170 CHAPTE R 7 KI N ETIC E N E RGY AN D WOR K

6 Figure 7-19 gives the x com- F2 plot in Fig. 7-21c (for kinetic energy K versus time t) best corre-
ponent Fx of a force that can act sponds to which plot in Fig. 7-21b?
F1
on a particle. If the particle be- 9 Spring A is stiffer than spring B (kA $ kB). The spring force of
gins at rest at x ! 0, what is its Fx x (m) which spring does more work if the springs are compressed (a) the
coordinate when it has (a) its 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
same distance and (b) by the same applied force?
greatest kinetic energy, (b) its –F1
greatest speed, and (c) zero 10 A glob of slime is launched or dropped from the edge of a
–F2 cliff. Which of the graphs in Fig. 7-22 could possibly show how the
speed? (d) What is the particle’s
direction of travel after it Figure 7-19 Question 6. kinetic energy of the glob changes during its flight?
reaches x ! 6 m?
K K K K
7 In Fig. 7-20, a greased pig has a choice of three frictionless slides t
along which to slide to the ground. Rank the slides according to how
much work the gravitational force does on the pig during the descent,
greatest first. t t t
(a) (b) (c) (d)

K K K K

t t t t
(e) (f ) (g) (h)
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 7-20 Figure 7-22 Question 10.
Question 7.
11 In three situations, a single force acts on a moving particle.
8 Figure 7-21a shows four situations in which a horizontal force acts Here are the velocities (at that instant) and the forces:
:
on the same block, which is initially at rest. The force magnitudes are (1) : v ! (#4î) m/s, F ! (6î # 20ĵ) N; (2) : v ! (2î # 3ĵ) m/s,
: :
F2 ! F4 ! 2F1 ! 2F3. The horizontal component vx of the block’s ve- F ! (#2ĵ " 7k̂) N; (3) :v ! (#3î " ĵ) m/s, F ! (2î " 6ĵ) N. Rank
locity is shown in Fig. 7-21b for the four situations. (a) Which plot in the situations according to the rate at which energy is being trans-
Fig. 7-21b best corresponds to which force in Fig. 7-21a? (b) Which ferred, greatest transfer to the particle ranked first, greatest trans-
fer from the particle ranked last.
F1 F2 F3 F4 12 Figure 7-23 shows three arrangements of a block attached to
identical springs that are in their relaxed state when the block is
x centered as shown. Rank the arrangements according to the mag-
(a) nitude of the net force on the block, largest first, when the block is
displaced by distance d (a) to the right and (b) to the left. Rank the
vx K arrangements according to the work done on the block by the
A spring forces, greatest first, when the block is displaced by d (c) to
B E
F the right and (d) to the left.
t t

C G
H
D
(b) (c) (1) (2) (3)
Figure 7-21 Question 8. Figure 7-23 Question 12.

Problems
Tutoring problem available (at instructor’s discretion) in WileyPLUS and WebAssign
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• – ••• Number of dots indicates level of problem difficulty ILW Interactive solution is at
Additional information available in The Flying Circus of Physics and at flyingcircusofphysics.com

Module 7-1 Kinetic Energy •2 If a Saturn V rocket with an Apollo spacecraft attached had a
•1 SSM A proton (mass m ! 1.67 % 10#27 kg) is being acceler- combined mass of 2.9 % 105 kg and reached a speed of 11.2 km/s,
ated along a straight line at 3.6 % 10 15 m/s2 in a machine. If the pro- how much kinetic energy would it then have?
ton has an initial speed of 2.4 % 10 7 m/s and travels 3.5 cm, what •3 On August 10, 1972, a large meteorite skipped across the
then is (a) its speed and (b) the increase in its kinetic energy? atmosphere above the western United States and western Canada,
 PROB LE M S 171

much like a stone skipped across water. The accompanying fireball ity of 4.0 m/s in the positive x direction and some time later has a
was so bright that it could be seen in the daytime sky and was velocity of 6.0 m/s in the positive y direction. How much work is
brighter than the usual meteorite trail. The meteorite’s mass was done on the canister by the 5.0 N force during this time?
about 4 % 10 6 kg; its speed was about 15 km/s. Had it entered the •10 A coin slides over a frictionless plane and across an xy
atmosphere vertically, it would have hit Earth’s surface with about coordinate system from the origin to a point with xy coordinates
the same speed. (a) Calculate the meteorite’s loss of kinetic energy (3.0 m, 4.0 m) while a constant force acts on it. The force has mag-
(in joules) that would have been associated with the vertical impact. nitude 2.0 N and is directed at a counterclockwise angle of 100&
(b) Express the energy as a multiple of the explosive energy of from the positive direction of the x axis. How much work is done
1 megaton of TNT, which is 4.2 % 1015 J. (c) The energy associated by the force on the coin during the displacement?
with the atomic bomb explosion over Hiroshima was equivalent to
13 kilotons of TNT. To how many Hiroshima bombs would the me- ••11 A 12.0 N force with a fixed orientation does work on a
teorite impact have been equivalent? particle as the particle moves through the three-dimensional dis-
:
placement d ! (2.00î # 4.00ĵ " 3.00k̂) m. What is the angle be-
•4 An explosion at ground level leaves a crater with a diam- tween the force and the displacement if the change in the particle’s
eter that is proportional to the energy of the explosion raised to kinetic energy is (a) "30.0 J and (b) #30.0 J?
the 13 power; an explosion of 1 megaton of TNT leaves a crater
with a 1 km diameter. Below Lake Huron in Michigan there ap- ••12 A can of bolts and nuts is Ws
pears to be an ancient impact crater with a 50 km diameter. What pushed 2.00 m along an x axis by a
was the kinetic energy associated with that impact, in terms of broom along the greasy (friction-

