VASUDHA

AISN
THEME:
AERODYNAMICS
 Aerodynamics is the way objects move through the air. The rules
of aerodynamics explain how an airplane can fly. Anything that
moves through air is affected by aerodynamics, from a rocket
blasting off, to a kite flying. Since they are surrounded by air,
even cars are affected by aerodynamics.

GROUP 5- GROUP
MEMBERS-
 ANYA PANDEY
 AYESHA NANDWANI
 SHUBH SETHI
 TWISHA GUPTA
 VIDIP VAIRAT
KUMAR
 Table of Contents
S.NO TITLE DONE BY
1. Acknowledgment Shubh Sethi

2. Statement of Purpose Anya Pandey

Ayesha
3. Hypothesis Nandwani
4. Research Shubh Sethi
Vidip V.
5. Methodology/Procedure Kumar
Observation & Results including Anya and
6.
Data Analysis Ayesha
Twisha
7. Conclusion Gupta
Twisha
8. Materials/Work Plan Gupta
9. References Anya Pandey
Vidip V.
10. Analysis Kumar

-Twisha Gupta, X-G

 STATEMENT OF PURPOSE:

Aerodynamics is the way objects move through air. The rules of aerodynamics explain how
an airplane is able to fly. Anything that moves through air is affected by aerodynamics, from
a rocket blasting off, to a kite flying. Since they are surrounded by air, even cars are affected
by aerodynamics.
Aerodynamics, branch of physics that deals with the motion of air and other gaseous fluids
and with the forces acting on bodies passing through such a fluid.

Arising from this knowledge, we try to answer some of the frequently asked
questions(FAQs) that are mentioned below:

How can the efficiency of aerodynamics be increased?

Sub-questions:

1) How can we improve the fuel efficiency and reduce emissions for aircraft?
2) How should we design an aircraft that can fly at supersonic speeds without creating a
sonic boom?
3) How can we improve the safety and reliability of aircraft systems?
4) How can we improve the control and stability of aircraft in extreme weather conditions?
5) How can we develop aircrafts that can fly efficiently at high altitudes such as for
commercial airliners and military drones?

Made by: Anya Pandey

 HYPOTHESIS:
Q1: How can we improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions for aircraft?

Drag Reduction can be one way to improve fuel efficiency by reducing the aircraft’s
weight along with efficient engines. This means that if you make a 10% reduction in
aerodynamic drag your highway fuel economy will improve by approximately 5%,
and your city fuel economy by approximately 2%.

Q2: How should we design an aircraft that can fly at supersonic speeds without
creating a sonic boom?

The key to making the LBFD a "low-boom" aircraft is its shape. The long pointed
nose, the sharply swept wings and the shape of the canards (small wings positioned
forward of the main wings) ensure that the individual pressure waves that the
airplane produces at speeds faster than Mach 1 never converge and cause a
traditional sonic boom. Otherwise, the LBFD won't greatly differ from other
supersonic aircraft. It won't be made of specialized materials and it will use an
existing General Electric F414 engine

Q3: How can we increase the safety and reliability of aircraft?

 Proper training of AMTs will avoid failures, reduce maintenance related

accidents, improve safety and reliability in aviation.

 Proposed e-learning training model would be very successful when combined

with the practical trainings given to candidates in maintenance organisations
during their experience periods.
 Maintenance of radial compressors in oil and gas systems

“When everything seems to be going against you, remember that an airplane takes off against the wind not with it “
Q4: How can we improve the control and stability of aircraft in extreme weather
conditions?

The horizontal tail is the main controllable moment contributor to the complete
airplane moment curve.

There are 4 main design factors that make a plane laterally stable:
• Dihedral.
• Sweepback.
• Keel effect.
• Weight distribution.

Q5: How can we develop aircrafts that can fly efficiently at high altitudes such as for
commercial airliners and military drones?

 Having larger engines may help in achieving the same. Having larger engines
according to the aircraft’s size and weight (which is often far less due to their
low density seating configurations)
 Delta wing shape can also be considered

By Ayesha Nandwani 10G

“When everything seems to be going against you, remember that an airplane takes off against the wind not with it “
 Research
.

Aerodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with the study of how gases, such as air,
interact with objects in motion. It specifically focuses on the forces and motion of objects
moving through the air, such as airplanes, cars, and even sports equipment like golf balls.

