FINAL YEAR PROJECT

TECHNICAL REPORT

Mutah University

The Faculty of Engineering / Civil

Engineering Department
Reuse of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement
Aggregates in Concrete

Prepared by:

• Marwah Adaileh
• Ahmad Adaileh
• Mohammad Jaafari

Supervisor:
Mazen Al-kheetan PH. D

Date:
 ABSTRACT
Natural aggregates (NA) coated in aged bitumen are the components of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP)
which is a recyclable aggregate created after the demolition of outdated flexible pavements. Therefore, this
study aims to investigate the effects of RAP as a constituent in Concrete, on its characteristic properties. A
series of standard laboratory tests were conducted on each sample. The results were then compared with the
properties of controlled samples. The analysis depicted that the presence of RAP ()

Key Word: Aggregate, Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Concrete, Laboratory Test, Properties.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1
Recycling Process 1.1

Mix Design and Processing 1.2

ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS 1.3

Economic Benefit 1.4

PERFORMANCE CONSIDERATIONS 1.5

REGULATIONS AND SPECIFICATIONS 1.6

Methodology ....................................................................................................................................... 2
Material 2.1
Equipment 2.2
Mix Design 2.3
Testing 2.4
Sieve Analysis 2.4.1
Slump Test 2.4.2
Curing 2.4
Absorption Test 2.4.4
Compressive Strength Test 2.4.5

Data & Discussions ........................................................................................................................ 3

Sieve Analysis 3.1

Slump Test 3.2

Absorption Test 3.3

7 Days curing 3.3.1
28 Days curing 3.3.2

Compressive Strength 3.4

7 days curing 3.4.1
28 days curing 3.4.2

Conclusion ...............................................................................................................................................
LIST OF TABLES

Material and Source .............................................................................................................................. 2.1

Mix Design Data. ................................................................................................................................... 3.2

The list of the U.S. standard sieve numbers with their corresponding opening sizes ............................... 2.4.1

Rap sieve analysis ................................................................................................................................ 3.1

Slump Test Data .................................................................................................................................... 3.2

Absorption Test/ 7 Days curing Data ................................................................................................... 3.3.1

Absorption Test/ 28 Days curing Data ................................................................................................. 3.3.2

Compressive Strength Test/ 7 Days curing Data .................................................................................. 3.4.1

Compressive Strength Test/ Days curing Data ..................................................................................... 3.4.2

LIST OF PICTURES

Sieve Analysis Gradation ..................................................................................................................... 3.1

Equipment .......................................................................................................................................... 2.2

Slump Test Standards .................................................................................................................... 2.4.2/A

Slump test procedure ..................................................................................................................... 2.4.2/B

Filling Cubes .................................................................................................................................. 2.4.3/A

Unpackaging cubes after setting ...................................................................................................... 2.4.3/B

Curing............................................................................................................................................ 2.4.3/C

Draying process ............................................................................................................................. 2.4.4/A

Weighting process ......................................................................................................................... 2.4.4/B

``

LIST OF FIGURES

Slump Test Standards .................................................................................................................... 2.4.2/A

Sieve Analysis ...................................................................................................................................... 3.1

Absorption Test/ 7 Days Curing .......................................................................................................... 3.3.1

Absorption Test/ 28 Days Curing ......................................................................................................... 3.3.2

Compressive Strength Test/ 7 Days Curing .......................................................................................... 3.4.1

Compressive Strength Test/ 28Days Curing ......................................................................................... 3.4.2

 1.INTRODUCTION
Concrete is a versatile construction material widely used in the building industry. It is composed of a mixture
of cement, water, aggregates, and often additional additives or admixtures. Aggregates are an essential
component of concrete and play a crucial role in its structural strength and durability. Aggregates are
granular materials that are used to reinforce and provide bulk to concrete. They can be categorized into two
main types: fine aggregates and coarse aggregates. They are an integral part of concrete construction,
providing the necessary strength, durability, and structural integrity to the material. The selection and quality
of aggregates significantly impact the performance and longevity of concrete structures. In asphalt
construction, aggregates are also a fundamental component. The aggregate used in the asphalt layer,
commonly referred to as asphalt aggregate or asphaltic aggregate, differs from the aggregates used in
concrete. Asphalt aggregate is a mixture of course and fine particles that are combined with asphalt binder to
form the asphalt pavement. The primary function of the aggregate in the asphalt layer is to provide structural
stability, strength, and durability to the pavement. The specific properties of the aggregate used in asphalt
construction are vital for achieving a high-quality and long-lasting pavement (1).

As a result of the importance that aggregate represents in concrete mixtures and street paving and the heavy
reliance on it, obtaining it becomes more difficult day after day, the aggregate waste resulting from
reconstruction, demolition, or rehabilitation are increases, which also requires large areas for disposal, costs,
workers, etc., despite the possibility of reusing it and benefiting from it.

