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A Review Paper on Analysis and Design of Box

1Sudhir
Culvert using staad pro
kushwaha, 2Tushar kesharwani, 3Umang shukla , 4Umesh kumar & 5 Mr.Himanshoo verma
1,2,34
Students ,5Assistant professor, Department of civil engineering, Axis institute of technology and
management, Rooma, Kanpur.

ABSTRACT
Box culverts are very important part of a transportation network as they provide a cost-effective alternate to
substantial bridges. A culvert is a structure that allows water to flow under a road ways, railways, or similar obstruction from one side
to the other side. A culvert may be made from a pipe, reinforced concrete or other material. Culverts are commonly used both as cross
drains for channel release and to pass water under a road at natural drainage and river crossings. A culvert may be a bridge like
structure designed to allow vehicle or pedestrian traffic to cross over the watercourse while permitting suitable opening for the water.
Culverts can be of different shapes such as arch, slab and box. These can be constructed with different material such as masonry
(brick, stone etc.) or reinforced cement concrete. Since culvert pass through the earthen embankment, these are subjected to same
traffic loads as the road carries and therefore, required to be designed for such loads. This Paper deals with box culverts made of
RCC, without cushion. The size, invert level, layout etc. are decided by hydraulic considerations and site conditions. The scope of this
Paper has been further restricted to the structural design of box. The structural design involves consideration of load cases (box
empty, full, surcharge loads etc.) and factors like live load, effective width, braking force, dispersal of load through fill, impact factor,
co-efficient of earth pressure etc. Relevant IRC Codes are required to be referred. The structural elements are required to be designed
to withstand maximum bending moment and shear force. The Paper provides full discussions on the provisions in the Codes,
considerations and justification of all the above aspects on design. Box Culverts are required to be provided under earth embankment
for crossing of water course like streams, Nallas across the embankment as road embankment cannot be allowed to obstruct the
natural water way. The culverts are also required to balance the flood water on both sides of earth embankment to reduce flood level
on one side of road thereby decreasing the water head consequently reducing the flood menace. Culverts can be of different shapes
such as arch, slab and box. These can be constructed with different material such as masonry (brick, stone etc) or reinforced cement
concrete. Since culvert pass through the earthen embankment, these are subjected to same traffic loads as the road carries and
therefore, required to be designed for such loads. The size, invert level, layout etc. are decided by hydraulic considerations and site
conditions. The cushion depends on road profile at the culvert location. The structural design involves consideration of load cases
(box empty, full, surcharge loads etc.) and factors like live load, effective width, braking force, dispersal of load through fill, impact
factor, co-efficient of earth pressure etc. Relevant IRC Codes are required to be referred in the analysis and design of box culverts.
The aim of this project is to analyse the box culvert using STAAD PRO software. The structural elements of box culvert are designed to
withstand maximum bending moment and shear force. The results obtained from STAAD are almost similar to manual calculations.

Keywords: Reinforced cement concrete box culvert, structural design, theoretical calculation, staad pro

I. INTRODUCTION

The box culvert are the structure constructed below highways and railways to provide acess to the natural drainage across them.
The opening of culvert is determined based on the waterway required to pass the design flood whereas thickness is designed based
on the loads applied. Culvert are provided to allow to traffic one side to other side. Culvert are also provided to balance the water
level on both side of embankment during flood..

Box culvert has many advantages compared to slab culvert or arch culvert. The box is structurally strong, stable and safe and easy
to construct. The main advantage is, it can be placed at any elevation within the embankment with varying cushion which is not
possible for other type of culverts. A multi-cell box can cater for large discharge and can be accommodated within smaller height
of embankment. It does not require separate elaborate foundation and can be placed on soft soil by providing suitable base slab
projection to reduce base pressure within the safe bearing capacity of foundation soil. Bearings are not needed. It is convenient to
extend the existing culvert in the event of widening of the carriageway at a later date as per future requirement, without any
problem of design and/or construction. The culvert cover up to waterways of 6 m and can mainly be of two types, namely, box or
slab. The box is one which has its top and bottom slabs monolithically connected to the vertical walls. In case of a slab culvert the
top slab is supported over the vertical walls (abutments/ piers) but has no monolithic connection between them. A box culvert can
have more than single cell and can be placed such that the top slab is almost at road level and there is no cushion.

