i

. Finding
IE
FACTORS the H.C.F ofmore than two ntnnber : we find the H.C.F
A number may be made by multiplying two or more other numbers ofanytwo sayP. Now find the H.C.F ofP and the thirdnumber
together. The numbers that are multiplied together are called and so on. The last H.C.F will bethe required H.C.F.
factors ofthe final number. H.C.F. of two numbers by division method:
Factors of 12 : l, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12. Exomple 2:
All the numbers have a fbctor of one. Find the H.C.F. of 140 and 200 by division method.
Common factor : A common factor of two or more given numbers
is a number which divides each given number completeiy.
t4o,lm-Ll
Common factor of 12 and 18 are 1,2,3,6. 140
Co-prime numbers : Two or more numbers that do not have a -60)frw
common factor are known as co-prime or rehtivelyprime. 120
For example : 4 and 15 are Co-prime numbers. 7f60-13
Highest common factor : The highest common factor (H.C.F.) of 60
two or more numbers is the greatest number which divides each
x ..
H.C.F. of 140 and200:20.
H.C.F.".of three numhers by division method :
of them exactly. It is also known as greatest common divisor
(GC.D.).
H.C.F. can be calculatedby: MTII.flPLES
(, Prime factorisation method
(ii) Diviiion method N{ultiples of a number are all those numbers s,hich can be
(i) H.C.F. by prime factorisation method : drvided completel-,- b-"* the given number.
Example I : For erample. \lultiples of5 are -i. 10. 15.20 etc.
Find the H.C.F. of40 and 60 bypnme factorisaticql method Common multiples : Common multiples oftwo or more numbers
Solution: are the numbers thich can be exactly divided by each of the
Prime factors of40. given number.

2140
For example, Multiples of 3 are 3, 6, 9, 72, I 5, | 8, 21, 24 etc. and
2m Multiples of 4 are 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28 etc.
2E .'. 40=?xZx2x5 .'. Common multiples of 3 and 4 are 12,24 etc.
1t\
-E Least common multiple : The least common multiple (L.C.M.) of
I
two or more numbers is the smallest number which is exactly I
Prime factors of60
divisible by each of them.
2160 L.C.M. can be calculated by:
2130
3[I5
(, Prime factorisation method
-* 60 =2x2x3 x5U (ii) Division method
5p
1 (D L.C.M. by prime factorisation method :
Hence H.C.F. : ) x ) x J :)Q. Example 3 :
Divide the greater number by the smaller number, divide the Find the L.C.M. of l2and,20byprime factorization method.
divisor by the remainder and so on, until no remainder is left. Solution:
The last d-',zisor in the required H.C.F. 12=2x2x3and20:)x)r j
Finding the H.C.F of more than two number: We find the H.C.F .'. L.C.M:2x2x3x5:60.
of any two say P. How find the H.C.F of P and the third number
L.C.Mof polynomials:
and so on. The last H.C.F will be the required H.C.F. When two or more pollnomials are factorised, the product
(ii) H.C.FbyDivisionmethod: of the factors u'ith highest powers is the lowest common
. Divide the greater number by the smaller number, divide the
multipie (LCM) of the polynomials.
divisor by the remainder divide the remainder by the next Eg. Consider the polynomials (x3 - 8) and (x2 -4)
remainder and so on, until no remainder is left, the last divisor is x3-8:(r-2) 1x2+2x+4y
the required H.C.F. andx2_4:(x +2)(x_2)
H.C,F & L.C.M B-17

... t.c.M= (x -2) (x+ \ @? + 2x+ 4) t When two numbers P and Q are exactly divisible by a third
:(x+2)("3-S) number r. Then p + q, p - q and pq is also divisible by r.
II.C.EAND L.CJ\{. OFFRACIONS :
Example 5 :
First expressthe given fractions in their lowest terms.
Then, The H.C.F of two numbers, each having three digits, is
17 and their L.C.M is 714.
H.C.F. of numerators
Five sum of the numbers will be:
H.C.F. =
L.C.M. of denominators Solution
L.C.M. of numerators Let the number be l7x and l7y where x and y are coprime.
L.C.M.=
H.C.F. of denominators L.C.M of 17 x and I7 y: l7 xy
Example I :
: :
According to question, lTxy 1 14 xy = 42 6x7
=
Findthe H.C.F. andL.C.M. of 4 !.9.101 ... x:6 andy:7
22 2
Solution: orx:7andy-6
I g r, Ir)-- = -
11 First numbers : 17x: 17 x 6: 102
Herc. 4- =-. -= -1.
a1t^
LL
Secondnumbers: l7y: 17 x7:119
H.C.F. of 9,3,21 3
H.C.F ll Required sum : 102 + ll9 :221
L.C.M. of 2,1,2 2 2
Lrample 6 :
L.C-M of 9.3.21 6r \\trat least number must be subtracted from 1936 so that
L.C.M. :-1 =r.i
H.C.F. of 2, 1, 2 I "- '
the remainder s'hen dirided b1'9. 10, 15 will leave in
ILC.F. AND I-C.M. OF DECIMAL I{UMBERS : each case the same remainder 7 ?