The primary goal of aerodynamics is to understand and manipulate the forces acting on objects
in motion through a fluid medium, typically air. By analyzing the flow of air around an object,
aerodynamicists can predict how the object will behave in terms of lift, drag, stability, and other
factors that affect its performance and efficiency.

Sub question 1

How can we improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions for aircrafts?
Fuel efficiency in aircraft refers to the measure of how effectively an aircraft utilizes fuel to
perform its intended tasks, such as flying from one location to another. It is typically expressed
in terms of fuel consumption per unit of distance traveled, commonly represented as fuel burn
per nautical mile or fuel burn per passenger mile. Fuel efficiency in aircraft is a crucial aspect for
both economic and environmental reasons. Several factors contribute to the fuel efficiency of an
aircraft, including design, technology, and operational practices. Here are some key points
regarding fuel efficiency in aircraft:

1. Aircraft Design: Aircraft manufacturers strive to develop more fuel-efficient designs.

This involves using lightweight materials, improved aerodynamics, and advanced engine
technologies. Newer aircraft models are generally more fuel-efficient compared to older
ones.

“When everything seems to be going against you, remember that an airplane takes off against the wind not with it “
 2. Engine Efficiency: Jet engines have undergone significant advancements to improve their
efficiency. High-bypass turbofan engines, which are commonly used in commercial
aircraft, are more fuel-efficient than older engine types. These engines have a large fan at
the front that bypasses a portion of the incoming air, resulting in lower fuel consumption.
3. Wing Design: The design of the wings plays a vital role in fuel efficiency. Modern
aircraft wings are designed to reduce drag and improve lift-to-drag ratios. Features such
as winglets or blended winglets help minimize the formation of vortices at the wingtips,
thereby reducing drag and improving fuel efficiency.
4. Air Traffic Management: Efficient air traffic management systems can reduce aircraft
congestion, minimize delays, and optimize flight paths, resulting in fuel savings.
Technologies like continuous descent approaches and more precise routing can help
reduce fuel consumption during takeoff, climb, descent, and landing.

Improving fuel efficiency in aircraft is important for several reasons:

1. Environmental Impact: Aircraft are a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions,

particularly carbon dioxide (CO2), which contributes to climate change. Enhancing fuel
efficiency helps reduce fuel consumption and lowers CO2 emissions, thereby mitigating
the environmental impact of air travel.
2. Cost Reduction: Fuel is one of the most significant expenses for airlines. By improving
fuel efficiency, airlines can reduce their fuel consumption and operational costs. This is
particularly crucial during periods of high fuel prices, as it helps airlines remain
economically viable and offer competitive ticket prices to passengers.
3. Energy Conservation: Fossil fuels, such as jet fuel, are finite resources. Enhancing fuel
efficiency in aircraft helps conserve these resources for future generations. It also reduces

“When everything seems to be going against you, remember that an airplane takes off against the wind not with it “
 our dependence on fossil fuels and promotes the development and adoption of alternative
and sustainable aviation fuels.

Reducing emissions from aircraft is an important goal in addressing climate change and
promoting sustainable aviation. Here are several key strategies that can help in this endeavor:

1. Alternative fuels: Encouraging the use of sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) is another
approach. SAFs are produced from renewable sources such as biofuels, waste oils, or
synthetic fuels. They can be blended with conventional jet fuel or used as a drop-in
replacement. SAFs have the potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions
and can be used in existing aircraft without requiring major modifications.
2. Operational efficiency: Optimizing flight operations can lead to emissions reductions.
This includes initiatives such as implementing more direct flight routes, optimizing
ground operations to minimize taxiing time, and improving air traffic management to
reduce congestion and delays. These measures can help reduce fuel consumption and
emissions.

“When everything seems to be going against you, remember that an airplane takes off against the wind not with it “
Sub question 2

How should we design an aircraft that can fly at supersonic speeds without
creating sonic boom?
Supersonic aircraft are designed to fly at speeds greater than the speed of sound, which is
approximately 343 meters per second or 1,125 feet per second at sea level and 20 degrees
Celsius for decades flying faster than the speed of sound has meant speeding across the skies in
an aircraft that produces a powerful sonic boom or a loud noise that travels down to the ground
like a crack of thunder.

