A fluid in which changes in pressure produce no

change in the density of the fluid is known as an

NON-VISCOUS FLUID FLOW
incompressible fluid.Incompressible flow is flow
of an ideal fluid.Liquids can be considered to be
Definition of terms
incompressible, and gases subject to small
1.Fluid: A fluid is a substance that flows and
pressure differences can be taken to be such.
takes the shape of its container.Both liquids and
5.Non-viscous fluid flow:
gases are fluids, with water and air being common 9.A tube of flow
A viscous fluid offers resistance to the motion
examples. A tubular region whose boundaries are defined by
through it of any solid body or to its own motion
2.An ideal fluid is a set of streamlines.
past a solid body.In non-viscous fluid flow we
Incompressible – the density is constant
Irrotational – the flow is smooth, no
consider the flow of a fluid without any internal Equation of continuity
friction of adjacent layers. In steady flow the mass of fluid entering one end
turbulence
6.Laminar flow of tube is equal to mass leaving the other end
Non-viscous – fluid has no internal
A special case of steady flow in which the during the same time interval.
friction (η=0)
velocities of all the particles on any given Consider an ideal fluid undergoing steady flow;
Steady flow – the velocity of the fluid
streamline are the same. Different streamlines consider a section XY of a tube of flow within
at each point is constant in time.
may have different speeds. the fluid.
3.Steady flow:
7. Laminar flow Let:
Uninterrupted flow in a fluid near a solid in which AX and AY be the cross-sectional areas
the direction of flow at every point remains of the tube of flow at X and Y
constant respectively.
ρX and ρY be the densities of the fluid at
X and Y respectively.
(Also known as streamline flow, uniform flow, vX and vY be the velocities of the fluid
lamina flow ,etc.)This is when all the fluid particles at X and Y respectively as
particles pass any given point follow the same shown
path at the same speed (i.e. they have the same
velocity).Opposite of this is turbulent flow.
8. Turbulent Flow
Streamlines"
A fluid flow in which the velocity at a given point
- in steady flow,a bundle of streamlines makes a
varies erratically in magnitude and direction
flow tube.
-An individual fluid element will follow a path
called a flow line."Steady flow is when the
pattern of flow lines does not change with time.
4.Incompressible flow:
 For a horizontal tube of flow there is no The net work done by these forces in Δt
potential energy therefore the Bernoulli equation is
becomes:  Part of the work is used to change the
kinetic energy and part to change
potential energy of the fluid element.
A small volume of fluid along its path, various
If m is mass passing through pipe in time
quantities in the sum may change, but the total
Δt then change in kinetic energy is
remains constant.
( )
Bernoulli’s equation becomes
Change in potential energy is

In a time interval Δt the fluid at x will Work energy theorem can be stated
move forward a distance vXΔt.
Derivation of Bernoulli’s equation
The volume AXvXΔt will enter the tube States that: An increase in the For horizontal tube flow and
at X. speed of fluid flow results in a therefore
The mass of fluid entering at X in time Hence:
Δt is ρXAXvXΔt
decrease in the pressure. (In an ( )
dividing by V throughout and
similarly the mass leaving at Y in the ideal fluid.)
substituting we get
same time will be ρYAYvYΔt since mass
leaving is equal to mass leaving at Y,
ρXAXvXΔt = ρYAYvYΔt
for an ideal fluid ρX = ρY i.e
Consequences of Bernoulli equation
AXvX = AYvY Thus Av = constant
Whenever a flowing fluid speeds up, there is a
Av is known as the flow rate, or volume flux of
corresponding decrease in the pressure.
the fluid.
1.Filter pump
Bernoulli’s Equation Consider the flow of an ideal fluid Has a narrow section in the middle section in the
States that for an incompressible, non-viscous through a non-uniform tube in a time Δt. middle so that a jet of water flows faster here.
fluid undergoing steady flow, the pressure plus The force on the lower end is P1A1. Work The pressure drop caused forces or sucks in air
the kinetic energy per unit volume plus the done on the lower end of the fluid by the from the pipe connected to the side.
potential energy per unit volume is constant at all fluid behind it is
points on a streamline, i.e.
Similarly the work done on the fluid at
the top in time Δt is
where P is the absolute pressure, ρ is the fluid
density, v is the velocity of the fluid, h is the
 Note that this work done is negative
height above some reference point, and g is the
since force is opposite to displacement. Venturi meter
acceleration due to gravity.
 Design of aircraft wings speeds up air molecules
above the wing.This ensures a lower pressure
above than that below, and results in a dynamic
upward lift force.
Airplane Wing: assume that the airstream
approaches the wing horizontally from the right
with a velocity v1. The tilt of the wing causes the
airstream to be deflected downward with a
velocity v2. Because the airstream is deflected
Air stream passing over an open tube reduces by the win, the wing must exert a force on the
pressure above the tube.This reduction causes airstream. According to Newton's third law, the
It is used to measure the volume of a gas or airstream must exert an equal and opposite force
liquid to rise into the air stream. Liquid is the
liquid per second flowing through gas pipes or oil F on the wing. This force has a vertical
dispersed into a fine spray of droplets. A spray
pipes. component called the lift and a horizontal
gun is as shown below:
Atomizers component called drag. The lift depends on
A stream of air passing over an open tube several factors, such as the speed of the
reduces the pressure above the tube. This airplane, the area of the wing, its curvature, and
reduction in pressure causes the liquid to rise the angle between the wing and horizontal. As
into the airstream. The liquid is then dispersed this angle increases, turbulent flow can set in
into a fine spray of droplets. This atomizer is above the wing to reduce the lift. The lift on
used in perfume bottles and paint sprayers. The the wing is consistent with Bernoulli's
same principle is used in the carburetor of a equation. The speed of the airstream is
gasoline engine. In this case, the low-pressure greater above the wing, hence the air pressure
region in the carburetor is produced by air drawn above the wing is less than the pressure below
in by the piston through the air filter. The the wing, resulting in a net upward force.
gasoline vaporizes, mixes with the air, and enters
the cylinder of the engine for combustion.
Aerofoil

