A

TECHNICAL REPORT ON
STUDENT’S INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

UNDERTAKEN AT:
AKURE AIRPORT, UNDER FEDERAL AIRPORT AUTHORITY OF
NIGERIA (FAAN), ONDO STATE.

BY:
NWAFOR PRECIOUS OLUWADAMILARE
PHY/18/8284

SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

SCHOOL OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES
FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, AKURE.

IN PARTIAL FUFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR

OF TECHNOLOGY (B.TECH) DEGREE IN ARCHITECTURE

MARCH 2024

i
 DECLARATION

I, the undersigned solemnly declare that this report is based on the experiences acquired during
my internship program. I further declare that:

1. I am the sole writer of this report

2. The details of the training and the experience contained in this report describes my
involvement as a trainee in the field of architecture
3. All the information contained in this report is certain and correct to the knowledge of the
author

Signature: _________________________________

Name: NWAFOR PRECIOUS OLUWADAMILARE

Matric N0: PHY/18/8284

Date: July 2023

ii

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 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this report was written by NWAFOR PRECIOUS OLUWADAMILARE of
the department of Physics with Matric No: PHY/18/8284, based on Student Industrial Work
Experience Scheme (SIWES) under taken at AKURE AIRPORT under FAAN in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Bachelor in Physics degree in The Federal
University of technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria.

NWAFOR PRECIOUS OLUWADAMILARE _________________

PHY/18/8284 Signature & Date

DR. LAYIOYE _________________

Institution based supervisor Signature & Date

PROF. E.O. OGOLO _________________

Head of department Signature & Date

DR, ALADENIYI _________________

Department SIWES supervisor Signature & Date

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 DEDICATION

I dedicate this report to almighty God who is the reason for my existence. I also dedicate this
report to my mum, Mrs. Nwafor, who has been a great source of support and encouragement to
me. This report is also dedicated to the members of staff of the Federal Airport Authority, Akure
especially Engineer Rahman. Thank you for your training and experience shared.

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 iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to place on record my deep sense of gratitude to God for His love, mercy, favor,
grace and protection during this Student Work Experience Program (SIWES) and the success of
this program and project.

I appreciate the financial and moral support of my mother Mrs. Temitope Nwafor and my
siblings in my educational pursuit.

Also, my profound appreciation goes to the SIWES coordinator, Engr. Rahman for his
commendable tutelage. Thank you, sir. Hearty regards to my Head of the Airport’s Electrical
Department (H.O.D.), Dr. Olarewaju and my departmental SIWES coordinator for your support
and assistance in the program. Thank you.

Hearty regards to all work force in the Electrical Department of the Federal Airport Authority of
Nigeria, Akure. Thank you for giving me the privilege to gain some experience in the Airport. I
also appreciate all who I had contact with during my SIWES especially the clients and staff of
the Akure Airport. Thank you for the love and the commendable tutelage.

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 ABSTRACT

This report presents an overview of the Student's Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES)
undertaken at Akure Airport under the Federal Airports Authority of Nigeria (FAAN) within the
Electrical Department. The SIWES program provided a practical learning experience in the field
of electrical engineering, focusing on various aspects of electrical systems and operations within
an airport setting. Throughout the training period, tasks included the installation, maintenance,
and troubleshooting of electrical equipment and systems, as well as adherence to safety protocols
and regulations. Additionally, exposure to airport-specific electrical infrastructure, such as
runway lighting and navigation systems, provided valuable insights into the unique challenges
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and requirements of airport operations. The experience gained during the SIWES program at
Akure Airport under FAAN's Electrical Department significantly contributed to the acquisition
of practical skills, knowledge, and professional development in the field of electrical
engineering.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Declaration i

Certification ii

Dedication iii

Acknowledgement iv

Abstract v

Table of Content vi

List of Figures viii

CHAPTER ONE 1

1.0 Introduction 1

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 1.1 Preamble 1
1.2 SIWES Background 1
1.3 Historical Development of SIWES 2
1.4 Vision Statement 3
1.5 Mission Statement 3
1.6 Objectives of SIWES 3
1.7 The Growth of the Scheme 4
1.8 The Scope of SIWES 4
1.9 Roles of Stake Holders in SIWES Program 5
1.9.1 Roles of Industrial Training Fund (ITF) 5
1.9.2 Roles of Supervising Agencies 5
1.9.3 Roles of Institutions 6
1.9.4 Roles of Employers 7
1.9.5 Roles of Industrial Training Students 7

CHAPTER TWO 8

2.0 COMPANY’S PROFILE 8

2.1 Akure Airport 8
2.1.1 Location and Facilities 8
2.1.2 Mission Statement 8
2.1.3 Service Specialization 9
2.1.4 Airlines and Destinations 9
2.1.5 Vision for the Future 9
2.2 FAAN 10
2.2.1 History 10
2.2.2 Mission Statement 10
2.2.3 Service and Responsibilities 11
2.2.4 Maintenance and Research 11

CHAPTER THREE 13

3.0 WORK DONE AND EXPERIENCE GAINED 13

3.1 Transformers 13

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 3.2 Feeder Pillar 17
3.3 LNB 19
3.4 Distribution Board 20
3.5 Circuit Board 22
3.6 Inverter 23
3.7 Solar Home System 25
3.8 Generator 26