H.C.F ofdecimal numbers :

Solution :
The L.C.M. of 9, 10 and 15 is 90.
STEPI: Find the H.C.F ofgiven numbers without decimal.
On dividing 1936by 90, the remainder : 46.
STEPtr : Put the decimal point from right to left according to Brrt 7 is also a part of this remainder.
the maximum decimal places among the given
numbers.
.'. Required number -- 46 - 7: 39.
Example 7 :
L.C.M of decimal numbers : Find the greatest nurnber which will divide 410, 75 I and
STEPI: Find the L.C.M ofgiven numbers without decimal. 1030 leaving a remainder 7 in each case.
STEPtr: Put the decimal point from right to left according to Solution :
the minimum decimal places among the given Required number
numbers.
: H.C.F. of (410 - 7), (751- 7) and (1030 - 7)
:31.
The product oftwo numbers :

H.C.F. of numbers , L.C : Product ofnumbers COMPARISON OF FRACTIONS :

Rule : Convert each one ofthe given fractions in the decimal
ffi
t
REMEMBER
The greatest number that will exactly divide x, y, z = H.C.F
form. Now, arrange them in ascending or descending order,
asper requirement.
ofx. y and z.
Example 8:
The H.C.F of two polynomials is x2 - I and their L.C-.lvI is
t The greatest numbr that will divide x, y and z leaving
xa - l0* + 9. Ifone of the polyncrnials is x3 - 3x2 - x * 3, fi nd
remainders a, b and c respectively= 11.6.p of (x- a), (y-b)
the other.
and (z- c ).
* The least number which is exactly divisible by x, y and z
Giventhat H.C.F ofp (x) ande(x): x'- I = (x+ l) (x-- l)
: L.C.M ofx, y and z.
Also, LCM ofp (x) andq (x):x4 - 10x'+ 9: x4 -g* _x'+g
* The least number which when divided byx, yand z leaves
=x, (xr_9)_(xr_9)= (xr-9) (x,- l)
the remainder a, b and c respectively: L.C.M of(x, y and
: = (x+ 3) (x-3) (x+ l) (x- l)
z)-Rwhere R: (x - a) : (y- b) (z - c)
* The least number which when divided byx, y and z leaves :(x-3)(x'?-l):(x-3)(x+l)(x-l)
the same remainder r in each case: L.C.M of (x, yand z) + r a)
p(x).q(x) = GLC.F).(L.C.M)
t The greatest number that will divide x, y and z leaving the
same remainder in each case : H.C.F of (x - y), (y - z) and (H.C.F) (L.C.M) (x + 1)(x - l)(x + 3Xx - 3Xx + lXx - 1)
q(x' = p(-) = LXx + lxx {)
(z-x). " G
 B-18 H.C.F & L.C.M

:(x+ 3)(x+ l) (x- 1) Example 10:

: (x + 3) (x'z- 1) x3 + 3x2 -x-3 A watch ticks 90 times in 95 seconds and another watch
=
Exawple 9 : ticks 315 times in 323 seconds. If both the watches are
. A garden consists of 135 rose plants planted in certain started together, hou'manytimes will theytick together in
number of columns. There are another set of 225 rnari gold the first hour ?
plants which is to be planted in the same number of Solution:
colums. What is the maximum number of columns in u4rich
they can be planted? The first watch ticks 3
.r....'-90 seconds.
Solution:
To find the maximum number of colurnns we need to find 9s 323
the H.C.F( I 3s, 225)
They will tick to_eether after (L.C.M of
* &* )
We can write, 225: 135 x 1 + 90 seconds.
Since, remainder 90 + 0
95 x5xlj
_11-r L.C.\I oi 95.323 19
il5 - HCFoI 90.315 -
So, again applying division concept, we can urite. '""'qr r*''
-\u\\- L.L - rt ul . dtL
45
135:90. I -45 -
The numher of times thel'rii1l tick in the first 3600 seconds
Remainder 45 * 0 again using dirision concr'pt. rl.e have.
90:45 2+0 19 x -i x 17 3600 x 45
x
-'i6oo+ :r9-5-r?:loo*
100
Since, remainder is 0 15
So, H.C.F:45 Once they have already ticked in the beginning; so in I
Therefore,45 is the maximum number ofcolumns in which hour they will tick 100 + 1 : I 0l times.
the plants can be planted.