W (J)
(a) megatons of TNT (1 megaton yields 4.2 % 1015 J) and less) floor of a car repair shop in a
(b) Hiroshima bomb equivalents (13 kilotons of TNT each)? version of shuffleboard. Figure 7-26
(Ancient meteorite or comet impacts may have significantly gives the work W done on the can
altered the climate, killing off the dinosaurs and other life-forms.) by the constant horizontal force
from the broom, versus the can’s po- 0 1 2
••5 A father racing his son has half the kinetic energy of the son, sition x. The scale of the figure’s ver- x (m)
who has half the mass of the father. The father speeds up by 1.0 m/s tical axis is set by Ws ! 6.0 J. (a) Figure 7-26 Problem 12.
and then has the same kinetic energy as the son. What are the origi- What is the magnitude of that
nal speeds of (a) the father and (b) the son? force? (b) If the can had an initial kinetic energy of 3.00 J, moving
••6 A bead with mass 1.8 % 10#2 kg is moving along a wire in in the positive direction of the x axis, what is its kinetic energy at
the positive direction of an x axis. Beginning at time t ! 0, when the end of the 2.00 m?
the bead passes through x ! 0 with speed 12 m/s, a constant force ••13 A luge and its rider, with a total mass of 85 kg, emerge from a
acts on the bead. Figure 7-24 indicates the bead’s position at downhill track onto a horizontal straight track with an initial speed
these four times: t0 ! 0, t1 ! 1.0 s, t2 ! 2.0 s, and t3 ! 3.0 s. The of 37 m/s. If a force slows them to a stop at a constant rate of 2.0
bead momentarily stops at t ! 3.0 s. What is the kinetic energy of m/s2, (a) what magnitude F is required for the force, (b) what dis-
the bead at t ! 10 s? tance d do they travel while slowing, and (c) what work W is done
t0 t1 t2 t3 on them by the force? What are (d) F, (e) d, and (f) W if they, in-
stead, slow at 4.0 m/s2?
y
0 5 10 15 20
x (m) ••14 Figure 7-27 shows an over-
head view of three horizontal forces F3
Figure 7-24 Problem 6.
acting on a cargo canister that was
F1 θ3
initially stationary but now moves x
Module 7-2 Work and Kinetic Energy across a frictionless floor. The force
•7 A 3.0 kg body is at rest on a frictionless horizontal air track magnitudes are F1 ! 3.00 N, F2 !
:
when a constant horizontal force F acting in the positive direction of θ2
4.00 N, and F3 ! 10.0 N, and the indi-
an x axis along the track is applied to the body.A stroboscopic graph F2
cated angles are u2 ! 50.0& and u3 !
of the position of the body as it slides to the right is shown in Fig. 7- 35.0&. What is the net work done on
:
25. The force F is applied to the body at t ! 0, and the graph records Figure 7-27 Problem 14.
the canister by the three forces dur-
the position of the body at 0.50 s intervals. How much work is done ing the first 4.00 m of displacement?
:
on the body by the applied force F between t ! 0 and t ! 2.0 s?
••15 Figure 7-28 shows three F2
t=0 0.5 s 1.0 s 1.5 s 2.0 s forces applied to a trunk that moves
leftward by 3.00 m over a friction- θ
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 less floor. The force magnitudes are F1
x (m) F1 ! 5.00 N, F2 ! 9.00 N, and F3 !
Figure 7-25 Problem 7. 3.00 N, and the indicated angle is u !
60.0&. During the displacement,
F3
•8 A ice block floating in a river is pushed through a displacement (a) what is the net work done on the
:
d ! (15 m)î # (12 m)ĵ along a straight embankment by rushing wa- trunk by the three forces and (b) Figure 7-28 Problem 15.
:
ter, which exerts a force F ! (210 N)î # (150 N)ĵ on the block. How does the kinetic energy of the trunk
much work does the force do on the block during the displacement? increase or decrease?
•9 The only force acting on a 2.0 kg canister that is moving in an ••16 An 8.0 kg object is moving in the positive direction
xy plane has a magnitude of 5.0 N. The canister initially has a veloc- of an x axis. When it passes through x ! 0, a constant force directed
172 CHAPTE R 7 KI N ETIC E N E RGY AN D WOR K

