambda Functions
Anonymous functions defined using lambda keyword.

square = lambda x: x ** 2
print(square(5))

Iterators and Iterables

Objects that can be looped over (iterables) and objects that can keep track
of their position during iteration (iterators).

my_list = [1, 2, 3]
iterator = iter(my_list)

print(next(iterator))
print(next(iterator))

File Handling
Reading and Writing Files
Use built-in functions open() , read() , write() , and close() .

# Writing to a file
with open('example.txt', 'w') as file:
file.write("Hello, World!")

# Reading from a file

with open('example.txt', 'r') as file:
content = file.read()
print(content)

Regular Expressions

Short notes on Python 7

 Using the re Module
Useful for pattern matching and string manipulation.

import re

pattern = r'\\d+' # Matches one or more digits

text = "There are 123 apples"

matches = re.findall(pattern, text)

print(matches)

Web Development
Flask
Micro web framework for building web applications.

from flask import Flask, render_template

app = Flask(__name__)

@app.route('/')
def home():
return "Hello, Flask!"

if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run(debug=True)

Django
High-level web framework for building robust web applications.

# Install Django using `pip install django`

# Create a project using `django-admin startproject myproje
ct`
# Create an app using `python manage.py startapp myapp`

# In views.py

Short notes on Python 8

 from django.http import HttpResponse

def home(request):
return HttpResponse("Hello, Django!")

# In urls.py
from django.urls import path
from . import views

urlpatterns = [
path('', views.home),
]

Testing
Unit Testing
Using the unittest module.

import unittest

def add(a, b):

return a + b

class TestMathOperations(unittest.TestCase):
def test_add(self):
self.assertEqual(add(3, 4), 7)

if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()

Mocking
Using the unittest.mock module.

from unittest.mock import MagicMock

# Example function that makes a network call

Short notes on Python 9

 def get_data():
response = requests.get('<https://api.example.com/data
>')
return response.json()

# Mock the network call

requests.get = MagicMock(return_value=MagicMock(json=lambd
a: {"key": "value"}))
print(get_data())

Concurrency
Multithreading
Using the threading module for parallelism.

import threading

def print_numbers():
for i in range(5):
print(i)

thread = threading.Thread(target=print_numbers)
thread.start()
thread.join()

Multiprocessing
Using the multiprocessing module for true parallelism.

import multiprocessing

def print_numbers():
for i in range(5):
print(i)

process = multiprocessing.Process(target=print_numbers)

Short notes on Python 10

 process.start()
process.join()

Asyncio
Asynchronous programming using the asyncio module.

import asyncio

async def print_numbers():

for i in range(5):
print(i)
await asyncio.sleep(1)

asyncio.run(print_numbers())

Database Interaction
SQLite
Using the sqlite3 module to interact with SQLite databases.

import sqlite3

connection = sqlite3.connect('example.db')
cursor = connection.cursor()

# Create a table
cursor.execute('''CREATE TABLE users (id INTEGER PRIMARY KE
Y, name TEXT)''')

# Insert data
cursor.execute("INSERT INTO users (name) VALUES ('Alice')")
connection.commit()

# Query data
cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM users")
print(cursor.fetchall())

Short notes on Python 11

 connection.close()

SQLAlchemy
ORM (Object-Relational Mapping) for working with databases.

from sqlalchemy import create_engine, Column, Integer, Stri

ng
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker

engine = create_engine('sqlite:///example.db')
Base = declarative_base()

class User(Base):
__tablename__ = 'users'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String)

Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()

# Add a new user

new_user = User(name='Alice')
session.add(new_user)
session.commit()

# Query the user

user = session.query(User).filter_by(name='Alice').first()
print(user.name)

Short notes on Python 12