Continued…

Chapter Two
Relays Types And Characteristics
Content
1. Earth Fault protection Relay
2. Directional Relay
3.Distance Relay
4.Differential Relay
 When the fault current flows through the earth return
path, the fault is called Earth Fault.
 Following are the methods of earth fault protection
1. Residually connected Earth Fault Relay:

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 In the absence of Earth Fault.

 This sum is called residual current (IRS).

 The Earth Fault relay is connected such that the
residual current flows through it,
 In the absence of Earth Fault, IRS = 0
Hence, residually connected relay does not operate.
 However in the presence of Earth Fault, the condition
is disturbed & Ias + Ibs + Ics ≠ 0.
 Hence IRS flows through relay. If this IRS is above
pickup value, the Earth Fault relay operates.

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2. Earth Fault Relay connected in Neutral & Earth
Circuit:

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 In these method, relay is connected to secondary of CT whose
primary of the CT is connected in neutral to earth connection.

 In such protection, the fault current finds the return path

through the neutral-to-earth connection. The magnitude of
Earth Fault current is dependent on type of earthling & location
of fault.

 Hence, in this protection the zone of protection cannot be

accurately defined. The protected area is not restricted to the
equipment alone. The relay senses the Earth Fault beyond the
generator/transformer winding.

 Hence such protection is called Unrestricted Earth Fault

Protection.

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3. Combined Earth Fault & phase fault protection:

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 It is convenient to incorporate phase-fault
relays & Earth Fault relay in a combined phase-
fault & Earth Fault protection.

 The increase in current of phase causes

corresponding increase in respective secondary
currents of CT. The secondary currents flows
through the respective relay units.

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4. Earth Fault Protection with core balance C.T. :

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 A single ring shaped core of magnetic material
encircles the conductor of all the 3-phases.

 A secondary coil is connected to a relay unit.

 During no Earth Fault condition, the components of

fluxes due to the fields of three conductors are
balanced & the secondary current is negligible.

 During Earth Fault, such a balance disturbed & current

is flowing through the secondary.

 Core balance protection can be conveniently Applicable

for protection of LV or MV system.

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3. Directional type relay
The direction relay operates for the specific
direction of the actuating quantity in the circuit.
The relay work on the direction of current or
power flow in the circuit
 Directional power relay
The relay operates when power in circuit flows in
specific direction
In the directional power relay the torque is
produced due to interaction of fluxes produced from
both PT and CT.
The interaction of fluxes produces the disc rotation
then tripping of the ckt
The relay has two windings one as a voltage coil
which is energized from PT. the lower magnet carries
the current coil which is energized from CT.
 The upper magnet produces the flux Φ1 this lags
the voltage by 900.
 The current I is sensed by the current coil on the
lower magnet which produces the flux Φ2 This is
in phase with current I the current I lags voltage by
an angle Φ the angle between Φ1 and Φ2 is α as
shown in the phasor diagram.
•Directional Operation of relay is used where the selectivity can be
achieved by directional relaying.

The directional relay recognizes the direction in which fault occurs,

relative to location of the relay.

It is set such that, it actuates for fault occurring in one direction only, it
doesn’t act for faults occurring in the other direction.

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Reverse Power Protection:

 If prime mover fails, the generator continuous to

run as motor & takes power from bus-bars.
 Directional power protection operates in
accordance with the direction of power flows.

 Reverse power protection operates when the power

direction is reversed in relation to the normal
power flow.

 Reverse power relay is different in construction

than directional over current relay.

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 Distance relays are double actuating quantity relays with one
coil energized by voltage & other coil energized by current.

 Torque produced is such that when V/I reduces below a

set value, the relay operates.
 During a fault on a T’line the fault current increases & the
voltage at fault point reduces.

 The ratio V/I is measured at the location of CT’s & PT’s.

 If the measured value ratio V/I is small the trip ckt operates

 The voltage at PT location depends on the distance between

the PT & the fault.

 i.e. if fault is nearer, measured voltage is lesser & if fault is

farther, measured voltage is more.
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 Each value of V/I measured from relay location
corresponding to distance between the relaying point (PT
location)& the fault along the line. Hence such protection is
called Impedance or Distance protection.

 The operating time of the relay automatically increases

with an increase of V/I ratio.

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Distance Relay CT and PT Connections
• Impedance or reactance of the circuit between the
relay & the fault is proportional to the distance
between them provided the relay actuating
quantities (V & I) are properly chosen.

• Principle types of distance relays are …

 Impedance relay
 reactance relay
 admittance or mho relay
 oh m relay
 offset mho relay
• Relay which measures the plain impedance (Z)
are called impedance relays.
• Relays which measures impedance but respond
to faults on one direction only are called
directional impedance relay.
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Principle of R-X diagram:
 R-X diagram are useful in plotting characteristics of distance relays.
 The three variables V,I & CosΦ are converted into two variables R & X.