along the axis begins to act on it. K (J) the box to move up a frictionless ramp at constant speed. How
:
Figure 7-29 gives its kinetic energy much work is done on the box by F a when the box has moved
K versus position x as it moves K 0 through vertical distance h ! 0.150 m?
from x ! 0 to x ! 5.0 m; K0 ! 30.0
••24 In Fig. 7-33, a horizontal force
J. The force continues to act. What :
F a of magnitude 20.0 N is applied to a
is v when the object moves back d
3.00 kg psychology book as the book
through x ! #3.0 m? x (m)
0 5 slides a distance d ! 0.500 m up a fric-
Module 7-3 Work Done by Figure 7-29 Problem 16. tionless ramp at angle u ! 30.0&. (a)
gy
the Gravitational Force During the displacement, what is the net olo Fa
ch
: sy
•17 SSM WWW A helicopter lifts a 72 kg astronaut 15 m verti- work done on the book by F a, the gravi- P
θ
cally from the ocean by means of a cable. The acceleration of the tational force on the book, and the nor-
astronaut is g/10. How much work is done on the astronaut by mal force on the book? (b) If the book Figure 7-33 Problem 24.
(a) the force from the helicopter and (b) the gravitational force on has zero kinetic energy at the start of the
her? Just before she reaches the helicopter, what are her (c) kinetic displacement, what is its speed at the end of the displacement?
energy and (d) speed? •••25 In Fig. 7-34, a 0.250 kg block of cheese lies on
•18 (a) In 1975 the roof of Montreal’s Velodrome, with the floor of a 900 kg elevator cab that is being pulled
a weight of 360 kN, was lifted by 10 cm so that it could be centered. upward by a cable through distance d1 ! 2.40 m and
How much work was done on the roof by the forces making the then through distance d2 ! 10.5 m. (a) Through d1, if
lift? (b) In 1960 a Tampa, Florida, mother reportedly raised one the normal force on the block from the floor has con-
end of a car that had fallen onto her son when a jack failed. If her stant magnitude FN ! 3.00 N, how much work is done
panic lift effectively raised 4000 N (about 14 of the car’s weight) by on the cab by the force from the cable? (b) Through d2,
5.0 cm, how much work did her force do on the car? if the work done on the cab by the (constant) force Figure 7-34
from the cable is 92.61 kJ, what is the magnitude of FN? Problem 25.
••19 In Fig. 7-30, a block of ice Fr
slides down a frictionless ramp at angle Module 7-4 Work Done by a Spring Force
( ! 50& while an ice worker pulls on •26 In Fig. 7-10, we must apply a force of magnitude 80 N to hold the
:
the block (via a rope) with a force F r block stationary at x ! #2.0 cm. From that position, we then slowly
that has a magnitude of 50 N and is di- move the block so that our force does "4.0 J of work on the
d

rected up the ramp. As the block slides spring–block system; the block is then again stationary. What is the
through distance d ! 0.50 m along the block’s position? (Hint: There are two answers.)
ramp, its kinetic energy increases by 80 θ •27 A spring and block are in the arrangement of Fig. 7-10.When the
J. How much greater would its kinetic
block is pulled out to x ! "4.0 cm, we must apply a force of magnitude
energy have been if the rope had not Figure 7-30 Problem 19.
360 N to hold it there.We pull the block to x ! 11 cm and then release
been attached to the block?
it. How much work does the spring do on the block as the block
••20 A block is sent up a frictionless Ks moves from xi ! "5.0 cm to (a) x ! "3.0 cm, (b) x ! #3.0 cm,
ramp along which an x axis extends up- (c) x ! #5.0 cm, and (d) x ! #9.0 cm?
ward. Figure 7-31 gives the kinetic en-
K ( J)

•28 During spring semester at MIT, residents of the parallel build-

ergy of the block as a function of posi-
ings of the East Campus dorms battle one another with large cata-
tion x; the scale of the figure’s vertical
pults that are made with surgical hose mounted on a window frame.
axis is set by Ks ! 40.0 J. If the block’s
0 1 2 A balloon filled with dyed water is placed in a pouch attached to the
initial speed is 4.00 m/s, what is the nor-
x (m) hose, which is then stretched through the width of the room. Assume
mal force on the block?
Figure 7-31 Problem 20. that the stretching of the hose obeys Hooke’s law with a spring con-
••21 SSM A cord is used to vertically stant of 100 N/m. If the hose is stretched by 5.00 m and then released,
lower an initially stationary block of how much work does the force from the hose do on the balloon in
mass M at a constant downward acceleration of g/4. When the block the pouch by the time the hose reaches its relaxed length?
has fallen a distance d, find (a) the work done by the cord’s force on
••29 In the arrangement of Fig. 7-10, we gradually pull the block
the block, (b) the work done by the gravitational force on the block,
from x ! 0 to x ! "3.0 cm, where it is stationary. Figure 7-35 gives
(c) the kinetic energy of the block, and (d) the speed of the block.
••22 A cave rescue team lifts an injured spelunker directly upward
Ws
and out of a sinkhole by means of a motor-driven cable. The lift is
performed in three stages, each requiring a vertical distance of 10.0
m: (a) the initially stationary spelunker is accelerated to a speed of
5.00 m/s; (b) he is then lifted at the con-
W (J)

