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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 4( Version 4), April 2014, pp.01-08

RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS

Implementation of Control Strategies for Power Quality

Improvement Using Distribution Static Compensator (D-Statcom)
P. Upendra Kumar*, Shameem Khan**, D. Rohit**, T. Sai Kumar**, N.
Deepa**
*Associate Professor, Dept.Of Eee, Lendi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Vizianagaram, A.P., India.
**Ug Students, Dept.Of Eee, Lendi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Vizianagaram, A.P., India.

ABSTRACT
This present paper deals the enhancement of voltage sags, Harmonic distortion and low power factor using
Distribution Static Compensator (D-STATCOM) in Distribution system. The present model is based on the
Voltage Source Converter (VSC) principle. The D-STATCOM injects a current into the system to mitigate the
voltage sags. The operation of the proposed control method is presented for D-STATCOM. Simulations and
analysis are carried out in MATLAB/SIMULINK with this control method for the proposed systems. The
reliability of the control scheme in the system response to the voltage instabilities due to system faults or load
variations is proved obviously in the simulation results.
Keywords: D-STATCOM, VSC, MATLAB/ SIMULINK.

I. INTRODUCTION these, the D-STATCOM is one of the most effective

An increasing demand for high quality, devices.
reliable electrical power and increasing number of A new PWM-based control scheme has been
distorting loads may leads to an increased awareness implemented to control the electronic valves in the
of power quality both by customers and utilities. The DSTATCOM. The D-STATCOM has additional
most common power quality problems today are capability to sustain reactive current at low voltage,
voltage sags, harmonic distortion and low power and can be developed as a voltage and frequency
factor. Voltage sags is a short time (10 ms to 1 support by replacing capacitors with batteries as
minute) event during which a reduction in rms energy storage. In this paper, the configuration and
voltage magnitude occur. It is often set only by two design of the DSTATCOM is analyzed. It is
parameters, depth/magnitude and duration. The connected in shunt or parallel to the 11 kV test
voltage sags magnitude is ranged from 10% to 90% distribution system. The design is used to enhance the
of nominal voltage and with duration from half a power quality such as voltage sags, harmonic
cycle to 1 min. Voltage sags is caused by a fault in distortion and low power factor in distribution
the utility system, a fault within the customer‟s system.

II. POWER QUALITY & IT’S

facility or a large increase of the load current, like
starting a motor or transformer energizing. Voltage
sags are one of the most occurring power quality PROBLEMS
problems. For an industry voltage sags occur more For the purpose of this article, we shall
often and cause severe problems and economical define power quality problems as „Any power
losses. Utilities often focus on disturbances from end- problem that results in failure or mis-operation of
user equipment as the main power quality problems. customer equipment, manifests itself as an economic
Harmonic currents in distribution system can cause burden to the user, or produces negative impacts on
harmonic distortion, low power factor and additional the environment.‟ When applied to the container
losses as well as heating in the electrical equipment. crane industry, the power issues which degrade
It also can cause vibration and noise in machines and power quality include, Power Factor, Harmonic
malfunction of the sensitive equipment. The Distortion, Voltage Transients, Voltage Sags or Dips,
development of power electronics devices such as Voltage Swells.
Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) and The AC and DC variable speed drives
customs power devices have introduced and utilized on board container cranes are significant
emerging branch of technology providing the power contributors to total harmonic current and voltage
system with versatile new control capabilities. There distortion. Whereas SCR phase control creates the
are different ways to enhance power quality problems desirable average power factor, DC SCR drives
in transmission and distribution systems. Among operate at less than this. In addition, line notching
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Shameem Khan et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 4( Version 4), April 2014, pp.01-08

occurs when SCR‟s commutate, creating transient Even as harmonic distortion and power Factor issues
peak recovery voltages that can be 3 to 4 times the surfaced, no one was really prepared. Rather than
nominal line voltage depending upon the system focus on Awareness and understanding of the
impedance and the size of the drives. potential issues, the power quality issue is
The frequency and severity of these power intentionally or unintentionally ignored. Power
system disturbances varies with the speed of the quality problem solutions are available. Although the
drive. Harmonic current injection by AC and DC solutions are not free, in most cases, they do
drives will be highest when the drives are operating represent a good return on investment. However, if
at slow speeds. Power factor will be lowest when DC power quality is not specified, it most likely will not
drives are operating at slow speeds or during initial be delivered.
acceleration and deceleration periods, increasing to
its maximum value when the SCR‟s are phased on to III. DESIGN OF MULTI LEVEL BASED
produce rated or base speed. Above base speed, the DSTATCOM
power factor essentially remains constant. 3.1 Principle of DSTATCOM
Low power factor loads can also affect the A D-STATCOM (Distribution Static
voltage stability which can ultimately result in Compensator), which is schematically depicted in Fig
detrimental effects on the life of sensitive electronic 3.1, consists of a two-level Voltage Source Converter
equipment or even intermittent malfunction. Voltage (VSC), a dc energy storage device, a coupling
transients created by DC drive SCR line notching, transformer connected in shunt to the distribution
AC drive voltage chopping, and high frequency network through a coupling transformer. The VSC
harmonic voltages and currents are all significant converts the dc voltage across the storage device into
sources of noise and disturbance to sensitive a set of three-phase ac output voltages. These
electronic equipment. voltages are in phase and coupled with the ac system
It has been our experience that end users through the reactance of the coupling transformer.
often do not associate power quality problems with Suitable adjustment of the phase and magnitude of
Container cranes, either because they are totally the D-STATCOM output voltages allows effective
unaware of such issues or there was no economic control of active and reactive power exchanges
Consequence if power quality was not addressed. between the D-STATCOM and the ac system. Such
Before the advent of solid-state power supplies, configuration allows the device to absorb or generate
Power factor was reasonable, and harmonic current controllable active and reactive power.
injection was minimal.