Designing an aircraft that can fly at supersonic speeds without creating a sonic boom is a
complex engineering challenge. However, there are several approaches that can be considered to
minimize or mitigate the sonic boom effect. Here are a few design considerations:

1. Aerodynamic Shape: The aircraft's shape plays a crucial role in minimizing the sonic
boom. A streamlined design with smooth contours helps reduce the formation of shock
waves. The ideal shape typically involves a long, slender fuselage with a pointed nose
and a swept-back wing configuration.
2. Nose and Wing Modifications: Modifying the nose and wing design can help distribute
and manage the shock waves. Sharp edges and leading-edge modifications, such as the
addition of small canards or chines, can help control and weaken the shock waves
generated by the aircraft.
3. Passive and Active Control Systems: Implementing passive and active control systems
can help manage shock waves during supersonic flight. Passive control systems include
the use of compliant surfaces, flexible materials, and adaptive wing structures that can
deform or adjust to reduce shock wave formation. Active control systems involve using
sensors and actuators to actively manipulate the airflow around the aircraft, reducing the
intensity of shock waves.

Sub question 3

“When everything seems to be going against you, remember that an airplane takes off against the wind not with it “
How can we increase the safety and reliability of aircraft?
Increasing the safety and reliability of aircraft is a critical goal for the aviation industry. While
aircraft safety is already a top priority, ongoing advancements in technology and practices
continue to enhance the safety and reliability of aircraft. Here are some key areas where efforts
are focused:

1. Improved Design and Manufacturing Processes: Aircraft manufacturers continuously

strive to enhance the design and manufacturing processes to ensure the highest level of
safety and reliability. This includes using advanced materials, employing robust quality
control measures, and implementing state-of-the-art manufacturing techniques.
2. Advanced Avionics and Systems: The aviation industry has seen significant
advancements in avionics and aircraft systems. Integrated systems, such as fly-by-wire
controls, advanced autopilot systems, and advanced navigation systems, contribute to
improved safety and reliability. These systems often incorporate redundancy and fault-
tolerant features to ensure safe operation even in the presence of failures.
3. Maintenance and Inspections: Regular and thorough maintenance and inspections are
crucial to ensuring the ongoing safety and reliability of aircraft. Stringent maintenance
schedules, adherence to manufacturer-recommended service intervals, and rigorous
inspections help detect and address potential issues before they become safety concerns

Sub question 4

“When everything seems to be going against you, remember that an airplane takes off against the wind not with it “
How can we improve the control and stability of aircraft in extreme weather
conditions?
Improving the control and stability of aircraft in extreme weather conditions is a critical aspect of
aviation safety. While aircraft are designed to withstand various weather conditions, including
turbulence, crosswinds, and icing, there are ongoing efforts to enhance their performance and
safety in extreme weather. Here are some key factors and measures that contribute to improving
control and stability in such conditions:

1. Advanced Weather Monitoring: Continuous advancements in weather monitoring

technology, such as weather radar, satellite imagery, and weather forecasting systems,
enable pilots and air traffic controllers to anticipate and plan for extreme weather
conditions. This information helps pilots choose safer flight paths or altitudes to
minimize exposure to adverse weather.
2. Aircraft Design and Certification: Aircraft manufacturers continually enhance the design
and construction of aircraft to improve their performance in extreme weather. This
includes strengthening airframes, optimizing wing designs for better aerodynamics, and
incorporating de-icing systems to prevent ice accumulation on critical surfaces.
Certification processes ensure that aircraft meet rigorous safety standards for various
weather conditions.
3. Flight Control Systems: Modern aircraft are equipped with sophisticated flight control
systems, including fly-by-wire technology. These systems use electronic signals instead
of mechanical linkages to control the aircraft's movements. They can automatically adjust
flight surfaces, such as ailerons, elevators, and rudders, to maintain stability and
counteract the effects of turbulence or gusts.

Sub question 5

“When everything seems to be going against you, remember that an airplane takes off against the wind not with it “
How can we develop aircrafts that can fly efficiently at high altitudes such as
for commercial airliners and military drones?
Developing aircraft that can fly efficiently at high altitudes, whether for commercial airliners or
military drones, requires a combination of design considerations and advanced technologies.
Here are some key factors to consider in developing such aircraft:

1. Aerodynamic Design: The aircraft should be designed with aerodynamic efficiency in

mind. This involves minimizing drag and optimizing lift, which can be achieved through
sleek and streamlined shapes, wings with high aspect ratios, and efficient control
surfaces.
2. Lightweight Materials: High-altitude aircraft benefit from lightweight materials that
provide strength and durability. Advanced composite materials, such as carbon fiber
composites, can be used to reduce weight while maintaining structural integrity.
3. Efficient Propulsion Systems: In addition to engines, propulsion systems play a
significant role in high-altitude flight. Improvements in propulsion technology, such as
advanced fan and propeller designs, can enhance overall efficiency by maximizing thrust
and reducing fuel consumption.
It's worth noting that the development of aircraft is a complex and multidisciplinary process,
requiring expertise in aerodynamics, materials science, propulsion systems, avionics, and many
other areas. Additionally, safety, regulatory compliance, and operational considerations are
crucial factors throughout the development process.