stant speed of 5.00 m/s; (c) finally he is

decelerated to zero speed. How much
work is done on the 80.0 kg rescuee by
the force lifting him during each stage? φ
: Fa
••23 In Fig. 7-32, a constant force F a of
magnitude 82.0 N is applied to a 3.00 0 1 2 3
kg shoe box at angle ' ! 53.0&, causing Figure 7-32 Problem 23. Figure 7-35 Problem 29. x (cm)
 PROB LE M S 173

the work that our force does on the block. The scale of the figure’s •35 SSM WWW The force on a particle is directed along an x axis
vertical axis is set by Ws ! 1.0 J. We then pull the block out to x ! and given by F ! F0(x/x0 # 1). Find the work done by the force in
"5.0 cm and release it from rest. How much work does the spring moving the particle from x ! 0 to x ! 2x0 by (a) plotting F(x) and
do on the block when the block moves from x i ! "5.0 cm to measuring the work from the graph and (b) integrating F(x).
(a) x ! "4.0 cm, (b) x ! #2.0 cm, and (c) x ! #5.0 cm?
•36 A 5.0 kg block moves in a
••30 In Fig. 7-10a, a block of mass Ks straight line on a horizontal friction- Fs

Force (N)
m lies on a horizontal frictionless less surface under the influence of a

K (J)
surface and is attached to one end force that varies with position as
of a horizontal spring (spring con- 0
0 shown in Fig. 7-39.The scale of the fig- 2 4 8
stant k) whose other end is fixed. 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 ure’s vertical axis is set by Fs ! 10.0 N.
The block is initially at rest at the x (m) –Fs
How much work is done by the force
position where the spring is Figure 7-36 Problem 30. Position (m)
as the block moves from the origin
unstretched (x ! 0) when a con- to x ! 8.0 m? Figure 7-39 Problem 36.
:
stant horizontal force F in the positive direction of the x axis is ap-
••37 Figure 7-40 gives the accel-
plied to it. A plot of the resulting kinetic energy of the block versus :
eration of a 2.00 kg particle as an applied force F a moves it from rest
its position x is shown in Fig. 7-36. The scale of the figure’s vertical
:
axis is set by Ks ! 4.0 J. (a) What is the magnitude of F ? (b) What along an x axis from x ! 0 to x ! 9.0 m.The scale of the figure’s verti-
is the value of k? cal axis is set by as ! 6.0 m/s2. How much work has the force done on
the particle when the particle reaches (a) x ! 4.0 m, (b) x ! 7.0 m,
••31 SSM WWW The only force acting on a 2.0 kg body as it and (c) x ! 9.0 m? What is the particle’s speed and direction of travel
moves along a positive x axis has an x component Fx ! #6x N, when it reaches (d) x ! 4.0 m, (e) x ! 7.0 m, and (f) x ! 9.0 m?
with x in meters. The velocity at x ! 3.0 m is 8.0 m/s. (a) What is the
velocity of the body at x ! 4.0 m? (b) At what positive value of x as
will the body have a velocity of 5.0 m/s?