An object experiences lift by any effect that

causes the fluid to change it's direction as it
flows past the object. Some factors that
influence the lift are the shape of the object, its
orientation with respect to the fluid flow, or a liquefied petroleum gas, such as propane, The more oxygenated blue flame is both hotter
spinning motion (spinning baseball). And the butane, or a mixture of both. and more controlled than the oxygen-deprived
texture of the object's surface. How does a Bunsen burner work? flame; scientists generally prefer a controlled
For a spinning ball,: Parts and Diagram blue flame.
-the stitches on the ball will cause pressure on A Bunsen burner is made entirely of metal. In Adjusting the gas valve on the Bunsen burner
one side to be less than on its opposite side. This order to function properly, Bunsen burners must changes the volume of gas flow; the more gas
will force the ball to move faster on one side have a barrel (A) that's approximately five entering the burner, the larger the flame. The
than the other and will force the ball to "curve." inches long, a collar (B) with air holes (C), a gas collar at the base of the barrel contains air holes
This is the Magnus Effect. intake (D) and gas valve (E) and a stand (F) to to control the amount of oxygen reacting with
keep all of the pieces from making contact with a the gas. The collar can be rotated to adjust
work surface. oxygen intake
Real life applications
Qn:In a storm how does a house lose its roof?
Ans.
When a pitcher throws a curveball, he will throw Air flow is disturbed by the house. The
it such that the axis of rotation is not "streamlines" crowd around the top of the roof.
perpendicular to the ground, as it is in a fastball. ⇒ faster flow above house
Because it is spinning in a skewed axis, the ⇒ reduced pressure above roof to that
Magmus force will force the ball to curve in a inside the house
horizontal direction instead of vertical "curve" of ⇒roof lifted off because of pressure
a fastball. difference.
Function
For a Burnsen burner,: Qn:Why do rabbits not suffocate in the
Once connected to a source of fuel, usually
burrows?
methane, the Bunsen burner can be ignited with a
Ans:
spark. Incoming gas reacts with oxygen in a one-
Air must circulate. The burrows must have two
to-three ratio to produce a blue flame that
entrances.Air flows across the two holes is
comes out of the top of the barrel.
usually slightly different
Adjusting the gas valve on the Bunsen burner
⇒ slight pressure difference
changes the volume of gas flow; the more gas
⇒ forces flow of air through burrow.
entering the burner, the larger the flame. The
One hole is usually higher than the other and the
A Bunsen burner, named after Robert Bunsen, is collar at the base of the barrel contains air holes
a small mound is built around the holes to
a common piece of laboratory equipment that to control the amount of oxygen reacting with
increase the pressure difference.
produces a single open gas flame, which is used the gas. The collar can be rotated to adjust
for heating, sterilization, and combustion. The oxygen intake. In general, the more oxygen
gas can be natural gas (which is mainly methane) present, the more intense and blue the flame will
be. Less oxygen lends to a weaker yellow flame.