CHAPTER FOUR 28

4.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 28

4.1 Conclusion 28
4.2 Recommendations 28

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1 FAAN Organogram 12

Figure 3.1 A Transformer at the Airport 15

Figure 3.2 A Transformer 17

Figure 3.3 A Feeder Pillar 18

Figure 3.4 Me Fixing a LNB on a Satellite Dish 20

Figure 3.5 A Distribution Board 21

Figure 3.6 A Circuit Board 23

Figure 3.7 An Inverter 24

Figure 3.8 Generators at the Powerhouse of the Airport 27

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Page | ix
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a planned and supervised
training intervention based on stated and specific learning and career objectives and geared
towards developing the occupational competencies of the participants of which I am one. The
work experience program has given me the opportunity to be a part of an actual work
situation outside the four walls of the classroom. This report contains the details of work done
and experience gained during the period of four (4) months as an industrial trainee at
DEB&SUN NIGERIA WORKS LTD

1.1. Preamble

Training is a key factor in enhancing the adeptness and expertise of a workforce as it is the
major means of preparing students for the labor market, according to Chijioke F.U and Jonas
U.E (2010). Training serves as the best way of achieving mastery in a particular profession,
thus it serves as a means of obtaining practical knowledge which according to Ochiagha
(1995) is learning without which mastery of an area of knowledge might be too difficult to
achieve. Since theoretical knowledge alone not usually prepare an educated person for the
world of work then there is a need to acquire practical skills to allow for development of the
youths of the society and this acts as the background reason for the introduction 2 of the
Student Industrial Work Experience (SIWES) into the Nigerian Tertiary Institutions.

1.2. SIWES Background

The student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a skill developmental program
designed to prepare students of Universities, Polytechnics and College of Education for
transition from college environment to the work world. (Akerejola, 2008). As an industrial
internship program, it forms an integral part of a degree and diploma program in an
institution of higher learning in Nigeria and it also gives students the opportunity to
experience their respective fields practically outside the school environment. The scheme is a
technological manpower training program set up as part of the Federal Government policy on
education in Nigeria. It is organized and monitored by the Industrial Training Fund [ITF] in

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collaboration with training institutions in the country. SIWES is an important pre-requisite
for graduation of student during the five year course period in the Federal University of
Technology, Akure, Nigeria.

1.3. Historical Development of SIWES

According to Olusegun A. (2010) before the advent of the Student industrial work experience
(SIWES), a program was conducted during the long vacation in institutional workshops under
simulated industrial conditions for 200 Level students of universities who have just been
introduce to engineering and technological courses. This served as the major means of
acquiring practical skills as student where introduce to the methodologies involved in using
tools and machineries. But, due to its insufficiency which was noticeable in the shortcomings
of Engineering students a better approach was needed to be conducted and this led to the
introduction of Student industrial work experience (SIWES). Eze N.M. (1998) pointed out
that when government recognized the weakness of engineering student especially in the
acquisition of relevant production skills, she decided to establish the Industrial Training
Fund, (ITF) in 1973.

Thus, SIWES commenced in 1974 with the aim of making education more relevant and to
bridge the yawning gap between theory and practice of engineering, technology and science
related disciplines in tertiary institutions in Nigeria. The scheme was thus designed to be a
means for necessary skill acquisition by the students and to ensure that they are adequately
prepared to meet the challenges of working in their chosen professions after graduation.

Olusegun A. (2010) explained that on the inception of SIWES in 1974 with 748 students
from 11 institutions of higher learning participating, the scheme had increased to about 5,000
students from 32 institutions as at 1978. The Industrial Training Fund (ITF) however,
withdrew from the management of the scheme in 1979 owing to problems of organizational
logistics and the increased financial 4 burden associated with the rapid expansion of SIWES
(ITF, 2003). Consequently, the Federal Government funded the scheme through the National
Universities Commission (NUC) and the National Board for Technical Education (NBTE)
who managed SIWES for five years (1979 – 1984). The supervising agencies (NUC and
NBTE) operated the scheme in conjunction with their respective institutions during this
period. The scheme was subsequently reviewed by the Federal Government resulting in
Decree No 16 of August, 1985 which required that “All students enrolled in specialized

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engineering, technical, business, applied sciences and applied arts should have supervised
industrial attachment as part of their studies”. In the same vein, the ITF was directed by the
Federal government to take charge and resume responsibility for the management of SIWES
in collaboration with the supervising agencies, i.e. National Universities Commission (NUC),
the National Board for Technical Education (NBTE) and the National Commission for
Colleges of Education (NCCE) and it has continued in the continuous management of the
scheme till date. (Olusegun A, 2010).

1.4. Vision Statement

To be the foremost Skills Training Development Organization in Nigeria and one of the best
in the world.

1.5. Mission Statement

To set and regulate standards and offer direct training intervention in industrial and
commercial skills training and development, using a corps of highly competent professional
staff, modern techniques and technology.

1.6. Objectives of SIWES

 According to The Industrial Training Fund’s Policy Document No. 1 of 1973 (ITF,
1973) which established SIWES the objectives of the scheme are;
 Provide an avenue for students in institutions of higher learning to acquire industrial
skills and experience during their courses of study.
 Prepare students for industrial work situations that they are likely to meet after
graduation.
 Expose students to work methods and techniques in handling machineries that are not
available in their institutions.
 Make the transition from school to the world of work easier and enhance students’
contacts for later job placements.
 Provide students with the opportunities to apply their educational knowledge in real
work situations, thereby bridging the gap between theory and practice.