This study is taken up to determine the variation of different properties of s strength and flexural strength of
concrete with natural aggregates and RAP aggregates, by conducting the necessary tests on enough samples
with different mixtures and comparing the fracture strength between them to determine the result.

Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) refers to the recycled materials obtained from old or existing asphalt
pavement. When asphalt roads or surfaces are removed or milled for repairs, maintenance, or reconstruction,
the resulting material is collected and processed for reuse, thus reducing the demand for new aggregates, and
promoting sustainable practices in the construction industry (2).

Here are some key points about Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP):

1.1 Recycling Process:

RAP is typically obtained by milling or removing the existing asphalt pavement using specialized equipment.
The removed asphalt material is then crushed and screened to produce RAP, which consists of aggregates
coated with aged asphalt BINDER (3).
1.2 Mix Design and Processing:

RAP can be incorporated into new asphalt mixtures by blending it with fresh aggregates and an asphalt binder.
The mix design process involves evaluating the properties of RAP, such as its gradation, asphalt content, and
quality, to determine the appropriate percentage of RAP to be included in the new mixture. RAP is processed
to ensure it meets specifications and is compatible with the new binder before being combined with the fresh
materials.

1.3 Environmental Benefits:

The use of RAP offers several environmental advantages. By recycling existing asphalt pavement, it reduces
the need for new raw materials, such as aggregates and asphalt binder, which reduces the demand on natural
resources. It also decreases the amount of waste sent to landfills, promoting sustainability and waste
reduction in the construction industry. (4).

1.4 Economic Benefits:

Incorporating RAP into new asphalt mixtures can provide cost savings. Since RAP is a recycled material, it can
be obtained at a lower cost compared to virgin aggregates and asphalt binder. This can make asphalt
construction more economical, especially when RAP is readily available and meets the required quality
standards (4).

1.5 PERFORMANCE CONSIDERATIONS:

The use of RAP in asphalt mixtures can affect certain performance characteristics. The properties of the RAP,
such as its gradation, asphalt content, and aged binder characteristics, need to be carefully evaluated to
ensure that the resulting mixture meets the desired performance requirements in terms of strength, durability,
and resistance to cracking and rutting.

1.6 REGULATIONS AND SPECIFICATIONS:

Different regions and transportation agencies have specific regulations and specifications regarding the use
of RAP in asphalt mixtures. These guidelines typically address the allowable percentage of RAP, quality control
measures, and performance criteria to ensure the recycled material meets the required standards.
 2.METHODOLOGY
2.1) Materials

(Table 1) Material And source

Material Source
RAP Mutah Highway Reconstruction Leftover
Cement Al-Manaseer
Fine Aggregate Al- Jarajreh Crushers (Jaw crushers)
Coarse Aggregate Al- Jarajreh Crushers (Jaw crushers)
Sand Al- Jarajreh Crushers (Jaw crushers)
Titanium Sigma Adrich
Water _
Salt _

(picture 2.1)

2.2) Equipment
- Sieves & pan
- Mechanical sieve Shakers
- Sensitive balance
- Concrete mixer
- Standard slump cone (100 mm top diameter x 200 mm bottom diameter x 300 mm hight )
- Bullet-nosed rod (600 mm long x 16 mm diameter)
- Slump plate (500 mm x 500 mm)
- Cubic Concrete Moldes(15cm*15cm)
- Compression Testing Machine
- Oven
- Balance (nearest to0.1)
- Cement Cart
 (Picture 2.2)

2.3) Mix Design

material mix Contr replacement replaceme replacement 30%
design(kg/ oll 30% nt (treated)
m^3) (untreated) 50%(untrea
ted)
cement 450 20 20 20 20 20
water 297 13 13 13 13 13
fine 600 26.5 26.5 26.5 26.5 26.5
aggregate
Total 1192 52.5 52.5 52.5 52.5 52.5
coarse
aggregate
Medium 35 24.5 17.5 24.5 17.5
large 17.5 12.2 8.75 12.2 8.75
rab 15.75 26.25 15.75 26.25
titanium - - - - 3% of 3% of
cement cement
(400g) (400g)
(Table 3.2) Mix Design Data
2.4) Testing
2.4.1) SIEVE ANALYSIS

A technique for figuring out the grain size distribution of soils bigger than 0.075 mm in diameter is
sieve analysis. Although it can be employed as the only technique to ascertain the grain size
distribution of finer soil, it is often applied to sand and gravel. This method's sieves are constructed
from woven wires with square apertures. Table provides a list of the U.S. standard sieve numbers
and the matching opening widths. (5)

(Table 2.4.1)