Fig 3.1 Basic Schematic Diagram of D-STATCOM

The VSC connected in shunt with the ac 3.2 Cascade H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter
system provides a multifunctional topology which The circuit is a model of a single CHB
can be used for up to three quite distinct purposes: inverter Configuration. By using H-Bridge we can
(i) Voltage regulation and compensation of reactive get 3 voltage levels. The number of output voltage
power; levels of CHB is given by 2n-1 and voltage step of
(ii) Correction of power factor; and each level is given by Vdc/2n. where n is number of
(iii) Elimination of current harmonics. H- Bridges connected in cascade. The switching table
is given in Table1.

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Fig 3.3 Single cascaded H-Bridge Inverter

Table 3.1 Switching table of single CHB inverter Table 3.2 Switching table for 5
levels HB inverter

Switches TURN ON Voltage Level

Switches TURN ON Voltage Level
S1,S2 Vdc
S1,S2 Vdc ,S5,S6 2Vdc
S3,S4 -Vdc S4,S2,S8,S6 0
S4,S2 0 S3,S4 -Vdc
S3,S4,S7,S8 -2Vdc
IV. MATLAB MODELLING AND 1) Implementation of D-STATCOM using
SIMULATION RESULTS level Shifted Modulation Technique.
The D-STATCOM model is done based on 2) Implementation of D-STATCOM using
Mat lab Simulink. Here simulation is carried out in Phase Shifted Modulation Technique
different cases such as

Fig 4.1 MATLAB Simulink model of proposed compensator using Level shifted modulation Technique based
CHB D-STATCOM

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Fig 4.2 Phase A voltage of five level output of level shifted carrier PWM inverter

Fig 4.3 Three phase source voltage, three phase source currents and load currents respectively without D-
STATCOM.

Fig 4.4 Harmonic spectrum of phase source current without DSTATCOM.

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Case 1. Implementation of D-STATCOM using Level Shifted Modulation Technique (LSMT)

Fig 4.5 Source voltage, source current, load current with DSTATCOM

Fig 4.6 Source side power factor

Fig 4.7 FET Analysis of source current with compensator using LS Modulation Technique

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Case 2. Implementation of D-STATCOM using Phase Shifted Modulation Technique (PSMT)

Fig 4.8 Source voltage, source current, load current with DSTATCOM.

Fig 4.9 Source side power factor, both voltage and current are maintained sinusoidal and in phase condition

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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 4( Version 4), April 2014, pp.01-08

Fig 4.10 FET Analysis of source current with compensator using PS Modulation Technique

V. THE BENEFITS OF POWER reserve the right to monitor the Port service at any
QUALITY time. If the power factor criteria set forth in the
Power quality in the container terminal service contract are not met, the user may be
environment impacts the economics of the terminal penalized, or required to take corrective actions at the
operation, affects reliability of the terminal user‟s expense.
equipment, and affects other consumers served by the
same utility service. Each of these concerns is (ii). Equipment Reliability
explored in the following paragraphs. Poor power quality can affect machine or
equipment reliability and reduce the life of
(i). Economic Impact components. Harmonics, voltage transients, and
The economic impact of power quality is the voltage system sags and swells are all power quality
foremost incentive to container terminal operators. problems and are all interdependent. Harmonics
Economic impact can be significant and manifest affect power factor, voltage transients can induce
itself in several ways. Many utility companies invoke harmonics, the same phenomena which create
penalties for low power factor on monthly billings. harmonic current injection in DC SCR variable speed
There is no industry standard followed by utility drives are responsible for poor power factor, and
companies. Methods of metering and calculating dynamically varying power factor of the same drives
power factor penalties vary from one utility company can create voltage sags and swells.
to the next. Some utility companies actually meter
kVAR usage and establish a fixed rate times the (iii). Environment
number of kVAR-hours consumed. Other utility No issue might be as important as the effect
companies monitor kVAR demands and calculate of power quality on our environment. Reduction in
power factor. If the power factor falls below a fixed system losses and lower demands equate to a
limit value over a demand period, a penalty is billed reduction in the consumption of our natural
in the form of an adjustment to the peak demand „resources and reduction in power plant emissions. It
charges. A number of utility companies servicing is our responsibility as occupants of this planet to
container terminal equipment do not yet invoke encourage conservation of our natural resources and
power factor penalties. However, their service support measures which improve our air quality.
contract with the Port may still require that a
minimum power factor over a defined demand period VI. CONCLUSIONS
be met. The utility company may not continuously By comparing all the THD parameters of the
monitor power factor or kVAR usage and reflect DSTATCOM by using Level Shift Modulation
them in the monthly utility billings; however, they do Technique and Phase Shift Modulation Techniques

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leads to reduction in harmonics and provides reactive power compensation due to non- linear load currents.
With
DSTATCOM with
Without D- With DSTATCOM with Phase Shifted
Parameter Level Shifted
STATCOM Modulation Technique(PSMT)
Modulation
Technique(LSMT)

THD 28.28% 5.39% 2.38%

[10] Singh Bhim, Jayaprakash P and Kothari
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