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  Enlist and strengthen employers’ involvement in the entire educational process
through SIWES.

1.7. The Growth of the Scheme

During its inception in 1974 The Students’ Industrial Work-Experience Scheme (SIWES)
started with only Seven Hundred and Forty-Eight (748) students from eleven (11) institutions
of higher learning participating. But by 1978, the scope of participation in the scheme had
increased to about 5,000 students from 32 institutions. (ITF, 2003). Olusegun A (2010)
pointed out that following the resumption of management of SIWES by the ITF in 1984, the
scheme has witnessed rapid expansion. Between 1985 and 1995, the numbers of institutions
and students participating in SIWES rose to 141 and 57,433 respectively. Between 1995 and
2003, a total of 176 institutions and 535,210 students participated in the scheme. In 2008
alone, the number of institutions which participated in SIWES rose to 204 while the number
of students from these institutions who participated in the scheme was 210,390.

1.8. The Scope of SIWES

SIWES is a generic program with its impact and effectiveness cutting across all SIWES-
approved disciplines. Students participating in this scheme are assessed based on a three (3)
months or six (6) month program that takes place during the second semester of either third
(3rd) or Fourth (4th) year in the University. 7 The scheme is compulsory for all Engineering
and Environmental students and carries a credit load of 12 units for students in the
department of Architecture at The Federal University of Technology, Akure; with its scope
centered on practical experience on site. In order to qualify for this scheme student must have
grade point average of at least 1.0 unit.

1.9. Roles of Stake Holders in the SIWES Program

The management of SIWES Program in Nigeria is saddled by various bodies. Each of them
has its respective roles for effective functioning of the scheme. These SIWES Bodies work
seriously together to ensure an effective and efficient administration of the industrial training
in the country.

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1.9.1. Roles of Industrial Training Fund (I.T.F)
 To formulate Policies and Guidelines on SIWES for distribution to all participating
bodies, institutions and companies involved in the scheme.
 Regularly organize orientation programs for students prior to their attachment.
 Receive and process Master and Placement Lists from the Institutions through the
Supervising Agencies i.e. (N.U.C, N.B.T.E, and N.C.C.E).
 Disburse supervisor and student’s allowances by e-payment.
 Organize Biennial SIWES National Conference and Review meetings.
 Provide insurance cover for students on attachment.
 Provide logistics and materials necessary for effective administration of the schemes,
such documents as: I.T.F Form 8, S.C.A.F and D.E.P.F. 8
 Ensure the visitation of I.T.F officers to the supervising agencies, institutions,
employers and students on attachment.
 Provide information on companies for attachment and assist in the industrial
placements of students.
 Continuously review and carryout research into the scheme operations.

1.9.2. Roles of Supervising Agencies

The three (3) recognized supervising agencies are: (a) The National Universities Commission
(NUC) (b) National Board for Technical Education (NBTE) (c) National Commission for
Colleges of Education (NCCE). Their general roles are as follows:

 To ensure the establishment and accreditation of SIWES units in institutions under the
jurisdiction.
 Direct for the appointment of full-time coordinators.  Ensure adequate funding of the
units in all institutions.
 Vet and approve Master and Placement Lists of students from participating
institutions and forward same to I.T.F.
 Develop, monitor and review job specifications in collaboration with the institutions
towards the maintenance of National Minimum Academic Standard programs
approved for SIWES.

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  Liaise with I.T.F and participate in the Biennial National Conference and other
relevant seminars, conferences, workshops and meetings.
 Research into the development of the program in line with advances in technological
development.
 Regularly review qualified courses in collaboration with other bodies.
 Collaborate with I.T.F to ensure the implementation of all Federal Government
policies in the scheme.

1.9.3. Roles of Institutions

 Establish co-ordination units with a separate account adequately staffed and funded to
ensure effective operation of the scheme.
 Appoint coordinators and supporting staffs.
 Register students and capture their bank details at the point of registration.
 Prepare and submit to the I.T.F through their supervising agencies the Master and
Placement Lists.
 Apply job-specifications as prepared for all the accredited courses and award
appropriate credit units in accordance with Federal Govt. minimum academic stand
guidelines.
 Identify placement opportunities for students’ attachment with employers.
 Organize orientations courses in collaboration with the Industrial Training Fund for
their students.
 Submit all completed I.T.F forms to the nearest I.T.F Area Office.

1.9.4. Roles of Employers

 Collaborate with Institutions of higher learning in the preparation of job specification
for approved courses.
 Participate fully in the assessment of programs and students by completing the
necessary instruments e.g. I.T.F Form 8, logbooks etc.
 Allow training students have access to their facilities.
 Appoint an Industry-based supervisor for Students on attachment.

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1.9.5. Roles of Industrial Training Students
 To register for the program and submit at the point of registration, their bank account
details to their school coordinators.
 Attend Orientation programs before going on attachment.
 To be obedient to constituted authorities and adhere strictly to all rules and
regulations of the organization where they are attached.
 Be regular and punctual at respective places of attachment.
 Avoid change of attachment, except in special circumstances which must be
determined and approved by their Institutions, supervisor, employer and/or I.T.F.
 Complete the Student's Commencement Attachment Form (S.C.A.F) and gets it
endorsed by the employers for onward submission to I.T.F.
 Record all industrial training activities and other assignments in logbook and
complete I.T.F forms to ensure proper assessment.
 Be diligent, honest and take pride in protection of employer's properties throughout
the attachment period.