(Table2.4.1) The list of the U.S. standard sieve numbers with their corresponding opening sizes

2.4.2) SLUMP TEST

The purpose of this test is to determine the consistency of freshly made concrete. The slump test
determines whether a concrete mix is workable. In order to achieve the target slump, the measured
slump must fall within a set range, or tolerance. (6)
 ( Picture 2.4.2/A ) (Picture 2.4.2 /B) slump test procedure

2.4.3) CURING

After conducting the slump test and preparing the mixtures, the mixtures were placed in concrete molds,
each mixture one at a time, so that 12 samples of each mixture were prepared. After 24 hours had passed,
the concrete cubes for the five mixtures (control, 30% replacement untreated, 50%replacment untreated,
30% replacement treated, 50% replacement treated ) were removed from the molds and 6 cubes of each
mixture were soaked in water for 7 days, after that, Take 3 samples to conduct tests (Absorption test/
Compressive Strength test) and soak 3 in water with 5% NACL added by for 6 weeks and repeat the tests. The
remaining 6 cubes are soaked for 28 days, then the same steps at 7 days curing are repeated.

A B C

(Picture 2.4.3)
2.4.4) ABSORPTION TEST

To determine whether concrete samples are able to absorb water, they are subjected to water abtests. The
water absorption test of concrete measures the amount of water that a concrete sample can absorb. This
test is important for determining the durability and resistance to water of the concrete and helps to ensure
that the concrete will perform as expected in its intended environment.

Test Procedure:

Place 3 samples for this test in the oven for 24hr at 100c to dry them.

Weigh the concrete sample to the nearest 0.1 g.

Immerse the concrete sample in water for 24 hours.

After 24 hours, remove the concrete sample from the water and wipe it dry with a cloth.

Re-weigh the concrete sample to the nearest 0.1 g.

Calculate the water absorption by subtracting the initial weight of the sample from the final weight and divide
the result by the initial weight.

The water absorption of concrete is expressed as a percentage of the initial weight of the sample. The lower
the water absorption, the more water-resistant and durable the concrete is.

(picture 2.4.4/A) Draying process (picture 2.4.4/B) Weighting process

All of These procedures are repeated for (7-days/ 28-days/ NACL) samples.
2.4.5) COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

This is the most crucial test that is conducted on concrete out of all the ones that provide information about
all of its properties. One can determine whether or not concreting has been done correctly with this one
test..Depending on the aggregate size, two different types of specimens are utilized for the cube test: cubes
measuring 15 cm by 15 cm by 15 cm or 10 cm by 10 cm by 10 cm. Cubical molds measuring 15 cm by 15 cm
by 15 cm are frequently used for the majority of the works. To prevent voids, this concrete is thoroughly
tempered before being poured into the mold. These molds are taken out after a day, and test specimens are
then submerged in water to cure. These specimens should have a nice, level top surface. This is accomplished
by applying cement paste evenly across the specimen's full surface. After seven or twenty-eight days of curing,
these specimens are evaluated using compression testing equipment. Until the specimens fail, a load of 140
kg/cm2 per minute should be applied progressively. Concrete's compressive strength can be calculated by
dividing the load at the failure by the specimen's area. This test's equipment is a compression testing device.
These test specimens are made from the same concrete that is utilized in the field in terms of both quantity
and composition. Six cubes measuring 15 centimeters and sized Mix M15 or larger served as the test
specimen. (6)

After the process of mixing concrete, preparing samples, and curing them, the following procedure is done to
determine a strength of concrete :

1- Remove the specimen from water after specified curing time and wipe out excess water from the
surface.
2- Take the dimension of the specimen to the nearest 0.2m
3- Clean the bearing surface of the testing machine.
4- Place the specimen in the machine in such a manner that the load shall be applied to the opposite
sides of the cube cast.
5- Align the specimen centrally on the base plate of the machine.
6- Rotate the movable portion gently by hand so that it touches the top surface of the specimen.
7- Apply the load gradually without shock and continuously at the rate of 140kg/cm2/minute till the
specimen fails.
8- Record the maximum load and note any unusual features in the type of failure.
 3. RESULT &DISCUSSIONS
3.1) Sieve Analysis
After the process of collecting the rap, we began selecting the appropriate sizes for use in cement mixtures
by sieve analysis technique. The size of the rap to be used in cement mixtures remaining on sieve No. 4
(.075), and less than 20 mm in size. To determine the residue remaining on sieve No. 4, we used the following
sieves (4,50,100,200, pan) to get well graded sizes. shown below the net Weight average from 40 sample
taken from the collected RAP.

Sieve avg net

Opining weight
0 2.4175
0.075 6.70475
0.15 47.79975
0.3 457.0875
4.75 853.1975

(Table 3.1) (figure 3.1)

*All samples' data attached at appendix.

