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Trigonometry
 Trigonometry
● Systems of Measuring an Angle
● Regular Polygons
● Trigonometric Ratios and Identities
● Trigonometric Equations
● Trigonometric Inequations
● Solution of Triangles
Systems of Measuring an Angle
Systems of Measuring an Angle
There are three systems of measuring an angle.
I. Centesimal System
II. Sexagesimal System
III. Circular System
Systems of Measuring an Angle
Let’s pick systems 1 and 2 first.

Centesimal System Sexagesimal System

 Question!

Q If an angle measures 20g in centesimal system then how

many degrees will it measures in sexagesimal system?
Solution :
 Question!

Q If an angle measures D° in sexagesimal system while it

measures Gg in centesimal system then prove that .
Solution :
 Question!

Q If an angle measures 10” in centesimal system then how

many seconds will it measure in sexagesimal system.
Solution :
 Question!

Q If x and y respectively denote the number of sexagesimal and

centesimal seconds in any angle, then show that 250x = 81y.
Solution :
Circular System
Circular System

The angle subtended by an arc of length ‘l ’ at the centre

of circle having radius ‘r’ is defined as radian.
Special Cases

1.
θ=

2. θ=

3. θ=
Note

(1)
Note

(1)

(2)
Observation
1. Angle 2c will be in 2nd quadrant
2. Angle 3c will be in 2nd quadrant
3. Angle 6c will be in 4th quadrant
 Question!

Q Convert following into radians.

(a) 30° (b) 10° 30’
 Question!

Q Convert following into radians. (a) 30°

Solution :
 Question!

Q Convert following into radians.(b) 10° 30’

Solution :
 Question!

Q The angles of a quadrilateral are in AP and the greatest

angle is 120°. Find the angles in radians.
Solution :
 Question!

Q Find the degree measure corresponding to the following

radian measures.
 Question!

Q Find the degree measure corresponding to the following

radian measures.
Solution :
 Question!

Q Find the degree measure corresponding to the following

radian measures.
Solution :
 Question!

Q Find the degree measure corresponding to the following

radian measures.
Solution :
Remark

One radian 1c = 57° 16’ 22”

Recall
1. Angle 2c will be in 2nd quadrant
2. Angle 3c will be in 2nd quadrant
3. Angle 6c will be in 4th quadrant
 Question!

Q Let Ck ; k = 1, 2, 3, …. be a circle with centre (0, 0) and radius

k units. A particle moves k units anticlockwise on Ck and then
goes radially out to Ck + 1 and continues moving in this pattern.
If the particle starts from (1, 0) on C1, then on which circle will it
be when it crosses the positive X axis again?
Solution :

The point starts from (1, 0) and

travels 1c of angular motion in each
circle. To cross positive X axis
again, it needs to travel more than
2πc which is approximately 6.28c.
Hence the point will be on the 7th
circle.
Now, let’s do few examples based on l = rθ.
 Question!

Q The minute hand of a watch is 35 cm long. How far does its

tip move in 18 minutes?
Solution :
 Question!

Q In a circle of diameter 40 cm, a chord of length 20 cm is taken.

Find the length of the minor arc corresponding to the chord.
Solution :
Let’s do some questions based on angle between the hour hand
and the minute hand at any given time.
Remark

The minute hand travels 6° in one minute while the hour

hand travels that is 30’ in one minute.
 Question!

Q Find the angle between the hour hand and the minute hand at
(a) 4.30 pm (b) 8:50 pm
 Question!

Q Find the angle between the hour hand and the minute hand at
(a) 4.30 pm
Solution :
 Question!

Q Find the angle between the hour hand and the minute hand at
(b) 8:50 pm
Solution :
Regular Polygon
 Regular Polygon
An n-sided polygon is said to be regular if all its sides are equal
and all its angles are equal.
Remark

1. (a) A 3-sided regular polygon is an equilateral

triangle.
(b) A 4-sided regular polygon is a square.

2.

Convex Pentagon Concave Pentagon

Internal Angle and their Sum
Internal Angle and their Sum
Definition:

The centre of a regular polygon is the point which is

equidistant from all its vertices. Basically, it is the centre
of the circumcircle of the regular polygon.
Remark

If you have to tackle any question related to n-sided

regular polygon, then always consider following figure.
 Question!

Q Find the distance of the centre of

(a) square from its side, if its side length is 2 units.
(b) a regular hexagon from its side, if its side length is 2
units.
 Question!

Q Find the distance of the centre of

(a) square from its side, if its side length is 2 units.
Solution :

A P B
 Question!

Q Find the distance of the centre of

(b) a regular hexagon from its side, if its side length is 2
units.
Solution :
 Question!

Q The number of sides in two regular polygons are 5 : 4 and the

difference between their internal angles is 9. Find the number
of sides of the polygon.
Solution :
 Question!

Q Find the ratio of the area of the incircle and the circumcircle
of a regular hexagon.

D None of these
 Question!

Q Find the ratio of the area of the incircle and the circumcircle
of a regular hexagon.

D None of these
Solution :

R
r
Trigonometric Ratios and
Identities
Lets understand angle θ with x-axis, first
Remark

1. Consider the direction given by an angle θ.

Remark

The same direction will be given by the angle 2π + θ.

In general, 2nπ + θ will give same direction as θ,

where n is an integer.
Remark

2. If an angle θ is taken in the clockwise direction,

then we write it as “-θ ”
Negative sign indicates that its sense is clockwise.
For example,
Remark

3.
Trigonometric Ratios
Defining cos θ and sin θ
Let’s define cos θ and sin θ.
Consider a unit circle centered at the origin.
Draw any angle θ.

X coordinate of P is defined as cos θ.

Y coordinate of P is defined as sin θ.
Observation
1. -1 ≤ cos θ, sin θ ≤ 1
2. Clearly cos θ and sin θ are defined for all angles and
not just acute angles.
Observation

1. (a) cos(2nπ) =
(b) cos((2n + 1)π) =
(c) sin(nπ) =

2. (a) cos(-θ) =
(b) sin(-θ) =
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