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 CHAPTER TWO

COMPANY’S PROFILE

2.1 Akure Airport

Akure Airport (IATA: AKR, ICAO: DNAK) stands as a pivotal transportation hub

serving Akure, the vibrant capital of Ondo State, Nigeria. Established to enhance air travel

accessibility, the airport plays a vital role in fostering economic growth and connectivity

within the region. With recent renovations, Akure Airport now aligns with international

standards, ensuring a seamless travel experience for passengers and facilitating the export of

agricultural produce from the state.

2.1.1 Location and Facilities

Situated just a few kilometers outside Akure city, Akure Airport boasts modern

facilities and infrastructure. Its strategic location positions it as a gateway to the global

market, with a focus on perishable and non-perishable cargo transportation. Equipped with

essential amenities, the airport caters to the needs of travelers, aviation professionals, and

cargo handlers alike.

2.1.2 Mission Statement

At Akure Airport, our mission is to facilitate safe, efficient, and reliable air travel

while contributing to the socio-economic development of Ondo State. We strive to maintain

high standards of service, ensuring customer satisfaction and fostering growth opportunities

for local businesses and agricultural enterprises.

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2.1.3 Services and Specializations

Akure Airport specializes in both passenger and cargo transportation, catering to

diverse travel needs and facilitating trade opportunities. As a public airport, we prioritize

safety and security, adhering to stringent regulatory standards. Our facilities include:

1. Passenger Terminals: Modern terminals provide a comfortable and convenient

environment for travelers, featuring amenities such as lounges, retail outlets, and

dining options.

2. Cargo Handling: With designated areas for perishable and non-perishable cargo,

Akure Airport facilitates the export of agricultural products, connecting local farmers

and businesses to international markets.

3. Aviation Services: The airport offers a range of aviation services, including refueling,

ground handling, and maintenance support, ensuring the smooth operation of flights.

2.1.4 Airlines and Destinations

Akure Airport serves as a key hub for domestic air travel, with airlines offering routes to

major cities within Nigeria. Currently, the following airlines operate from Akure Airport:

o Air Peace: Serving destinations such as Abuja and Lagos.

o Overland Airways: Providing flights to Abuja.

2.1.5 Vision for the Future

Looking ahead, Akure Airport aims to further enhance its capabilities and expand its

network of destinations. We are committed to embracing innovation and technology to

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improve efficiency and sustainability while remaining dedicated to serving the needs of our

community.

2.2 FAAN

Established in 1976 under Decree 45, the Federal Airports Authority of Nigeria (FAAN)

stands as a pivotal organization in the Nigerian aviation sector. Charged with the

responsibility of managing all commercial airports in Nigeria, FAAN plays a crucial role in

ensuring the safety, efficiency, and economic viability of air transportation within the

country.

2.2.1 History

The roots of civil aviation in Nigeria trace back to the colonial era, with the first recorded

aviation activity occurring in 1925 in the city of Kano. Over the years, aviation infrastructure

evolved, leading to the establishment of formal aerodromes and the introduction of

commercial aviation services. In 1976, the Nigerian government established the Nigeria

Airports Authority, which later transformed into the Federal Airports Authority of Nigeria

(FAAN) in 1995, following a civil aviation reform.

2.2.2 Mission Statement

At FAAN, our mission is to create conditions for the economic and efficient development of

air transport and related services in Nigeria. We are committed to ensuring the safety and

convenience of passengers and cargo airlines while fostering the growth of the aviation

industry and contributing to national development objectives.

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2.2.3 Services and Responsibilities

FAAN is tasked with a wide range of responsibilities aimed at managing and operating

Nigeria's commercial airports. Our services include:

o Airport Operations: FAAN oversees the day-to-day operations of all federal airports,

ensuring compliance with international safety and security standards.

o Passenger and Cargo Services: We provide efficient and reliable services to both

passenger and cargo airlines, facilitating seamless travel and trade activities.

o Infrastructure Development: FAAN is involved in the planning, construction, and

maintenance of airport infrastructure, including runways, terminals, and air traffic

control systems.

o Safety and Security: Ensuring the safety and security of passengers, aircraft, and

airport facilities is a top priority for FAAN. We work closely with regulatory

authorities and law enforcement agencies to maintain a secure aviation environment.

o Regulatory Compliance: FAAN operates in accordance with national and

international aviation regulations, promoting best practices and standards across all

aspects of airport management.

2.2.4 Maintenance and Research

FAAN invests in maintenance infrastructure and logistic support services to ensure the

reliable operation of air traffic services. Our maintenance facilities include central workshops

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and laboratories equipped to handle complex systems and components. Research activities

focus on improving maintenance practices and enhancing the efficiency of airport operations.

