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Lecture 7 - Solvable Groups - Trig Functions

INTEGRAL

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Lika Ganda
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10 views

Lecture 7 - Solvable Groups - Trig Functions

INTEGRAL

Uploaded by

Lika Ganda
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Solvable Groups of

Trigonometric
Integrals
Group I. Integrals of the form:


m n
sin u cos udu

 udu
m
sin

 udu
n
cos

where m and/or n are positive integers


Case 1: When m is odd factor out sin u du and then change the
remaining sine into cosine using the identity
sin 2 u  1 cos2 u Simplify and integrate using
appropriate formulas.

Example:

 
3 2
sin x cos xdx  sin 2
x cos 2
x(sin xdx)
  (1  cos 2 x ) cos 2 x(sin xdx )
  cos 2 x sin xdx   cos 4 x sin xdx
let u=cosx du=-sin xdx or -du=sin xdx

  u 2 ( du )   u 4 ( du )
u3 u5 cos3 x cos5 x
  C    C
3 5 3 5
Case 2: When n is odd factor out cos u du and then change the
remaining cosine into sine using the identity
cos2 u  1 sin 2 u Simplify and integrate using
appropriate formulas.
Example:

   x  cos xdx
2 3 2 2
sin x cos xdx sin x cos
  sin 2 x(1  sin 2 x ) cos xdx
= ‫ ׬‬sin2 x cos x dx − ‫ ׬‬sin4 x cos x dx
let u=sinx du=cosx dx

  u 2 du   u 4 du
u3 u5
  C
3 5
sin 3 x sin 5 x
  C
3 5
Case 3: When m and n are even, the following identities will be
used:
1 1 1 1
sin 2 u   cos 2u cos 2 u   cos 2u
2 2 2 2
1
sin u cos u  sin 2u
2
Example:

  
4 2 2 2 2
sin x cos xdx (sin x cos x ) sin xdx

  (sin x cos x) 2 sin 2 xdx


1 1 1
  ( sin 2x) 2 (  cos 2x)dx
2 2 2
1
  sin 2 2x(1  cos 2x)dx
8
1 1
   
2 2
sin 2 xdx sin 2x cos 2xdx
8 8
1 1 1  1
    cos 4x dx   sin 2 2x cos 2xdx
8 2 2  8
1 1 1
16  16  8
 dx  cos 4 xdx  sin 2
2x cos 2xdx

1 1 1
 x  sin 4x  sin 3 2x  C
16 64 48
Group II: Integrals of the form:


m n
tan u sec udu


m
tan udu

 udu
n
sec

where m and/or n are positive integers


Case 1: When m is odd, factor out sec u tan u du, and change
the remaining tangent into secant using the identity
tan 2 u  sec2 u  1

Example:

 
3 4
tan x sec xdx  tan 2
x sec 3
x(sec x tan xdx )

= ‫׬‬ሺsec 2 x − 1)sec 3 x ሺsec x tanx dx)

  sec 5 x(sec x tan xdx )   sec 3 x(sec x tan xdx )

sec6 x sec 4 x
  C
6 4
1
  
5 4
tan 2 xdx tan 2 x sec 2x(sec 2x tan 2xdx )

  (sec 2 2x  1) 2 sec 1 2x(sec 2x tan 2xdx )

let u = sec 2x du  2 sec 2x tan 2xdx


du
 sec 2x tan 2xdx
2
  ( u 2  1) 2 u 1 (du / 2)

  ( u 4  2u 2  1)u 1 (du / 2)
1 3 1 du
2  2 u
 u du  udu 

1 u4 u2 1
    ln u  C
2 4 2 2
1 1 1
 sec 4 2x  sec 2 2x  ln sec 2x  C
8 2 2
Case 2: When n is even and greater than 2, factor out sec2u du
and replace the remaining secant by tangent using the
identity sec2u = tan2u + 1.

Example:

 tan x sec 4 xdx   tan1/2 x sec 2 x(sec 2 xdx )


  tan1/2 x(1 tan 2 x)(sec 2 xdx )
let u = tan x du = sec2x dx

  u1/ 2 (1 u 2 )du


  u1/2 du   u 5 /2 du
2 3/2 2 7 /2
 u  u C
3 7
2 3/2 2
 (tan x)  (tan x)7 /2  C
3 7
Case 3: When m is even and the integrand is tangent only, use
the identity tan2u = sec2u – 1.

Example:


4

2 2
tan xdx  tan x tan xdx

  (sec 2 x  1) tan 2 xdx


=‫𝐧𝐚𝐭 ׬‬2 𝐱 𝐬𝐞𝐜 2 𝐱 𝐝𝐱   tan 2 xdx
= ‫𝐧𝐚𝐭 ׬‬2 𝐱 𝐬𝐞𝐜 2 𝐱 𝐝𝐱 − ‫׬‬൫𝐬𝐞𝐜 2 𝐱 − 1) 𝐝𝐱
= ‫𝐧𝐚𝐭 ׬‬2 𝐱 𝐬𝐞𝐜 2 𝐱 𝐝𝐱 − ‫ 𝐜𝐞𝐬 ׬‬2 𝐱 𝐝𝐱 + ‫𝐱𝐝 ׬‬

1
 tan 3 x  tan x  x  c
3
Group III: Integrals of the form:


m n
cot u csc udu


m
cot udu

 udu
n
csc

where m and/or n are positive integers


Case 1: When m is odd, factor out csc u cot u du, and change
the remaining cotangent into cosecant using the
2 2
identity cot u  csc u  1

Case 2: When n is even and greater than 2, factor out csc2u du


and replace the remaining cosecant by cotangent using
the identity csc2u = cot2u + 1.

Case 3: When m is even and the integrand is cotangent only,


use the identity cot2u = csc2u – 1.
Practice Exercise IX:

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