2023 Lecture Notes of Web Technology

with .NET

Web Technology with

.NET

Working with Data

Prof. (Dr.) Dharmendra Bhatti 1

Cache in computing

lIn computing, a cache is a hardware or

software component that stores data so
that future requests for that data can be
served faster.
lThe data stored in a cache might be the
result of an earlier computation or a copy
of data stored elsewhere.

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2023 Lecture Notes of Web Technology
with .NET

Cache in computing

lA cache hit occurs when the requested

data can be found in a cache, while
a cache miss occurs when it cannot.
lCache hits are served by reading data
from the cache, which is faster than
recomputing a result or reading from a
slower data store; thus, the more requests
that can be served from the cache, the
faster the system performs.
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Cache in computing

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Caching in ASP.NET Core MVC

lCaching means to store something in

memory/storage that is being used
frequently to provide better performance.

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Caching in ASP.NET Core MVC

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2023 Lecture Notes of Web Technology
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Caching in ASP.NET Core MVC

lCaching refers to the process of storing

frequently used data so that those data
can be served much faster for
subsequent future requests.

Prof. (Dr.) Dharmendra Bhatti 7

Caching in ASP.NET Core MVC

lCaching can significantly improve the

performance and scalability of an app by
reducing the work required to generate
content.

lCaching works best with data that

changes infrequently and is expensive to
generate.

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Caching in ASP.NET Core MVC

lCaching makes a copy of data that can be

returned much faster than from the source.

lApps should be written and tested

to never depend on cached data.

Prof. (Dr.) Dharmendra Bhatti 9

Caching in ASP.NET Core MVC

lASP.NET Core supports different caches:

lIMemoryCache

lIDistributedCache

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2023 Lecture Notes of Web Technology
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Caching in ASP.NET Core MVC

lThe simplest cache is based on the

IMemoryCache.

lIMemoryCache represents a cache stored

in the memory of the web server.

Prof. (Dr.) Dharmendra Bhatti 11

Caching in ASP.NET Core MVC

lApps running on a server farm (multiple

servers) should ensure sessions are sticky
when using the in-memory cache.
lSticky sessions ensure that requests
from a client all go to the same server.
lFor example, Azure Web apps use
Application Request Routing (ARR) to
route all requests to the same server.

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Caching in ASP.NET Core MVC

lNon-sticky sessions in a web farm require

a distributed cache to avoid cache
consistency problems.
lFor some apps, a distributed cache can
support higher scale-out than an in-
memory cache.
lUsing a distributed cache offloads the
cache memory to an external process.

Prof. (Dr.) Dharmendra Bhatti 13

Caching in ASP.NET Core MVC

lA distributed cache is a cache shared by

multiple app servers, typically maintained
as an external service to the app servers
that access it.
lA distributed cache can improve the
performance and scalability of an
ASP.NET Core app, especially when the
app is hosted by a cloud service or a
server farm.
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Caching in ASP.NET Core MVC

lAdvantages of distributed cache:

¡Is coherent (consistent) across requests to
multiple servers.
¡Survives server restarts and app deployments.
¡Doesn't use local memory.

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Caching in ASP.NET Core MVC

lImplementation of Distributed Cache

¡Distributed Redis cache
¡Distributed Memory Cache
¡Distributed SQL Server cache
¡Distributed NCache cache

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Caching in ASP.NET Core MVC

lThe in-memory cache can store any

object.
lThe distributed cache interface is limited
to byte[ ].
lThe in-memory and distributed cache
store cache items as key-value pairs.

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Cache guidelines

lCode should always have a fallback option

to fetch data and not depend on a cached
value being available.

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Cache guidelines

lThe cache uses a scarce resource,

memory. Limit cache growth:
¡Do not insert external input into the cache. As
an example, using arbitrary user-provided input
as a cache key is not recommended since the
input might consume an unpredictable amount
of memory.
¡Use expirations to limit cache growth.
¡Use SetSize, Size, and SizeLimit to limit cache
size.
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Caching

lCaching allow responses to be produced

using data that has been previously
created, either because it was created for
an earlier request or because it has been
stored in a database.