AIRSIDE OPERATIONS
TERMINAL
SECURITY

ACCOUNTING
BUDGETING FINANCE
FINANCIAL
REPORTING
TREASUERY

HUMAN RESOURCES
ADMINISTRATION
PROCUREMENT
GENERAL SERVICES
LEGAL AFFAIR

DEPUTY MANAGING DIRECTOR

FAAN BOARD OF DIR
MANAGING DIRECTOR
RUNWAY & MAINTENANCE
FACILITIES
MAINTENANCE
ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL
PLUMBING
ADVERTISING HVAC
CENSORING GROUND
COMMERCIAL
MARKETING HANDLING
CUSTOMER SERVICE FIRE FIGHTING
REVENUE SERVICES
MANAGEMENT
PROPERTY
MANAGEMENT
BUSINESS
IT
DEVELOPMENT
INFRASTRUCTURE
TREMINAL
NETWORK &
MANAGEMENT IT
APPLICATIONS
CARGO OPERATIONS
SUPPORT
AVIATION SECURITY
PASSENGER SERVICES
AIRLINE RELATIONS Page | 12
SAFETY
MARKETIING &
COMPLIANCE SAFETY
& &
COMMUNICATIONS COMPLIANCE
QUALITY CONTROL
Figure 2.1 FAAN Organogram

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Work Done and Experience Gained

During my internship period at Akure Airport under FAAN, I was placed in the electrical
department of the organization, there I was introduced and worked with:

 Transformers
 Feeder Pillar
 LNB
 Distribution Board
 Circuit Board
 Inverter
 Solar Home System
 Generator

Throughout the period of my internship, I gained valuable insights into the practical aspects
of electrical works. I actively contributed to the successful installation and maintenance of
electrical items and enhanced my understanding of the profession.

3.1 Transformers

Transformers play a crucial role in electrical systems by facilitating the transfer of

electrical energy between circuits without the need for direct physical connection. This
passive component operates on the principle of electromagnetic induction, where a changing
current in one coil generates a varying magnetic field in the transformer's core, inducing a
corresponding voltage in other coils wound around the same core. This phenomenon,
described by Faraday's law of induction in 1831, forms the basis of transformer functionality.

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 Primarily, transformers are utilized to modify alternating current (AC) voltage levels,
categorized as step-up or step-down types depending on whether they increase or decrease
voltage, respectively. Additionally, transformers offer galvanic isolation between circuits and
serve to link stages in signal-processing systems. Since the advent of the initial constant-
potential transformer in 1885, they have become indispensable for transmitting, distributing,
and utilizing AC electric power.

The diversity of transformer designs spans electronic and electric power applications,
ranging from compact RF transformers to massive units weighing hundreds of tons, crucial
for interconnecting power grids. During my experience, I encountered transformers of
varying capacities, including 100kVA, 500kVA, and 1000kVA models, reflecting the diverse
requirements encountered on-site.

100kVA Transformer

The 100kVA transformer is a medium-capacity electrical device designed to

efficiently regulate voltage levels in electrical systems. With a rating of 100 kilovolt-amperes
(kVA), this transformer is well-suited for a variety of applications, including commercial and
industrial settings where moderate power requirements are prevalent.

Capacity: 100kVA

Voltage Regulation: Provides stable voltage output, ensuring consistent performance of

connected electrical equipment.

Compact Design: Typically designed to occupy minimal space, making it suitable for
installations where space is limited.

Efficient Operation: Utilizes advanced insulation materials and winding configurations to

optimize energy efficiency and minimize losses.

Reliable Performance: Engineered to meet stringent quality standards, offering dependable

operation under diverse operating conditions.

Versatile Application: Suitable for a wide range of applications, including distribution

networks, industrial machinery, and commercial facilities.

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500kVA Transformer

The 500kVA transformer is a high-capacity electrical device utilized for regulating

voltage levels in medium to large-scale electrical systems. With a rating of 500 kilovolt-
amperes (kVA), this transformer is well-suited for applications requiring substantial power
delivery and distribution.

Capacity: 500kVA

Robust Construction: Designed to withstand high electrical loads and environmental

conditions, ensuring long-term durability and reliability.

High Efficiency: Incorporates advanced core and winding designs to minimize energy losses
and enhance overall efficiency.

Flexible Installation: Available in various configurations to accommodate diverse

installation requirements, including indoor and outdoor installations.

Remote Monitoring: Some models feature integrated monitoring and control systems,
allowing for remote operation and diagnostics.

Wide Application Range: Suitable for use in industrial plants, large commercial buildings,
data centers, and utility substations, among other applications.

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Figure 3.1 A Transformer at the Airport

1000kVA Transformer

The 1000kVA transformer is a heavy-duty electrical device engineered to regulate

voltage levels in large-scale electrical systems with high power demands. With a rating of
1000 kilovolt-amperes (kVA), this transformer is capable of efficiently handling substantial
electrical loads.

Capacity: 1000kVA

High Power Handling: Designed to deliver and distribute large amounts of electrical power,
making it suitable for critical applications with high power demands.

Enhanced Cooling: Incorporates advanced cooling systems to dissipate heat generated

during operation, ensuring optimal performance and longevity.

Customizable Configurations: Available in various configurations to accommodate specific

installation requirements and environmental conditions.
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Advanced Protection Features: Equipped with comprehensive protection mechanisms,
including overcurrent protection, temperature monitoring, and fault detection.

Versatile Deployment: Ideal for a wide range of applications, including heavy industrial
machinery, large-scale manufacturing facilities, and utility substations.

Figure 3.2 A Transformer

3.2 Feeder Pillar

Feeder pillars, also referred to as distribution pillars or electrical distribution cabinets,

are integral components within electrical distribution systems. Positioned strategically
throughout distribution networks, these pillars play a vital role in managing and controlling
the flow of electricity, ensuring a reliable power supply to various consumer points across
diverse applications and environments. Typically housed within sturdy enclosures
constructed from materials such as galvanized steel or aluminum, feeder pillars provide
protection against environmental factors and unauthorized access. Within these enclosures,

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essential components such as circuit breakers, fuses, busbars, and terminals are installed to
facilitate the safe distribution of electrical power. These components safeguard against
overcurrents, short circuits, and other electrical faults, enhancing system safety and
reliability.

