C M R TECHNICAL CAMPUS

UGC ATONOMOUS
Kandlakoya (V), Medchal Road, Hyderabad – 501 401
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

UNIT – I
PART-A
1. What do you understand by closed or complete set of orthogonal functions?
2. Show that the following signals f1(t)=1, f2(t)=3(1-2t) are orthogonal over an interval [0
1].
3. Define a Signal and give examples.
4. Explain the Properties of impulse function.
5. Check whether the signal X(t)=1+cos2(10Πt)+sin(50Πt) is periodic or not. If periodic,
find the period.
6. What is the Nyquist’s frequency of the signal x(t)=3cos(50t) + 10sin(300t) – cos(100t)

PART-B
1. (a) Derive the expression for component vector of approximating the function f1(t) over
f2(t) and also prove that the component vector becomes zero if the f1(t) and f2(t) are
orthogonal.
(b) Verify the orthogonality between these signals sin(nw0t) and cos(mw0t) over an
interval [0, 2π]

2. (a) Define orthogonal signal space

(b)Derive the expression for Mean square Error in approximating a function f(t) by a set of
N orthogonal functions.

3. (a) Define a signal? Name different types of Signals.

(b) Find the fundamental period of the signal x (t )=2 sin ( 3 t+ 1 )+ 3sin ⁡(4 t−1)
(c ) Find the even and odd components of the signal
x (t )=cos ( t )+ sin (t ) +cos (t ) sin ⁡(t )

5. (a) Explain power and energy signals.

(b) Find whether the following signals are energy or power or neither
(i) x(t)= e-5t u(t) (ii) x(t)= (1/3)t u(t) (iii) x(t) =2u(t) – u(t-3) (iv) x(n)= cos(πn/4)

6 a) Explain signal classification.

b) State whether the following systems are stable or unstable?
(i) h(t) =e-at u(t) (ii) h(t) = bt for t<0 and (iii) h(t) =at u(t)

UNIT – II
PART-A
 1. Determine Fourier transform of u(t).
2. Write a short note on Dirichlet’s conditions?
3. Derive the Fourier transform of x(t)= e-at cos(wt) u(t)
4. The Fourier series expansion of an odd function contains only sine terms. Justify
5. State and prove scaling property of Fourier transform
6. State and prove duality property of Fourier transform

PART-B
1. a) State and prove any four properties of Fourier Series.
b) Discuss the concept of Fourier spectrum with an example

2. a) Find the Exponential Fourier series expansion of a rectified Sine wave form shown
below.

(b) Obtain the Fourier series representation of an impulse train given by: x(t) =δ (t − nT).

3. (a) Discuss the concept of trigonometric Fourier series and derive the expressions for coefficients
(b) Find the Fourier Series coefficient for the signal x(t) = 2cos(10t)

4. a) State the conditions for the existence of Fourier transform of a signal

b) Show that An=2|Cn|.
c) Find Fourier Transform of Sin(wot).

5. a) State and Prove convolution , Duality and Parsavel’s Theorems for Fourier transform.
b) Find the Fourier transform of the following functions
i) A Single symmetrical triangular pulse
−a|t|
ii) x (t )=e sgn(t).

6. a) State and prove frequency shifting and time scaling properties of Fourier
transform.
b) Determine the Fourier transform of the signal shown in following figure below
 UNIT-III

PART-A

1) Y (t) =ax(t) +b. Test for linearity and time variance.

2) Explain distortion less transmission through a system

3) Write short notes on Causality and Paley-Wiener criterion for systems

4) State the relation between rise time and bandwidth?

5) List the operations required in convolution.
6) Define system bandwidth.

PART-B

1) (a) What is a system? Classify systems.

(b)Explain in detail about linearity and time invariance properties of a system with one
example each.