EXERCISE
l. The H.C.F and L.C.M of fwo numbers are 21 ar.d 4641
(a)
2tt rht -,-:
1:1 -
respectively. If one of the numbers lies between 200 and t
lq
300. then the two numbers are
lll! Ir-,-:
(a) 273,3s7 (b) 273.361 . : rur
l_
)
(c) 273,3sq (d) 273.36-1
.: 19
The ieast n',rmber. uhich uhen dirided br l. 3. -1. 5 and 6,
2. Which is the least number that must subtricted rr..m
L'e
lear es in each case. a rernainder I . but u'hen dir ided by 7
1 856. so that thc remainder * hen dir rded br -. I I and I tr
leaves no remainder. The number is
will iear.e the same remainder -l l
(b) 1361
(a) l2l (b) l8l lc) 241 rdr -10r
(a) 137 8. From 3 drums ofmilk ,279 ,341 and 465 respectively are to
(c) 140 (d) tt2 be drawn out. To do it in a minimum time. the capacity of
3. Three bells chime at an interval of 18,24 and 32 minutes the measuring can be
respectively. At a cer';r,n time they begin to chime together. (a) 2:71 (b) 61 (c) 111 (d) 31
What length of time will elapse before they chime together 9. The H.C.F. of trvo numbers is 23 and the other factors of
again. theirL.C.M. are 13 and 14. Thelargerofthetwonumbers
(a) 2hours24minutes (b) 4hours48minutes is:
(c) I hour 36 minutes (d) 5 hours (a) 276 (b) 'D (c) 322 (d) Ys
4. The L.C.M and H.C.F of tg'o numbers are 84 and 21, 10' Number of students who have opted the subjects A, B, C
respectively. If the ratio of two numbers be I : 4, then are 60, 8.+. 108 respectively. The exarnination is to be
the larger of the two numbers is : conducted for these students such that only the students
(b) 18 of the same subject are allowed in one room. Also the
(a) 2r
number of students iq each room must be same. What is
(c) &1 (d) 108 the minirnum nurnber ofrooms that should be arranged to
5. The L.C.M. oftwo number is 630 and their H.C.F. is 9. If meet all these conditions? L

the sum of numbers is 153, their difference is (a) 28 (b) 60 (c) 12 (d) 2t
(a) t7 (b) z (c) 27 (d) 33 11. A hall is 1 3 metres 53 cm long and 8 metres 6lcm broad is
6. One pendulum ticks 57 times in 58 seconds and another to be paved with minimum number of square tiles. The
608 times in 609 seconds. If they started simultaneously, number oftiles required is:
find the time after which theywiil tick together. (a) t23 (b) 77 (c) D (d) s7

.t
 L.C.M B-19

12. In a school there are 39 1 boys and 323 girls. These are to by 9 leaves no remainder. The sum of digits of x is
be divided into the largest possible equal classes, so.that ISSC CGL, Tier-II-20151
there are equal number ofboys and girls in each class. (a) 2 (b) 2t (c) 18 (d) 24
How many classes are possiblg? 16. Two pipes of length 1.5 m and 1.2 m are to be cut into
(a) !2 (b) 37 (c) ta (d) 49
equal pieces without leaving any extra length of pipes.
The greatest length ofthe pipe pieces of same size which
13. There are four prime numbers written in the ascending can be cut from these two lengths will be
order of magnitude. The product of first three numbers ISSC CGL, Tier-II-20l 6l
and that of the last three number is 385 and 1001 (a) 0.13m (b) 0.am (c) 0.3m (d) 04lm
pespectively . The fourth prime number is: ll LCM oftwo numbers is 56 times theirHCR with the sum of
(a) 11 (b) 13 (c) 17 (d) re their HCF and LCM bein g l7 L0. If one of the two numbers
14. The least number that should be added to 2055 so that the is 240, then what is the other number? ,

sum is exactly divisible by 27 : [SSC CGL, Tier-I-2015] ISSC CGL, Tier-I-20201

(a) 24 O) z7 (c) 31 (d) 28 (a) s7 O) 171
15. Let r be the least number,
which when divided by 5, 6, 7
and 8 leaves aremainder 3 in each case but when divided
(c) 1680 (d) 210