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Components of Box culvert:

The main parts of a box culvert are as below:

1) Leveling course

2) Bottom slab

3) Side walls

4) Top slab

5) Wing walls & apron

BOX CULVERT COMPONENTS

1.2 Advantages of Box Culverts

 Prevent Erosion

 Prevent Flooding

 Allow Water to Flow Unobstructed

 Divert Water for Farming/Engineering Purposes

1.3 Objective of the Project

The aim of this study is to achieve the following goals: -

1) To design and analyze box culvert using STAAD PRO software.

2) To design elements of the box culvert as per IS specifications.

3) Structural designing of RCC culvert considering various load cases including factor like effective live load, dead load,effective
width and coefficient of earth pressure.
4) Saving time.
5) Saving money(alternate to bridge).

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II LITERATURE REVIEW
1. Vasu Shekhar Tanwar, Dr. M. P Verma, Sagar Jamle (2018)

Had study by using Staad Pro software the culvert are subjected to certain cases and providing the values in the form of graph and
tables in which reduction in displacement and reduction in bending moment are shown. The result is by using software result came
to know about bending moment and displacements are declined to minimum value taken in percentage. For flared portion structure
change gets a positive response.

This paper analysis the stress value increases in the flared portion and shear values decreased on increment of flared portion.
Principle stresses declined and give a positive response for structural change. The result is the paper gives the graph and their
variations in values with respect to stress by using the flared portion the stress value are dropped for different cases.

2. Afzal Hamif Sharif (2016)

Had done study by using moment distribution method and Staad pro software. Compared them and check out all the structural
elements for safety of bridge.

The results are the advantage of box culvert and their design critical and span length according by ratio of cell and number of cell.

3.M.G. Kalyanshetti and S.A. Gosavi (2014)

The analysis is done by using stiffness matrix method and a computer program in C language is developed for the cost evaluation.
Study is carried out related to variation in bending moment; subsequently cost comparison is made for different aspect ratios.

The percentage reduction in cost of single cell, double cell and triple cell based on optimum thicknesses are presented. The
optimum thicknesses presented over here are used to achieve the economical design of box culvert. Based on these optimum
thicknesses optimum cost per meter width of single cell, double cell and triple cell is evaluated. The study reveals that the cost of
box culvert reduces if the optimum thicknesses which are presented in this study are considered.

4. Lande Abhijeet Chandrakant, Patil Vidya Malgonda (2014)

Analysed the box culvert by finite element method. In the paper they presented about the structural elements are required to be
designed to withstand maximum bending moment and shear force. So excel program is developed for analysis and it is compared
with software results. So analysis of box culvert is carried out for it for various box conditions and structural design is suggested
for critical cases. In skew box culvert various angles are considered and analysis of box culvert is carried out for various conditions
NehaKolate, Molly Mathew, Snehal Mali presented paper on analysis and design of RCC box culvert.

This paper deals with study of some of the design parameters of box culverts like angle of dispersion or effective width of live
load, effect of earth pressure and depth of cushion provided on top slab of box culverts.

Depth of cushion, coefficient of earth pressure for lateral pressures on walls, width or angle of dispersion for live loads on box
without cushion and with cushion for structural deformations are important items.

5. Sujata Shreedhar and R.Shreedhar (2013)

Presented the paper on Design coefficients for single and two cell box culverts. The box culvert has to be analyzed for moments,
shear forces and thrusts developed due to the various loading conditions by any classical methods such as moment distribution
method, slope deflection method etc. It becomes very tedious for the designer to arrive at design forces for various loading
conditions. Hence a study is made to arrive at the coefficients for moments, shear forces and axial thrusts for different loading
cases and for different ratios of length to height.