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2023 Lecture Notes of Web Technology
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Why caching???

lMost web applications deal with data that

is expensive to re-create for every request.

lCaching allow responses to be produced

more efficiently and with fewer resources.

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How are they use?

lData values are cached using a service.

Responses are cached by a middleware
component based on the Cache-Control
header.
lDatabases are accessed through a service
that translates LINQ queries into SQL
statements.

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Limitations of Caching???

lFor caching, it is important to test the

effect of your cache policy before
deploying the application to ensure you
have found the right balance between
efficiency and freshness.

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Caching Data

lIn many web applications, there will be

some items of data that are relatively
expensive to generate but are required
repeatedly.

lRepeatedly performing the same set of

calculations can increase the resources
required to host the application.

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Example – CacheData1

lIn Program.cs file, add in-memory cache

service:

lbuilder.Services.AddMemoryCache();

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Example – CacheData1

lIn HomeController.cs file, add

lusing
Microsoft.Extensions.Caching.Memory;

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Example – CacheData1

lIn HomeController.cs file, use

IMemoryCache interface

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Example – CacheData1

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Example – CacheData1

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IDistributedCache Methods

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DistributedCacheEntryOptions

lAbsoluteExpiration

lThis property is used to specify an

absolute expiry date.

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DistributedCacheEntryOptions

lAbsoluteExpirationRelativeToNow

lThis property is used to specify a relative

expiry date.

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DistributedCacheEntryOptions

lSlidingExpiration

lThis property is used to specify a period of

inactivity, after which the item will be
ejected from the cache if it hasn’t been
read.

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MemoryCacheOptions Properties

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MemoryCacheOptions Properties

lIn Program.cs file,

lbuilder.Services.AddDistributedMemoryCa
che(opts => { opts.SizeLimit = 200; });

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The Cache Service Implementation

Methods

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Using a Shared and Persistent Data

Cache
lThe cache created by the
AddDistributedMemoryCache method isn’t
distributed.
lThe items are stored in memory as part of
the ASP.NET Core process, which means
that applications that run on multiple
servers or containers don’t share cached
data.
lIt also means that the contents of the cache
are lost when ASP.NET Core is stopped. 37
Prof. (Dr.) Dharmendra Bhatti

Using a Shared and Persistent Data

Cache
lThe AddDistributedSqlServerCache
method stores the cache data in a SQL
Server database, which can be shared
between multiple ASP.NET Core servers
and which stores the data persistently.

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AddDistributedSqlServerCache

lStep-1 Connecting to the Database

lOpen a new PowerShell command prompt

and run the command

lsqlcmd -S "(localdb)\MSSQLLocalDB"

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AddDistributedSqlServerCache

lStep-2 Creating the Database

l1> CREATE DATABASE CacheDb

l1> GO

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AddDistributedSqlServerCache

lStep-3 Creating the Cache Database

Table

ldotnet sql-cache create

"Server=(localdb)\MSSQLLocalDB;Databas
e=CacheDb" dbo DataCache

lTable and index were created successfully.

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AddDistributedSqlServerCache

lStep-4 Adding a Package to the Project

lOpen a new PowerShell command
prompt, navigate to the project folder, and
run the command
¡dotnet add package
Microsoft.Extensions.Caching.SqlServer --
version 6.0.0
lIf you are using Visual Studio, you can add
the package by selecting Project ➤
Manage NuGetProf.Packages
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AddDistributedSqlServerCache

lStep-5 Defining a Connection String in

the appsettings.json File

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AddDistributedSqlServerCache

lStep-6 Using a Persistent Data Cache in

the Program.cs File

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SqlServerCacheOptions Properties

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Caching Responses

lif a response is expensive to compose and

is likely to be repeated, cache entire
response in place of caching individual
data items.

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Configuring Response Caching in the

Program.cs

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Configuring Response Caching in the

Program.cs

lSame response sent by ASP.NET Core for

10 second (configured duration).

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2023 Lecture Notes of Web Technology
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Entity Framework Core

lMany web apps need to access data in

a database.
lEntity Framework Core is well-integrated
into the ASP.NET Core platform, with
good support for creating a database
from C# classes and for creating C#
classes to represent an existing
database.

