AoPS Community 2023 Tuymaada Olympiad

Tuymaada Olympiad 2023

www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c3381201
by Tintarn, a 507 bc, GreenTea2593

– Juniors

– Day 1

1 Prove that for a, b, c ∈ [0; 1],

(1 − a)(1 + ab)(1 + ac)(1 − abc) ≤ (1 + a)(1 − ab)(1 − ac)(1 + abc).

2 Serge and Tanya want to show Masha a magic trick. Serge leaves the room. Masha writes down
a sequence (a1 , a2 , . . . , an ), where all ak equal 0 or 1. After that Tanya writes down a sequence
(b1 , b2 , . . . , bn ), where all bk also equal 0 or 1. Then Masha either does nothing or says ”Mutabor”
and replaces both sequences: her own sequence by (an , an−1 , . . . , a1 ), and Tanya’s sequence by
(1−bn , 1−bn−1 , . . . , 1−b1 ). Masha’s sequence is covered by a napkin, and Serge is invited to the
room. Serge should look at Tanya’s sequence and tell the sequence covered by the napkin. For
what n Serge and Tanya can prepare and show such a trick? Serge does not have to determine
whether the word ”Mutabor” has been pronounced.

3 Point L inside triangle ABC is such that CL = AB and ∠BAC + ∠BLC = 180◦ . Point K on the
side AC is such that KL ∥ BC. Prove that AB = BK

4 Two players play a game. They have n > 2 piles containing n10 +1 stones each. A move consists
of removing all the piles but one and dividing the remaining pile into n nonempty piles. The player
that cannot move loses. Who has a winning strategy, the player that moves first or his adversary?

– Day 2

5 A graph contains p vertices numbered from 1 to p, and q edges numbered from p + 1 to p + q. It

turned out that for each edge the sum of the numbers of its ends and of the edge itself equals
the same number s. It is also known that the numbers of edges starting in all vertices are equal.
Prove that
1
s = (4p + q + 3).
2

6 An Euclidean step transforms a pair (a, b) of positive integers, a > b, to the pair (b, r), where r
is the remainder when a is divided by b. Let us call the complexity of a pair (a, b) the number of

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AoPS Community 2023 Tuymaada Olympiad

Euclidean steps needed to transform it to a pair of the form (s, 0). Prove that if ad − bc = 1, then
the complexities of (a, b) and (c, d) differ at most by 2.

7 3n people forming n families of a mother, a father and a child, stand in a circle. Every two neigh-
bours can exchange places except the case when a parent exchanges places with his/her child
(this is forbidden). For what n is it possible to obtain every arrangement of those people by such
exchanges? The arrangements differing by a circular shift are considered distinct.

8 Circle ω lies inside the circle Ω and touches it internally at point P . Point S is taken on ω and the
tangent to ω is drawn through it. This tangent meets Ω at points A and B. Let I be the centre of
ω. Find the locus of circumcentres of triangles AIB.

– Seniors

– Day 1

1 The numbers 1, 2, 3, . . . are arranged in a spiral in the vertices of an infinite square grid (see
figure). Then in the centre of each square the sum of the numbers in its vertices is placed. Prove
that for each positive integer n the centres of the squares contain infinitely many multiples of
n.

2 In a graph with n vertices every two vertices are connected by a unique path. For each two
vertices u and v, let d(u, v) denote the distance
between u and v, i.e. the number of edges in the path connecting these two vertices, and deg(u)
denote the degree of a vertex u. Let W be the sum P of pairwise distances between the vertices,
and D the sum of weighted pairwise distances: {u,v} (deg(u) + deg(v))d(u, v). Prove that D =
4W − n(n − 1).

3 Prove that for every positive integer n ≥ 2,

q q
P 3 i P 3 i
1≤i≤n n+1 1≤i≤n−1 n
≤ .
n n−1

4 Two points A and B and line ℓ are fixed in the plane so that ℓ is not perpendicular to AB and does
not intersect the segment AB. We consider all circles with a centre O not lying on ℓ, passing
through A and B and meeting ℓ at some points C and D. Prove that all the circumcircles of
triangles OCD touch a fixed circle.

– Day 2

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AoPS Community 2023 Tuymaada Olympiad

5 A small ship sails on an infinite coordinate sea. At the moment t the ship is at the point with
coordinates (f (t), g(t)), where f and g are two polynomials of third degree. Yesterday at 14 : 00
the ship was at the same point as at 13 : 00, and at 20 : 00, it was at the same point as at 19 : 00.
Prove that the ship sails along a straight line.

6 In the plane n segments with lengths a1 , a2 , . . . , an are drawn. Every ray beginning at the point
O meets at least one of the segments. Let hi be the distance from O to the i-th segment (not
the line!) Prove the inequality
a1 a2 ai
+ + ... + ⩾ 2π.
h1 h2 hi

7 Hexagonal pieces numbered by positive integers are placed on the cells of a hexagonal board
with side n. Two adjacent cells are left empty, and thanks to it some pieces can be moved. Two
pieces with common sides exchanged places (see an example in the attachment 2).
Prove that if n ≥ 3 the second arrangement cannot be obtained from the first one by moving
piece
Note. Moving a piece a requires two adjacent empty cells. For instance, if they are on the right of
a (attachment 1, left figure), a can be moved right till it touches an angle (attachment 1, middle
figure), and then it can be moved upward right or downward right (attachment 1, right figure)

8 Given is a positive integer n. Let A be the set of points x ∈ (0; 1) such that |x − pq | > n13 for each
rational fraction pq with denominator q ≤ n2 . Prove that A is a union of intervals with total length
not exceeding 100n .

Proposed by Fedor Petrov

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