Feeder pillars serve a wide range of applications, from urban and rural electrification
projects to industrial facilities, commercial buildings, and public infrastructure. In urban and
rural settings, these pillars enable the extension of electrical distribution networks, supporting
residential, commercial, and industrial areas' electrification needs. Within industrial settings,
feeder pillars distribute power to machinery, equipment, and production lines, ensuring
uninterrupted operations and maximizing productivity. In commercial buildings, feeder
pillars serve as distribution points for powering lighting, HVAC systems, elevators, and other
electrical loads. They also play a crucial role in public infrastructure projects, such as street
lighting, traffic signal systems, and outdoor recreational facilities, ensuring a reliable
electrical supply for public safety and convenience.

Feeder pillars may incorporate advanced features such as metering equipment for
monitoring energy consumption, external lighting, signage for visibility and safety, as well as
ventilation and cooling mechanisms to prevent overheating of electrical components. In some
cases, feeder pillars may also offer remote monitoring and control capabilities, enabling real-
time monitoring of electrical parameters and remote operation for maintenance and
troubleshooting purposes. Feeder pillars are essential components in electrical distribution
systems, providing a reliable and efficient means of distributing power to diverse applications
and end-users. With their robust construction, advanced features, and versatility, feeder
pillars contribute to the seamless operation of electrical networks, supporting economic
development, and enhancing quality of life.

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Figure 3.3 A Feeder Pillar

3.3 LNB

A low-noise block downconverter (LNB) plays a pivotal role in satellite TV

reception, serving as the primary receiving device affixed to satellite dishes. Its function is to
gather radio waves transmitted by satellites, converting them into a signal that travels via
cable to the indoor receiver within the premises. Also known as a low-noise block (LNB),
low-noise converter (LNC), or low-noise downconverter (LND), it's worth noting that the
term "low-noise amplifier" (LNA) is sometimes mistakenly used to describe the LNB.

Functionally, the LNB acts as a multifaceted unit encompassing a low-noise

amplifier, frequency mixer, local oscillator, and intermediate frequency (IF) amplifier.
Positioned as the RF front end of the satellite receiver, it receives the microwave signal
captured by the dish, amplifies it, and performs downconversion, converting the block of
frequencies into a lower block of intermediate frequencies (IF). This downconversion
facilitates the transmission of the signal to the indoor satellite TV receiver via cost-effective
coaxial cable. Without this downconversion, utilizing the original microwave frequency
would necessitate the use of expensive and impractical waveguide lines.

Physically, the LNB typically comprises a compact box suspended on one or more
short booms or feed arms in front of the dish reflector (although certain dish designs may

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have the LNB positioned on or behind the reflector). The microwave signal collected by the
dish is channeled through a feedhorn on the LNB, then into a segment of waveguide. Within
the LNB's shielded enclosure, one or more metal pins or probes extend into the waveguide at
right angles to the axis, serving as antennas to transmit the signal to a printed circuit board for
processing. The resulting lower frequency IF output signal is then accessible via a socket on
the LNB box, where it connects to the coaxial cable.

The LNB derives its power from the receiver or set-top box, utilizing the same coaxial
cable that carries signals from the LNB to the receiver. This power, known as phantom
power, travels back to the LNB along the same pathway as the signals from the LNB.

Figure 3.4 Me Fixing a LNB on a Satellite Dish

3.4 Distribution Board

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 A distribution board, also referred to as a panelboard, breaker panel, electric panel,
fuse box, or DB box, is an essential component within an electricity supply system. Its
primary function is to divide an electrical power feed into subsidiary circuits while providing
a protective fuse or circuit breaker for each circuit within a common enclosure. This
enclosure ensures safety and organization by housing all necessary components in one
location. Typically, a distribution board includes a main switch, which allows for the
isolation of power to the entire board when necessary. Additionally, modern distribution
boards may incorporate one or more residual-current devices (RCDs) or residual current
breakers with overcurrent protection (RCBOs). These devices enhance safety by detecting
imbalances in electrical currents and interrupting the circuit if a fault is detected, thereby
reducing the risk of electric shock or fire hazards.

The design and layout of a distribution board are crucial to its functionality and
efficiency. Circuit breakers or fuses are arranged in a logical manner to correspond with the
various subsidiary circuits they protect. This organization facilitates easy identification and
access for maintenance and troubleshooting purposes. Distribution boards are found in
various settings, including residential, commercial, and industrial environments. In residential
buildings, they are typically located in utility rooms or basements and distribute power to
different areas of the home, such as lighting circuits, outlets, and appliances. In commercial
and industrial facilities, distribution boards may be larger and more complex, serving a wider
range of circuits and loads to accommodate the facility's power requirements.

Regular inspection and maintenance of distribution boards are essential to ensure their
continued safe and reliable operation. Qualified electricians should conduct periodic checks
to verify the integrity of the wiring, connections, and protective devices, as well as to identify
and address any potential issues promptly. Distribution boards play a critical role in
managing and distributing electrical power safely and efficiently. By providing protection
and organization for subsidiary circuits, they contribute to the reliable operation of electrical
systems in various applications and environments.