6. H. Chanson (2000 )

Analyse the hydraulic design of culvert. The paper presents a new way to teach hydraulic design to civil and environmental
engineering students in an undergraduate curriculum. The hydraulic design of a culvert is introduced as part of a complete design
approach. The paper describes engineering design techniques in which individual originality and innovation is required.

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III METHODOLOGY

1. Analysis and design by STAAD pro.

2. Analysis method adopted for RCC box is MDM (Moment Distribution Method).

3. Designing Box Bridge considering LSM.

Various cases those are to be generally adopted for designing:

Case 1: Dead load and live load acting from outside as well as earth pressure, while no water pressure from inside (i.e. Design of
Box Bridge by considering the box as in empty conditions, no water will flow from it)

Case 2: Dead load and live load acting from outside as well as earth pressure, while water pressure acting from inside (i.e.
designing the by considering that it is half full).
Case 3: Dead load and live load acting from outside as well as earth pressure, while water pressure acting from inside (i.e.
designing the box by considering that it is full).

IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The above literature analysis and design of box culvert is under the influence of different kinds of loading conditions.It can be
noted that effect of depth of cushion, impact load,braking forces, coefficient of earth pressure and the angle of load dispersion due
live load are important factors. Box culverts are analyzed for different cases of pressure and their variations. It is seen that
maximum bending moment occur for dynamic load case. The analysis and design of box can be done by using the Indian Standard
Codes IS456-2000, Indian Road Congress, IRC 6-2000 & IRC 21-2000.The result will be analyzed by variations in shear
force,bending moment, impact load, braking force etc.

V CONCLUSION

Box bridge is structurally very strong, rigid & safe. Box bridge does not need any elaborate foundation and can easily be placed
over soft foundation by increasing base slab projection to retain base pressure within safe bearing capacity of ground soil. Box
Bridge is easy to construct, practically no maintenance. It can have multi cell to match discharge within smaller height of
embankment. The designer has option to select the number of cells with desired span to depth ratio suiting to hydraulic conditions
at site.

REFERENCES

[1] Vasu Shekhar Tanwar, M.P Verma, Sagar Jamle (2018)," Analytic study of box culvert to reduce bending moments and
displacements values" International journal of current engineering technology, ISSN no.(o) 2277-4106, ISSN no.(p) 2347-5161,
Vol.08, Issue-03, p.p. 762-764.

[2] Reinforced concrete structure; volume:2; DR.B.C. PUNIMA, ASHOK.K.JAIN, ARUN.K.JAIN.

[3] Vasu Shekhar Tanwar, M.P Verma, Sagar Jamle (2018),"Analysis of box culvert to reduce stress value" International journal of
advanced engineering & science, ISSN no.(o) 2456-1908, ISSN no.(p) 2349- 6495, Vol.05, Issue-05, p. p 01-04.

[4] Afzal Hamif Sharif (2016), "Review paper on analysis and design of railway box bridge" International journal of scientific
development & research, ISSN no.2455- 2631, Vol.01, Issue-07, p.p. 204-207.

[5] Sujata Shreedhar, R. Shreedhar (2013)," Design coefficients for single and two cell box culvert" International journal of civil
& structural engineering, ISSN no.0976-4399, Vol.03, Issue-03 , p.p. 475-494.Lande Abhijeet Chandrakant and Patil Vidya
Malgonda (2014).“Finite element analysis of box culvert”, International Journal of Advanced Technology in Engineering and
Science, Volume No.02, Issue No. 06, June 2014, ISSN (online): 2348 – 7550.

[6] H. Chanson (2000 ). “Analyse the hydraulic design of culvert. The paper presents a new way to teach hydraulic design to civil
and environmental engineering students in an undergraduate curriculum”.

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