a (m/s2)
••32 Figure 7-37 gives spring force Fx
Fx versus position x for the 0 x (m)
Fs 2 4 6 8
spring – block arrangement of Fig. 7-
10. The scale is set by Fs ! 160.0 N.
We release the block at x ! 12 cm. x (cm) –as
–2 –1 0 1 2
How much work does the spring do
Figure 7-40 Problem 37.
on the block when the block moves –Fs
from xi ! "8.0 cm to (a) x ! "5.0 ••38 A 1.5 kg block is initially at rest on a horizontal frictionless
cm, (b) x ! #5.0 cm, (c) x ! #8.0 Figure 7-37 Problem 32.
surface when a horizontal force along an x axis is applied to the block.
cm, and (d) x ! #10.0 cm? :
The force is given by F (x) ! (2.5 # x2)î N, where x is in meters and
•••33 The block in Fig. 7-10a lies on a horizontal frictionless the initial position of the block is x ! 0. (a) What is the kinetic energy
surface, and the spring constant is 50 N/m. Initially, the spring is at of the block as it passes through x ! 2.0 m? (b) What is the maximum
its relaxed length and the block is stationary at position x ! 0. kinetic energy of the block between x ! 0 and x ! 2.0 m?
Then an applied force with a constant magnitude of 3.0 N pulls the ••39
:
A force F ! (cx # 3.00x2)î acts on a particle as the parti-
block in the positive direction of the x axis, stretching the spring :
cle moves along an x axis, with F in newtons, x in meters, and c a
until the block stops. When that stopping point is reached, what are constant.At x ! 0, the particle’s kinetic energy is 20.0 J; at x ! 3.00 m,
(a) the position of the block, (b) the work that has been done on it is 11.0 J. Find c.
the block by the applied force, and (c) the work that has been done
on the block by the spring force? During the block’s displacement, ••40 A can of sardines is made to move along an x axis from
what are (d) the block’s position when its kinetic energy is maxi- x ! 0.25 m to x ! 1.25 m by a force with a magnitude given by
mum and (e) the value of that maximum kinetic energy? F ! exp(#4x2), with x in meters and F in newtons. (Here exp is the ex-
ponential function.) How much work is done on the can by the force?
Module 7-5 Work Done by a General Variable Force
••41 A single force acts on a 3.0 kg particle-like object whose posi-
•34 ILW A 10 kg brick moves along an x axis. Its acceleration as a tion is given by x ! 3.0t # 4.0t2 " 1.0t3, with x in meters and t in
function of its position is shown in Fig. 7-38. The scale of the figure’s seconds. Find the work done by the force from t ! 0 to t ! 4.0 s.
vertical axis is set by as ! 20.0 m/s2. What is the net work per-
formed on the brick by the force causing the acceleration as the •••42 Figure 7-41 shows a cord attached to a cart that can slide
brick moves from x ! 0 to x ! 8.0 m? along a frictionless horizontal rail aligned along an x axis. The left
as y
a (m/s2)

h T

00 2 4 6 8 x
x (m) x2 x1
Figure 7-38 Problem 34. Figure 7-41 Problem 42.
174 CHAPTE R 7 KI N ETIC E N E RGY AN D WOR K