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Figure 3.5 A Distribution Board

3.5 Circuit Board

A circuit board also knows as printed circuit board (PCB), or printed wiring board
(PWB), serves as a foundational component in electronic circuits, facilitating the
interconnection of various electronic components. It embodies a layered structure comprising
conductive and insulating materials, meticulously arranged to form intricate patterns of
traces, planes, and features. These patterns, akin to wires on a flat surface, are etched from
copper layers laminated onto or between non-conductive substrate layers. Electrical
components are affixed to conductive pads on the outer layers of the PCB, aligning with the
designated shapes to accommodate the terminals of the components. This connection is
achieved through soldering, ensuring both electrical continuity and mechanical stability.
Vias, or plated-through holes, further enable interconnections between different layers of the
PCB.

PCBs have become ubiquitous in electronic products, offering distinct advantages

over alternative wiring methods such as wire wrap and point-to-point construction. While
PCBs demand meticulous design efforts, their manufacturing and assembly processes can be
largely automated. Electronic design automation software aids in layout design, streamlining
the process. Mass production of circuits using PCBs proves to be more cost-effective and
time-efficient, as components are mounted and wired simultaneously in a single operation.
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Furthermore, PCB fabrication can be scaled up to produce large quantities with minimal
incremental effort, enhancing efficiency and consistency. PCBs come in various
configurations, including single-sided, double-sided, and multi-layered options. Multi-layer
PCBs, in particular, enable higher component density by utilizing inner copper layers, thus
optimizing surface space between components. The widespread adoption of multilayer PCBs,
especially those with more than four copper planes, has been closely tied to the proliferation
of surface mount technology.

However, while multi-layer PCBs offer advantages in terms of compactness and

performance, they also present challenges in repair, analysis, and field modification. The
complex structure and interconnections make troubleshooting and modifications considerably
more arduous, often rendering such endeavors impractical. Printed circuit boards play an
indispensable role in modern electronics, offering a robust and versatile platform for the
integration of electronic components. Their evolution continues to drive innovation in
electronic design and manufacturing, balancing the demands of efficiency, performance, and
practicality in electronic systems.

Figure 3.6 A Circuit Board

3.6 Inverter

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 A power inverter, alternatively known simply as an inverter, represents a pivotal
component within electrical systems, serving the critical function of converting direct current
(DC) into alternating current (AC) through sophisticated power electronic devices or
circuitry. This transformative process stands in stark contrast to rectifiers, which historically
were bulky electromechanical apparatuses engineered to convert AC to DC. The capabilities
of a power inverter, including input voltage, output voltage and frequency, and overall power
handling, hinge upon the intricacies of its design and circuitry. It's important to note that
while the inverter facilitates the conversion process, it does not generate power; instead,
power is supplied by the DC source.

Power inverters come in various forms, ranging from entirely electronic

configurations to hybrid models combining mechanical components with electronic circuitry.
Static inverters, for instance, eschew moving parts in favor of stationary mechanisms during
the conversion process. These devices find primary application in scenarios where electrical
power demands involve high currents and voltages. They serve as indispensable tools in
numerous electrical power applications, catering to diverse needs across industries. For
instance, inverters employed in electrical power systems may differ from those used for
electronic signals, the latter often characterized by much lower currents and voltages and
referred to as oscillators.

The input voltage requirements of a power inverter are contingent upon its design and
intended application. Input voltages may range from 12 V DC for smaller consumer and
commercial inverters to several hundred volts for systems relying on photovoltaic solar
panels or electric vehicle battery packs. Output waveforms generated by power inverters may
include square waves, sine waves, modified sine waves, pulsed sine waves, or near-sine
pulse-width modulated waves, depending on the specific circuit design. These waveforms
play a critical role in determining the overall performance and compatibility of the inverter
within the electrical system.

Output frequency and voltage of a power inverter typically adhere to standard power
line frequencies and voltages, ensuring compatibility with conventional electrical devices and
systems. Additionally, output power ratings, expressed in watts or kilowatts, delineate the
available power for connected devices, ranging from smaller consumer units to larger
industrial-grade inverters. Power inverters represent indispensable components in modern
electrical systems, enabling the conversion of DC to AC power with precision and efficiency.

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Their diverse applications and versatile capabilities continue to drive innovation in power
electronics, shaping the landscape of electrical power generation, distribution, and utilization.

Figure 3.7 An Inverter

3.7 Solar Home System

Solar Home Systems (SHS) represent an innovative solution for residential energy
needs, harnessing the abundant and renewable power of the sun to provide electricity directly
to homes. Solar power, also referred to as solar electricity, is generated through the
conversion of sunlight into electricity using photovoltaic (PV) technology or concentrated
solar power systems. PV systems utilize solar panels to directly convert light into electric
current through the photovoltaic effect, while concentrated solar power systems concentrate
sunlight using mirrors or lenses to generate extreme heat, subsequently driving turbines to
produce electricity.

Initially, photovoltaics was predominantly employed for small to medium-sized

applications, ranging from calculators powered by a single solar cell to remote homes
equipped with off-grid rooftop PV systems. Over time, commercial concentrated solar power
plants emerged, further expanding the utilization of solar energy. As the cost of solar panels
has declined, the capacity and production of grid-connected solar PV systems have seen

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exponential growth, with millions of rooftop installations and gigawatt-scale photovoltaic
power stations being constructed globally.