Prof. (Dr.) Dharmendra Bhatti 49

What is Entity Framework?

lEntity Framework is an object-relational

mapper (O/RM) that enables .NET
developers to work with a database using
.NET objects.
lIt eliminates the need for most of the data-
access code that developers usually need
to write.
lIn other words we can say that it is
bridging the gap between objects and
relational dataProf. (Dr.) Dharmendra Bhatti 50

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What is Entity Framework?

Prof. (Dr.) Dharmendra Bhatti 51

Object Relational Mapping

lObject Relational Mapping (ORM) is a

technique used in creating a "bridge"
between object-oriented programs and, in
most cases, relational databases.

lPut another way, you can see the ORM as

the layer that connects object oriented
programming (OOP) to relational
databases.
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Object Relational Mapping

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Object Relational Mapping

lAdvantages
¡It speeds up development time for teams.
¡Decreases the cost of development.
¡Handles the logic required to interact with
databases.
¡Improves security. ORM tools are built to
eliminate the possibility of SQL injection
attacks.
¡You write less code when using ORM tools than
with SQL.
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Object Relational Mapping

lLimitations
¡Learning how to use ORM tools can be time
consuming.
¡They are likely not going to perform better when
very complex queries are involved.
¡ORMs are generally slower than using SQL.

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Features of Entity Framework

lCross Platform – EF Core is a cross-

platform framework which can run on Mac,
Linux and Windows.

lModeling - EF (Entity Framework) creates

an EDM (Entity Data Model) based on
POCO (Plain Old CLR Object) entities with
get/set properties of different data types

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Features of Entity Framework

lQuerying - EF allows us to use LINQ

queries (C#/VB.NET) to retrieve data from
the underlying database. EF also allows
us to execute raw SQL queries directly to
the database.
lChange Tracking - EF keeps track of
changes occurred to instances of your
entities (Property values) which need to be
submitted to the database.
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Features of Entity Framework

lSaving: EF executes INSERT, UPDATE,

and DELETE commands to the database
based on the changes occurred to your
entities when you call
the SaveChanges() method.
lEF also provides the
asynchronous SaveChangesAsync() meth
od.

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Features of Entity Framework

lCaching: EF includes first level of caching

out of the box. So, repeated querying will
return data from the cache instead of
hitting the database.

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Approach

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Approach

lCode First - This approach was

introduced with EF 4.1. It is mainly useful
in Domain Driven Design. In the Code-
First approach, you focus on the domain of
your application and start creating classes
for your domain entity rather than design
your database first and then create the
classes which match your database
design.
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Approach

lModel First - In this approach we define

your model in an Entity Framework
designer then generate SQL, which will
create database schema to match your
model and then you execute the SQL to
create the schema in your database.
lThe classes that you interact with in your
application are automatically generated
from the EDMX file.
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Approach

lDB First - The Database First Approach

creates model codes (classes, properties,
DbContext etc.) from the database in the
project and those classes become the link
between the database and controller.

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Installing Entity Framework Core

lInstalling the Entity Framework Core

Global Tool Package

ldotnet tool uninstall --global dotnet-ef

ldotnet tool install --global dotnet-ef --
version 6.0.0

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Testing the Entity Framework Core

Global Tool
ldotnet ef --help

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Adding Entity Framework Core

Packages to the Project
lEntity Framework Core also requires
packages to be added to the project.
lNavigate to the project folder and run the
commands
¡dotnet add package
Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Design --
version 6.0.0
¡dotnet add package
Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.SqlServer --
version 6.0.0
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Creating the Data Model

lThe Calculation.cs File in the

Platform/Models Folder

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The Context Class

lEntity Framework Core uses a context

class that provides access to the
database.

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The Context Class

lAdd a file called CalculationContext.cs to

the Platform/Models folder

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Configuring the Database Service

lConfiguring the Data Service in the
Program.cs File

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Defining a Connection String

lDefining a Connection String in the
appsettings.json File

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Creating and Applying the Database

Migration
lEntity Framework Core manages the
relationship between data model classes
and the database using a feature called
migrations.