end of the cord is pulled over a pulley, of negligible mass and friction :
di ! (3.00 m)î # (2.00 m)ĵ " (5.00 m)k̂ to a final position of
and at cord height h ! 1.20 m, so the cart slides from x1 ! 3.00 m to :
d f ! #(5.00 m)î " (4.00 m)ĵ " (7.00 m)k̂ in 4.00 s. Find (a) the
x2 ! 1.00 m. During the move, the tension in the cord is a constant work done on the object by the force in the 4.00 s interval, (b) the
25.0 N. What is the change in the kinetic energy of the cart during average power due to the force during that interval, and (c) the an-
the move? : :
gle between vectors d i and d f .
Module 7-6 Power •••52 A funny car accelerates from rest through a measured track
•43 SSM A force of 5.0 N acts on a 15 kg body initially at rest. distance in time T with the engine operating at a constant power P.
Compute the work done by the force in (a) the first, (b) the second, If the track crew can increase the engine power by a differential
and (c) the third seconds and (d) the instantaneous power due to amount dP, what is the change in the time required for the run?
the force at the end of the third second.
Additional Problems
•44 A skier is pulled by a towrope up a frictionless ski slope 53 Figure 7-42 shows a cold package of hot dogs sliding right-
that makes an angle of 12& with the horizontal. The rope moves ward across a frictionless floor through a distance d ! 20.0 cm
parallel to the slope with a constant speed of 1.0 m/s. The force while three forces act on the package. Two of them are horizontal
of the rope does 900 J of work on the skier as the skier moves a and have the magnitudes F1 ! 5.00 N and F2 ! 1.00 N; the third is
distance of 8.0 m up the incline. (a) If the rope moved with a angled down by u ! 60.0& and has the magnitude F3 ! 4.00 N.
constant speed of 2.0 m/s, how much work would the force of the (a) For the 20.0 cm displacement, what is the net work done on the
rope do on the skier as the skier moved a distance of 8.0 m up package by the three applied forces, the gravitational force on the
the incline? At what rate is the force of the rope doing work on package, and the normal force on the package? (b) If the package
the skier when the rope moves with a speed of (b) 1.0 m/s and has a mass of 2.0 kg and an initial kinetic energy of 0, what is its
(c) 2.0 m/s? speed at the end of the displacement?
•45 SSM ILW A 100 kg block is pulled at a constant speed of
5.0 m/s across a horizontal floor by an applied force of 122 N di- d
rected 37& above the horizontal. What is the rate at which the force F2 F1
does work on the block?
θ
•46 The loaded cab of an elevator has a mass of 3.0 % 103 kg and
moves 210 m up the shaft in 23 s at constant speed. At what aver- F3
age rate does the force from the cable do work on the cab?
Figure 7-42 Problem 53.
••47 A machine carries a 4.0 kg package from an initial position
:
of d i ! (0.50 m)î " (0.75 m)ĵ " (0.20 m)k̂ at t ! 0 to a final posi- 54 The only force acting on a Fx (N)
:
tion of d f ! (7.50 m)î " (12.0 m)ĵ " (7.20 m)k̂ at t ! 12 s. The 2.0 kg body as the body moves along Fs
constant force applied by the machine on the package is an x axis varies as shown in Fig. 7-43.
: 1 2 3 4 5
F ! (2.00 N)î " (4.00 N)ĵ " (6.00 N)k̂ . For that displacement, The scale of the figure’s vertical axis 0 x (m)
find (a) the work done on the package by the machine’s force and is set by Fs ! 4.0 N. The velocity of
(b) the average power of the machine’s force on the package. the body at x ! 0 is 4.0 m/s. (a) What –Fs
••48 A 0.30 kg ladle sliding on a horizontal frictionless surface is is the kinetic energy of the body at
Figure 7-43 Problem 54.
attached to one end of a horizontal spring (k ! 500 N/m) whose x ! 3.0 m? (b) At what value of x will
other end is fixed. The ladle has a kinetic energy of 10 J as it the body have a kinetic energy of
passes through its equilibrium position (the point at which the 8.0 J? (c) What is the maximum kinetic energy of the body between
spring force is zero). (a) At what rate is the spring doing work on x ! 0 and x ! 5.0 m?
the ladle as the ladle passes through its equilibrium position? 55 SSM A horse pulls a cart with a force of 40 lb at an angle of 30&
(b) At what rate is the spring doing work on the ladle when the above the horizontal and moves along at a speed of 6.0 mi/h. (a) How
spring is compressed 0.10 m and the ladle is moving away from the much work does the force do in 10 min? (b) What is the average
equilibrium position? power (in horsepower) of the force?
••49 SSM A fully loaded, slow-moving freight elevator has a cab 56 An initially stationary 2.0 kg object accelerates horizontally and
with a total mass of 1200 kg, which is required to travel upward uniformly to a speed of 10 m/s in 3.0 s. (a) In that 3.0 s interval, how
54 m in 3.0 min, starting and ending at rest. The elevator’s counter- much work is done on the object by the
weight has a mass of only 950 kg, and so the elevator motor must force accelerating it? What is the instan-
help. What average power is required of the force the motor exerts taneous power due to that force (b) at
on the cab via the cable? the end of the interval and (c) at the end
••50 (a) At a certain instant, a particle-like object is acted on by a of the first half of the interval?
:
force F ! (4.0 N)î # (2.0 N)ĵ " (9.0 N)k̂ while the object’s veloc- 57 A 230 kg crate hangs from the end L
ity is v ! #(2.0 m/s)î " (4.0 m/s)k̂ . What is the instantaneous rate
:
of a rope of length L ! 12.0 m. You push
at which the force does work on the object? (b) At some other horizontally on the crate with a
time, the velocity consists of only a y component. If the force is un- :
varying force F to move it distance d !
changed and the instantaneous power is #12 W, what is the veloc- 4.00 m to the side (Fig. 7-44). (a) What is
ity of the object? :
the magnitude of F when the crate is F
:
••51 A force F ! (3.00 N)î " (7.00 N)ĵ " (7.00 N)k̂ acts on a in this final position? During the crate’s d
2.00 kg mobile object that moves from an initial position of displacement, what are (b) the total Figure 7-44 Problem 57.
 PROB LE M S 175

work done on it, (c) the work done by the gravitational force on the 65 In Fig. 7-47, a cord runs around
crate, and (d) the work done by the pull on the crate from the rope? two massless, frictionless pulleys. A
(e) Knowing that the crate is motionless before and after its displace- canister with mass m ! 20 kg hangs
ment, use the answers to (b), (c), and (d) to find the work your force from one pulley, and you exert a
: :
F does on the crate. (f) Why is the work of your force not equal to force F on the free end of the cord.
:
the product of the horizontal displacement and the answer to (a)? (a) What must be the magnitude of F
58 To pull a 50 kg crate across a horizontal frictionless floor, a if you are to lift the canister at a con-
worker applies a force of 210 N, directed 20& above the horizontal. stant speed? (b) To lift the canister
As the crate moves 3.0 m, what work is done on the crate by (a) the by 2.0 cm, how far must you pull the
worker’s force, (b) the gravitational force, and (c) the normal force? free end of the cord? During that lift,
(d) What is the total work? what is the work done on the canister
: W0 by (c) your force (via the cord) and m
59 A force F a is applied to a bead as (d) the gravitational force? (Hint: F
the bead is moved along a straight wire When a cord loops around a pulley Figure 7-47 Problem 65.
W (J)