In 2023, solar energy accounted for 5% of the world's electricity generation, a

substantial increase from 1% in 2015, propelled by the imperative to limit climate change.
Solar power, alongside onshore wind, offers the cheapest levelized cost of electricity for new
installations in most countries. Nearly half of the solar power installed in 2022 was on
rooftops, reflecting the increasing adoption of decentralized solar solutions.

Solar Home Systems leverage the potential of solar energy to provide reliable
electricity to households, particularly in regions with limited access to centralized grid
infrastructure. By utilizing solar panels installed on rooftops or in ground-mounted solar
farms, these systems directly convert sunlight into electric power, enabling households to
meet their energy needs sustainably. Additionally, advancements in battery storage
technology allow for energy storage, ensuring uninterrupted power supply even during
periods of limited sunlight.

The adoption of Solar Home Systems contributes to the global transition towards
clean and sustainable energy sources, offering households a viable alternative to traditional
fossil fuel-based electricity generation. With ongoing advancements in solar technology and
increased affordability, Solar Home Systems are poised to play a pivotal role in expanding
energy access and mitigating the impacts of climate change on a household level.

3.8 Generator

A generator, also known as a genset, is a combination of an engine with an electric

generator (often an alternator) designed to generate electrical energy. Unlike diesel
generators, which specifically use a diesel compression-ignition engine, generators can be
adapted to run on various liquid fuels or natural gas (CNG).

Generators find extensive use in locations without access to a power grid or as

emergency power supplies in the event of grid failures. They serve diverse applications
ranging from basic power provision to more complex tasks such as peak-lopping, grid
support, and power exportation. Size considerations are critical for generators to minimize
low load or power shortages. The sizing process is intricate, particularly due to the
characteristics of modern electronics and non-linear loads. While open cycle gas turbines are

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more efficient and compact for large-scale applications above 50 MW at full load, diesel
arrays are sometimes preferred for regular part-loading due to their superior efficiencies.

A generator set typically comprises a diesel engine, a generator, and ancillary devices
like base, canopy, sound attenuation, control systems, circuit breakers, jacket water heaters,
and starting systems. These sets range from smaller units of 8 to 30 kW for residential and
small-scale commercial use to industrial generators ranging from 8 kW to 2,000 kW for
larger facilities. Industrial-scale generators can be housed in ISO containers and are
commonly used for standalone power stations or as backup to grid power. Generators serve
not only as emergency power sources but also contribute to utility grids during peak periods
or power shortages. Programs like STOR in the UK utilize generators to feed power into
utility grids during high-demand periods.

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Figure 3.8 Generators at the Powerhouse of the Airport

CHAPTER FOUR

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

4.1 Conclusion

In conclusion, the Student's Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) has

provided me with invaluable practical insights and hands-on experience in the field of
electrical engineering during my internship at Akure Airport under the Federal Airports
Authority of Nigeria (FAAN). Working within the electrical department of the organization, I
had the opportunity to engage with various electrical components and systems crucial for
airport operations.

Throughout my internship, I gained practical knowledge and skills in working with

transformers, feeder pillars, LNBs, distribution boards, circuit boards, inverters, solar home
systems, and generators. These experiences have enhanced my understanding of electrical
engineering principles and their application in real-world scenarios. From installing and
maintaining electrical equipment to troubleshooting issues and ensuring system reliability, I
have developed a comprehensive understanding of electrical systems and their importance in
aviation infrastructure.

The exposure to Akure Airport's electrical systems, which align with international
standards, has provided me with a deeper appreciation for the critical role of electrical
engineering in ensuring safe and efficient airport operations. Additionally, working under the
guidance of experienced professionals at FAAN has allowed me to learn best practices and
industry standards, further enriching my learning experience.
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 Moving forward, I am confident that the knowledge and skills gained during my
SIWES internship will serve as a solid foundation for my future career in electrical
engineering. I am grateful for the opportunity to participate in the SIWES program and for
the support and mentorship provided by the team at Akure Airport and FAAN.

4.2 Recommendations

From my industrial based experience, I would like to recommend the following:

1. Enhance between Institutions and Industries Collaboration

Encourage closer collaboration between educational institutions and industries to
ensure that SIWES placements align closely with students' course of study. This can
be achieved by establishing partnerships, conducting regular industry needs
assessments, and facilitating open communication channels to understand industry
requirements and incorporate them into the program.

2. Foster Practical Skills Development

Emphasize hands-on training and practical skills development during SIWES to
bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and real-world application. Provide
students with opportunities to work on actual industry projects, handle equipment and
machinery, and solve practical problems. This will help them develop critical
thinking, problem-solving, and technical skills required for the workforce.
3. Incorporate Soft Skills Training
Recognize the importance of soft skills in professional development. Include training
modules on effective communication, teamwork, time management, and adaptability
during SIWES. These skills are essential for students to succeed in their future careers
and will enhance their employability upon graduation.
4. Establish Mentorship Programs
Implement mentorship programs where experienced professionals from the industry
provide guidance and support to SIWES participants. Mentors can share their
knowledge, offer career advice, and help students navigate the challenges of the
workplace. This mentorship relationship can greatly benefit students by providing
valuable insights and networking opportunities.

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By implementing these recommendations, SIWES can become an even more effective
program, providing students with a well-rounded experience that prepares them for the
workforce, strengthens industry-academic collaborations, and equips them with the necessary
skills to contribute effectively to the nation's industrial and economic development.

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