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Creating and Applying the Database

Migration
lTo create the initial migration, open a new
PowerShell command prompt at project
location, and run the command:
¡dotnet ef migrations add Initial

lApplying a Migration
¡dotnet ef database update

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Seeding the Database

lCreate a file called SeedData.cs in the
Platform/Models folder

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Seeding the Database

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Enabling Database Seeding in the

Program.cs File

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Seeding the Database

ldotnet run INITDB=true

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Using Data in an Endpoint

lEndpoints and middleware components

access Entity Framework Core data by
declaring a dependency
on the context class and using its
DbSet<T> properties to perform LINQ
queries.

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Using Data in an Endpoint

lThe LINQ queries are translated into SQL

and sent to the database.
lThe row data received from the database
is used to create data model objects that
are used to produce responses.

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Using a Database in the

SumEndpoint.cs File

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Enabling Sensitive Data Logging

lEntity Framework Core doesn’t include

parameter values in the logging messages
it produces, which is why the logging
output contains question marks:

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Enabling Sensitive Data Logging

lEnabling Sensitive Data Logging in the

Program.cs File

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WebApp Example

lCreating the Project

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Adding a Data Model

lCreate a simple data model and use it to

create the database schema that will be
used to store the application’s data.

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Adding NuGet Packages to the

Project
ldotnet add package
Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Design --
version 7.0.10
ldotnet add package
Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.SqlServer
--version 7.0.0
lOR
ldotnet add package
Pomelo.EntityFrameworkCore.MySql --
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version 7.0.0

Adding NuGet Packages to the

Project
lIf you are using Visual Studio, you can add
the packages by selecting Project ➤
Manage NuGet Packages.

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Installing a Global Tool Package

ldotnet tool uninstall --global dotnet-ef

ldotnet tool install --global dotnet-ef --

version 7.0.10

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Creating the Data Model

lCreate a new class file named

Category.cs in Models folder.

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Creating the Data Model

lCreate a new class file named Supplier.cs

in Models folder.

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Creating the Data Model

lNext, add a class named Product.cs to the

Models folder.

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WebApp Example

lEach of the three data model classes

defines a key property whose value will be
allocated by the database when new
objects are stored.
lThere are also navigation properties that
will be used to query for related data so
that it will be possible, for example, to
query for all the products in a specific
category.
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WebApp Example

lTo create the Entity Framework Core

context class that will provide access to
the database, add a file called
DataContext.cs to the Models folder.

lThe context class defines properties that

will be used to query the database for
Product, Category, and Supplier data.

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WebApp Example

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Preparing the Seed Data

lAdd a class called SeedData.cs to the

Models folder

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Preparing the Seed Data

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Preparing the Seed Data

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Preparing the Seed Data

lThe static SeedDatabase method ensures

that all pending migrations have been
applied to the database.

lIf the database is empty, it is seeded with

categories, suppliers, and products.

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Preparing the Seed Data

lEntity Framework Core will take care of

mapping the objects into the tables in the
database, and the key properties will be
assigned automatically when the data is
stored.

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Configuring Entity Framework Core

Services and Middleware
lMake the changes to the Program.cs file

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Configuring Entity Framework Core

Services and Middleware

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Configuring Entity Framework Core

Services and Middleware
lDefining a Connection String in the
appsettings.json File

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Creating and Applying the Migration

lUse a PowerShell command prompt to run

the command

ldotnet ef migrations add Initial

ldotnet ef database update

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Adding the CSS Framework

lInstalling the LibMan Tool Package

ldotnet tool uninstall --global

Microsoft.Web.LibraryManager.Cli

ldotnet tool install --global

Microsoft.Web.LibraryManager.Cli --
version 2.1.175
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Adding the CSS Framework

lInstalling the Bootstrap CSS Framework

llibman init -p cdnjs

llibman install [email protected] -d

wwwroot/lib/bootstrap

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Configuring the Request Pipeline

lTo define a simple middleware component

that will be used to make sure the example
project has been set up correctly, add a
class file called TestMiddleware.cs to the
WebApp folder

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Configuring the Request Pipeline

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Adding a Middleware Component in

the Program.cs File
lvar app = builder.Build();

lapp.UseMiddleware<WebApp.TestMiddl
eware>();

lapp.MapGet("/", () => "Hello World!");

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Running the Example App

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Questions ???

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