through displacement "5.0 cm. The mag- as shown, it pulls on the pulley with a
:
nitude of F a is set at a certain value, but net force that is twice the tension in the cord.)
:
the angle f between F a and the bead’s
displacement can be chosen. Figure 7-45 66 If a car of mass 1200 kg is moving along a highway at
0
:
gives the work W done by F a on the φ 120 km/h, what is the car’s kinetic energy as determined by some-
Figure 7-45 one standing alongside the highway?
bead for a range of f values; W0 ! 25 J.
:
How much work is done by F a if f is (a) Problem 59. 67 SSM A spring with a pointer attached is hanging next to a
64& and (b) 147&? scale marked in millimeters. Three different packages are hung
from the spring, in turn, as shown in Fig. 7-48. (a) Which mark on
60 A frightened child is restrained by her mother as the child slides
the scale will the pointer indicate when no package is hung from
down a frictionless playground slide. If the force on the child from the
the spring? (b) What is the weight W of the third package?
mother is 100 N up the slide, the child’s kinetic energy increases by 30 J
as she moves down the slide a distance of 1.8 m. (a) How much work is
done on the child by the gravitational force during the 1.8 m descent?
(b) If the child is not restrained by her mother, how much will the
child’s kinetic energy increase as she comes down the slide that same mm mm mm
distance of 1.8 m? 0 0 0
:
61 How much work is done by a force F ! (2x N)î " (3 N)ĵ ,
with x in meters, that moves a particle from a position : ri !
(2 m)î " (3 m)ĵ to a position :
r f ! #(4 m)î # (3 m)ĵ ? 30
40
62 A 250 g block is dropped onto a relaxed ver-
tical spring that has a spring constant of k !
2.5 N/cm (Fig. 7-46).The block becomes attached to 60 W
the spring and compresses the spring 12 cm before 110 N
momentarily stopping. While the spring is being
compressed, what work is done on the block by 240 N
(a) the gravitational force on it and (b) the spring
Figure 7-48 Problem 67.
force? (c) What is the speed of the block just before
it hits the spring? (Assume that friction is negligi-
68 An iceboat is at rest on a frictionless frozen lake when a sud-
ble.) (d) If the speed at impact is doubled, what is Figure 7-46
den wind exerts a constant force of 200 N, toward the east, on the
the maximum compression of the spring? Problem 62.
boat. Due to the angle of the sail, the wind causes the boat to
63 SSM To push a 25.0 kg crate up a frictionless slide in a straight line for a distance of 8.0 m in a direction 20&
incline, angled at 25.0& to the horizontal, a worker exerts a force of north of east. What is the kinetic energy of the iceboat at the end
209 N parallel to the incline. As the crate slides 1.50 m, how much of that 8.0 m?
work is done on the crate by (a) the worker’s applied force, (b) the
69 If a ski lift raises 100 passengers averaging 660 N in weight to
gravitational force on the crate, and (c) the normal force exerted
a height of 150 m in 60.0 s, at constant speed, what average power
by the incline on the crate? (d) What is the total work done on the
is required of the force making the lift?
crate? :
70 A force F ! (4.0 N)î " cĵ acts on a particle as the particle
64 Boxes are transported from one location to another in a ware- :
goes through displacement d ! (3.0 m)î # (2.0 m)ĵ . (Other forces
house by means of a conveyor belt that moves with a constant
also act on the particle.) What is c if the work done on the particle
speed of 0.50 m/s. At a certain location the conveyor belt moves for :
by force F is (a) 0, (b) 17 J, and (c) #18 J?
2.0 m up an incline that makes an angle of 10& with the horizontal,
then for 2.0 m horizontally, and finally for 2.0 m down an incline 71 A constant force of magnitude 10 N makes an angle of 150&
that makes an angle of 10& with the horizontal. Assume that a 2.0 kg (measured counterclockwise) with the positive x direction as it acts
box rides on the belt without slipping. At what rate is the force of on a 2.0 kg object moving in an xy plane. How much work is done
the conveyor belt doing work on the box as the box moves (a) up on the object by the force as the object moves from the origin to
the 10& incline, (b) horizontally, and (c) down the 10& incline? the point having position vector (2.0 m)î # (4.0 m)ĵ ?
176 CHAPTE R 7 KI N ETIC E N E RGY AN D WOR K