Impedance Z1= RMS value of V / RMS value of I = V1/I1

Z can be plotted on R-X diagram,
R1 = Z1 CosΦ
X1 = Z1 SinΦ
Φ is positive, if I1 lags V1
Φ is negative, if I1 leads V1

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Plain Impedance Relay:
 The impedance relay operates for a certain conditions of
the ratio V & I which may expressed as impedance.
 In any impedance relay, there are two actuating
quantities namely V & I.
 The current gives operating torque & voltage gives
restraining torque. Impedance relay measures Z.

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 Since the relay operates for certain value, less than the set value
of the Z, the operating char. is a circle of radius Z.

 Any value of Zf less than the radius of the circle (Z)produces

+ve torque & the value of Zf more than radius of circle
(Z)produces a –ve torque & relay does not operate.

 This will happen regardless of phase angle between V & I.

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Disadvantages of distance relay:

1. It is non-directional, it responds to the faults on

both sides of CT-PT location. Hence it cannot
discriminate between internal & external faults.
2. It is affected by arc resistance of line fault & result
in under reach.
3. It is sensitive to power fluctuate as a large area is
covered by the circle on each side of R-X plane.

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 21- Distance relay
• 25 =synchronizing-check device
• 27= Under voltage relay •5

• 43= Manual transfer or selector device

 •46- Negative Sequence relay
• 50 =Instantaneous over current relay
. 51 =Time over current relay
• 52 =AC circuit breaker
• 57 =Grounding device
• 59 =Overvoltage relay, 59G- Generator Ground Relay
• 63 Gas pressure relay
• 64 Ground protective relay
 67 AC directional over current relay
• 69 Permissive control device
• 74 Alarm relay
• 79 Reclosing relay
• 81 Frequency relay
• 86 Locking-out relay
• 87 Differential protective relay
 •27G-Third harmonic supervision Relay 29
 •40- Loss of Field Relay
 •81- Under frequency Relay
 •59-Under Voltage Relay.
 A differential relay responds to a vector difference
between two or more similar electrical quantities.

 In general, differential relay should have at least two

actuating quantities. e.g. i1- i2, v1-v2

 The two actuating quantities should be similar.

 Since, the relay responds to the vector difference

between two quantities (i.e. I1-I2), which includes
magnitude &/or phase angle difference.

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 A differential relay operates when the phasor
difference of two or more similar electrical quantities
exceeds a predetermined value.

 Thus a current differential relay operates on the result

of comparison between the phase angle and
magnitudes of the currents entering and leaving the
system to be protected.

 Under normal condition, the two currents are equal in

phase and magnitude hence relay is inoperative.
(I1-I2 = 0)
 But under fault condition, the difference between
current entering and current leaving flows through
the operating coil.

 If this difference current exceeds a preset value, then

the relay operates and open the circuit breaker.
(I1-I2≠ 0)
• The basic principle on which a differential relay operates is the
circulating current principle.

• It involves a direct comparison of the magnitude and phase of

the protected equipment or section.

• To accomplish this, current transformers having suitable ratios

of transformation.

• Ideally, with the direction of normal power flow shown, the

current through the operating relay (I1- I2) should be zero.
 However, due to various factors unequal CT saturation,

magnetizing inrush current happen, such an ideal condition

may not be available in transformer protection.

 Thus a differential relay is characterized by its ability to

distinguish between internal faults and the external faults

without isolation of the faulty section (without non- operation

of the relay)
There is two operating characteristics of the differential relay
- Operating characteristics
- Restraining characteristics.

• The operating characteristics are (basically concerned on the

internal faults)
1. Current setting
– This setting determines its sensitivity on internal faults. The normal range
of current setting varies from 10 to 100 percent of rated current.

2. Operating time
– This depends on the type of relay and the magnitude of fault current.
– This time varies from 25 to 500 ms at two times the current setting
depending on the type of relay.
 The following restraining characteristics are
used depending on requirements
◦ Stability for external faults.
◦ Stability on magnetizing inrush.
◦ Stability during over excitation in rush.
1. Percentage or bias differential relay

2. Voltage balance differential relay

3. Current differential relay

• This type of relay has bias windings to
provide stability on external faults.
– The percent bias provided varies from 5 to 50
percent depending on application and
requirements.
– Operating current settings provided in these relays
normally vary from 10 to 100 percent.
– An inherent time delay is sometimes provided to
overcome unwanted operation on magnetizing
inrush currents.
• Used for transformer ratings up to 10 to 15
MVA.

 Under normal and through load condition, the
bias force produced due to the restraining coil is
greater than the operating force produced by
operating coil hence relay is inoperative force
becomes more.

 When internal fault occurs, the operating force

becomes more than the bias force. Due to this
beam moves and the trip contacts are closed to
open the circuit breaker.

 The operating characteristics of this type is

shown in fig below it can be seen that except at
low current, the characteristics is a straight line.
 Thus the ratio of differential operating current to
the average restraining current is fixed
percentage differential relay.
 The relays with constant slope characteristics are
called constant slope percentage differential
relay.
 In some relays, the slope of the characteristics
increases as the short circuit current increases.
such characteristics is shown in the fig below
 Most of the differential relays are current
differential type .
 Consider an over current relay connected in the
circuit so as to operate as the current differential
relay.
 Two current transformers are used having same
ratio are connected on either side of the section to
be protected.