3.2) Slump Test Mix Design Slump

The slump test provides a simple way to Control 12mm

measure the workability of concrete. A higher
30% Untreated Replacement 14mm
slump value indicates a more fluid, workable
concrete, while a lower slump value 50% Untreated Replacement 13mm
indicates a stiffer, less workable concrete. 30% treated Replacement 20mm
The slump test is commonly used to ensure
50% treated Replacement 24mm
that the concrete being used meets the
specified consistency requirements for the application. (Table 3.2)

The values in the table above show that the workability value of concrete increases by 1 mm when replacing
percentages of aggregate with rap, and the workability value increases to a greater extent when titanium is
added to the mixture.
3.3) Water Absorption
3.3.1) 7DAYS CURING:

mix W.B. 24 W.B. 48 W.B. 72

control 0.0949 0.0959 0.0959
30%untreated 0.0915 0.0930 0.0930
30% treated 0.0845 0.0859 0.0859
50% untreated 0.0895 0.0904 0.0904
50% treated 0.0916 0.0930 0.0930
(Table 3.3.1)

(Figure 3.3.1)

Discussion
After seven days of curing, it was found through readings of the concrete’s water absorption rate that the best
type of samples were the 30% treated samples, and their absorption was less than the absorption of the
control samples. As for the 50% treated and untreated samples with both percentages of 30% and 50%, their
readings were close. Very similar to the control samples, and from what was mentioned, the improvement
process was effective for the treated samples by 30%, and to find out why the rest of the samples did not
benefit from the treatment, their compositions must be reconsidered, the possible interactions that may
occur must be studied, and research may be conducted that may meet the desired properties in the future.
3.3.2) 28 DAYS CURING:

mix W.B. 24 W.B. 48 W.B. 72

control 0.0177 0.0247 0.0247
30%untreated 0.0248 0.0336 0.0336
30% treated 0.0307 0.0392 0.0392
50% untreated 0.0249 0.0324 0.0324
50% treated 0.0257 0.0333 0.0333
( Table 3)

(Figure 3.3.2)

Discussion
The results showed that the water absorption rate of the control samples was less than that of the treated
and untreated samples by 30% and 50% for each. After performing the curing process, it was found that the
absorption rates for the treated and untreated samples at 50% and 30% for each were relatively close to
each other, as these samples showed greater water absorption compared to the control samples. These
differences in absorption rates may be due to poor concrete curing, which leads to increase porosity, this
difference in absorption is undesirable, so the materials used in treatment must be reconsidered and a more
effective material than titanium used to reach an absorption rate that is very close to or less than the control
samples.

*All samples' data attached at appendix

3.4) Compressive Strength
3.4.1) 7 DAYS:

Mix compressive strength

(mpa)
Control 25.34

30%untreated 17.78

30% treated 18.44

50% untreated 15.18

50% treated 16.03

(Table3.4.1) (Figure 3.4.1)

Discussion:
The findings show that the mixture's compressive strength is considerably lowered when untreated materials
are added, both at 30% and 50% of the mixture.

Treating the materials, however, lessens this decrease. In particular, the 30% and 50% treated samples had
better compressive strength than the untreated samples, demonstrating the beneficial effects of the
treatment procedure. Even with the improvements brought about by treatment, the control sample's
compressive strength was not attained by either the 30% or 50% treated samples. This implies that although
treatment is helpful, the compressive strength lost because of the incorporation of these components is not
entirely restored. To increase compressive strength while preserving the benefits noted, more research might
look into improving the mixture composition or the treatment procedure.

3.4.2 )28DAYS

Mix compressive strengh

(mpa)
Control 29.92
30%untreated 26.37
30% treated 20.24
50% untreated 29.2
50% treated 26.42
( Table 3.4.2) (Figure 3.4.2)

Discussion:
 The results suggest that the addition of untreated materials to the mixture may not necessarily lead to a
significant reduction in compressive strength. For the 50% untreated mix, the compressive strength was
close to that of the control, which might indicate a strong interaction with the base material. In contrast, the
treated samples did not show the expected improvement in compressive strength. In the case of the 30%
treated mix, the compressive strength was lower than its untreated counterpart, suggesting a potential
negative interaction or ineffective treatment process. The 50% treated sample also showed lower
compressive strength compared to the 50% untreated mix. These findings highlight the need for further
investigation into the treatment processes and the specific characteristics of the materials being used.
APPENDECES

1. Sieve Analysis Data

2. Water Absorption Test Data/ 7 Days curing

3. Water Absorption Test Data/ 28 curing

4. Compressive Strength/ 7 Days Curing

5. Compressive Strength / 28 Days Curing

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