72 In Fig. 7-49a, a 2.0 N force is applied to a 4.0 kg block at a rected along the x axis and has the x component Fax ! 9x # 3x2,
downward angle u as the block moves rightward through 1.0 m with x in meters and Fax in newtons. The case starts at rest at the
across a frictionless floor. Find an expression for the speed vf of the position x ! 0, and it moves until it is again at rest. (a) Plot the
block at the end of that distance if the block’s initial velocity is :
work F a does on the case as a function of x. (b) At what position is
(a) 0 and (b) 1.0 m/s to the right. (c) The situation in Fig. 7-49b is the work maximum, and (c) what is that maximum value? (d) At
similar in that the block is initially moving at 1.0 m/s to the right, what position has the work decreased to zero? (e) At what position
but now the 2.0 N force is directed downward to the left. Find an is the case again at rest?
expression for the speed vf of the block at the end of the 1.0 m dis-
79 SSM A 2.0 kg lunchbox is sent sliding over a frictionless
tance. (d) Graph all three expressions for vf versus downward
surface, in the positive direction of an x axis along the surface.
angle u for u ! 0& to u ! 90&. Interpret the graphs.
Beginning at time t ! 0, a steady wind pushes on the lunchbox in the
negative direction of the x axis. Figure 7-51 shows the position x of
the lunchbox as a function of time t as the wind pushes on the lunch-
box. From the graph, estimate the kinetic energy of the lunchbox at
θ θ (a) t ! 1.0 s and (b) t ! 5.0 s. (c) How much work does the force
from the wind do on the lunchbox from t ! 1.0 s to t ! 5.0 s?
F F
(a) (b) 3
Figure 7-49 Problem 72.
: 2
73 A force F in the positive direction of an x axis acts on an object

x (m)
moving along the axis. If the magnitude of the force is F ! 10e#x/2.0
: 1
N, with x in meters, find the work done by F as the object moves
from x ! 0 to x ! 2.0 m by (a) plotting F(x) and estimating the area
under the curve and (b) integrating to find the work analytically.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
74 A particle moves along a straight path through displacement t (s)
: :
d ! (8 m)î " cĵ while force F ! (2 N)î # (4 N)ĵ acts on it. (Other
Figure 7-51 Problem 79.
forces also act on the particle.) What is the value of c if the work
:
done by F on the particle is (a) zero, (b) positive, and (c) negative? 80 Numerical integration. A breadbox is made to move along an
75 SSM What is the power of the force required to move a 4500 x axis from x ! 0.15 m to x ! 1.20 m by a force with a magnitude
kg elevator cab with a load of 1800 kg upward at constant speed given by F ! exp(#2x2), with x in meters and F in newtons. (Here
3.80 m/s? exp is the exponential function.) How much work is done on the
breadbox by the force?
76 A 45 kg block of ice slides down a frictionless incline 1.5 m
long and 0.91 m high. A worker pushes up against the ice, parallel 81 In the block–spring arrangement of Fig. 7-10, the block’s mass
to the incline, so that the block slides down at constant speed. is 4.00 kg and the spring constant is 500 N/m. The block is released
(a) Find the magnitude of the worker’s force. How much work is from position xi ! 0.300 m. What are (a) the block’s speed at x ! 0,
done on the block by (b) the worker’s force, (c) the gravitational (b) the work done by the spring when the block reaches x ! 0, (c)
force on the block, (d) the normal force on the block from the sur- the instantaneous power due to the spring at the release point xi ,
face of the incline, and (e) the net force on the block? (d) the instantaneous power at x ! 0, and (e) the block’s position
when the power is maximum?
77 As a particle moves along an x axis, a force in the positive direc-
tion of the axis acts on it. Figure 7-50 shows the magnitude F of the 82 A 4.00 kg block is pulled up a frictionless inclined plane by a
force versus position x of the particle. The curve is given by F ! a/x2, 50.0 N force that is parallel to the plane, starting from rest. The nor-
with a ! 9.0 N )m2. Find the work done on the particle by the force mal force on the block from the plane has magnitude 13.41 N. What
as the particle moves from x ! 1.0 m to x ! 3.0 m by (a) estimating is the block’s speed when its displacement up the ramp is 3.00 m?
the work from the graph and (b) integrating the force function. 83 A spring with a spring constant of 18.0 N/cm has a cage at-
tached to its free end. (a) How much work does the spring force do
on the cage when the spring is stretched from its relaxed length by
12 7.60 mm? (b) How much additional work is done by the spring force
10 when the spring is stretched by an additional 7.60 mm?
:
8 84 A force F ! (2.00î " 9.00ĵ " 5.30k̂) N acts on a 2.90 kg
F (N)

6 object that moves in time interval 2.10 s from an initial posi-

tion : r 1 ! (2.70î # 2.90ĵ " 5.50k̂) m to a final position :r2 !
4
(#4.10î " 3.30ĵ " 5.40k̂) m. Find (a) the work done on the object
2 by the force in that time interval, (b) the average power due to the
0
0 1 2 3 4
force during that time interval, and (c) the angle between vectors
:
x (m) r 1 and : r 2.
:
Figure 7-50 Problem 77. 85 At t ! 0, force F ! (#5.00î " 5.00ĵ " 4.00k̂) N begins to act
on a 2.00 kg particle with an initial speed of 4.00 m/s. What is the
78 A CD case slides along a floor in the positive direction of an particle’s speed when its displacement from the initial point is
: :
x axis while an applied force F a acts on the case. The force is di- d ! (2.00î " 2.00ĵ " 7.00k̂) m?