2) (a) What is an LTI system explain its properties

(b) Derive the expression for the transfer function of a LTI system

3) Check whether the systems given below are linear, Time invariant, Causal and Stable?
d
(i) y ( t ) = x (t ) (ii) y ( n )=x ( 4−n )+ x (n−1) (iii) y ( t ) =e x(t ) iv) y(n)=log(sin(n)).
dt
4) 1 (a) Define Convolution.
(b) Find the convolution of two functions and represent them graphically.
X(t) = 2 for -2≤t≤2 and h(t) = 4 for 0≤t≤2
= 0 otherwise = 0 otherwise
2 (a) Explain the concept of Paley-Wiener criterion for physical realizability using relevant
expressions.
(b) Obtain the relationship between the bandwidth and rise time of ideal low pass filter..
3 (a) Explain the Convolution theorem in Time domain
(b) Find the convolution between x(t) = e-2t u(t) and y(t)= e-4t u(t).
4 (a) Define Convolution.
(b) Find the convolution of two functions and represent them graphically.
 X(t) = 2 for -2≤t≤2 and h(t) = 4 for 0≤t≤2
= 0 otherwise = 0 otherwise
5 (a) Explain the concept of Paley-Wiener criterion for physical realizability using relevant
expressions.
(b) Obtain the relationship between the bandwidth and rise time of ideal low pass filter..
6 (a) Explain the Convolution theorem in Time domain
(b) Find the convolution between x(t) = e-2t u(t) and y(t)= e-4t u(t).

UNIT – IV
PART-A
1. Find the Laplace transform for ramp signal r(t).
2. Define ROC in Laplace Transform and find the ROC for e-at U(t).
3. State final value theorem in Laplace transform.
4. Derive the relationship between Z-transform and discrete time Fourier transform.
5. State and prove initial value theorem in Z-transform.
6. Determine z-transform of x(n) = δ(n-k).
PART-B
1. (a) Define Laplace transform, state and prove initial value theorem, final value theorem,
time shifting and differentiation in time domain properties.
(b) Determine the Laplace transform of cos(ω0t)u(t).
2. (a) Define and state the properties of ROC of Laplace Transform.
(b) Obtain inverse Laplace transform of the following s-domain signals:
3 s +7 −3
(i) X ( s ) = 2 (ii) X ( s ) =
s −2 s−3 ( s+2 )(s−1)
d
3. (a) Solve the differential equation y (t ) +4 y ( t )=x (t ) With initial condition y(0+) = -2
dt
and input x(t) = 3e-2tu(t).
(b) Determine the Laplace transform and ROC of x(t)=(e)-4t u(t) + (e)-5t sin(5t)u(t).

4. (a) Define Z-transform, State its properties and prove any four.
(b) Determine the Z-transform and ROC of x(n)=(1/2)n u(-n)- (2)n u(-n-1).Also indicate
the pole-zero locations.

5. (a) What is pole-zero representation of a system? What is its significance?

(b) Determine the Z-transform and ROC of x(n)=(1/2)n u(-n)- (2)n u(-n-1). Also indicate
the pole-zero locations.

6. (a) Find the Z-transform and ROC of the discrete signal x[n] = n[3(2)n -4(3)n ] u(n).
 1 −1
z
4
(b) Given H ( z )= find h(n) for ROC (i) |z|>1/2 (ii) |z|<1/4
( 1
2 )( 1
1− z −1 1− z−1
4 )
(iii) 1/4 <|z|<1/2

UNIT-V

PART-A

1. What is meant by under sampling and what is the drawback of it?

2. What is the Nyquist’s frequency of the signal x(t)=3cos(50t) + 10sin(300t) – cos(100t)
3. Draw the spectrum of under sampling, over sampling.
4. Define Energy Spectral Density (ESD) and give the relation between ESD and
Auto correlation?
5. Define correlation of a signal; give the expression for Auto and cross correlation.
6. Write any 2 Properties of Correlation

PART-B

1. (a) State sampling theorem for band-limited signals. Draw the spectrum for all frequencies.
(b) Determine the Nyquist sampling rate and Nyquist sampling interval of
(i) X(t) = 2sinc(100Πt) (ii) X(t)= (1/2) sinc(150Πt) +(1/3)sinc(50Πt)

2. (a) Compare impulse sampling, Natural Sampling and Flat Top Sampling methods in detail
(b) The signal X(t) =cos(5Πt) + 0.3cos(10Πt) is instantaneously sampled. The interval between the
samples is Ts. Find the maximum allowable value for Ts, to reconstruct the signal Vs(t) is passed
through a rectangular LPF. Find the minimum filter bandwidth to reconstruct the signal without
distortion.

3. (a) State and explain Parseval’s theorem.

b) Discuss the properties of correlation function

4. a) State and prove the relation between convolution and correlation.

b) State the properties of auto correlation function.
c) A signal x(t) has energy E, calculate the energy of the signal x(3t).

5. a) Explain briefly detection of periodic signals in the presence of noise by correlation.

b) Explain briefly extraction of a signal from noise by filtering

6. a) Prove that autocorrelation function and energy spectral density function forms a Fourier
transform pair.
b) Determine the autocorrelation function and energy spectral density function of
x(t) = e-at u(t)