“When everything seems to be going against you, remember that an airplane takes off against the wind not with it “
 Materials/ Work Plan
Goal 1: To improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions from
aircraft

Expected Responsible
Timeline Implementation strategy
Outcome people

The following o Drag Reduction. A 1) Aircraft

concepts will be concept under research
It will take
implemented development at NASA organizations
about 5-6
satisfactorily after is called the “double
years’
many tests and bubble” D8.
time to
the efficiency of o Efficient Engines. 2)
achieve
aircraft will be o New Components, Aerodynamics
this.
increased. Equipment Designs, Experts and
and Materials. research teams

Goal 2: To design an aircraft that can fly at supersonic speeds

without creating a sonic boom.

Expected Responsible
Timeline Implementation strategy
Outcome people

The following To minimize the shockwaves

1) NASA
concept will be that travel down to the
It will take
implemented ground, you need to change 2)
about 9-10
satisfactorily after the shape of the plane and Aerodynamics
years’
many tests and make it far more streamlined, Experts and
time to
the efficiency of smoothing out the variations research teams
achieve
aircraft will be in shape and spreading them
this. 3) Expert
increased. out across a much longer
testing teams
body.

“When everything seems to be going against you, remember that an airplane takes off against the wind not with it “
 Goal 3: To increase the safety and reliability of aircraft

Expected Responsible
Timeline Implementation strategy
Outcome people
o Working on high
pressure,
high rotational speed,
The following low pulsation, highest 1) NASA
concept will be reliability and long
It will take 2)
implemented service life, intelligence
about 6-7 Aerodynamics
satisfactorily after and energy saving are
years’ Experts and
many tests and the main directions for
time to research teams
the efficiency of future HSOR designs.
achieve
aircraft will be o To ascertain the 3) Aircraft
this.
increased. reliability and architects and
maintainability of the engineers
example repairable
system, that is; radial
compressor

Goal 4: To improve the control and stability of aircraft in

extreme weather conditions

Expected Responsible
Timeline Implementation strategy
Outcome people
The following There are four main design
1) NASA
concept will be factors that make an airplane
It will take
implemented stable laterally: dihedral, keel 2)
about 3-4
satisfactorily after effect, sweepback, and Aerodynamics
years’
many tests and weight distribution. The most Experts and
time to
the efficiency of common procedure for research
achieve
aircraft will be stability is to build the wings teams
this.
increased. with a dihedral angle varying
from one to three degrees.

“When everything seems to be going against you, remember that an airplane takes off against the wind not with it “
 Goal 5: To develop aircrafts that can fly efficiently at high
altitudes such as for commercial airliners and military drones

Expected Responsible
Timeline Implementation strategy
Outcome people
o We can increase the
size of engines to 1) NASA
accommodate larger
The following fan blades and higher 2)
concept will be bypass ratios while Aerodynamics
It will take Experts and
implemented attempting to keep the
about 6-7 research
satisfactorily after combustion core of
years’ teams
many tests and engines relatively
time to
the efficiency of small. 3)Highly
achieve
aircraft will be o This will result in more experienced
this.
increased. air passing through the high-altitude
engine's large fan jet riders.
blades without fuel
being ignited and high-
altitude flight.

-Twisha Gupta, X-G

-Progress is not inevitable, it’s up to us to create it.

“When everything seems to be going against you, remember that an airplane takes off against the wind not with it “
  Methodology/Procedure
Part 1: -Planning
1. We first discussed our work plans on WhatsApp and how we
should proceed.
2. The first deadline was given for the submission of the group
details and the abstract.
Part 2: -Procedure
1. We decided to organise a meeting on Zoom for the discussion
of the abstract and the distribution of our work.
2. The data to do the research and solutions was mainly taken
from the internet.
3. We began researching some solutions for the efficiency of
aerodynamics in aeroplanes
4. The basic structure of the project was made like table of
contents, logbook etc. to make the project more informative.
Part 3: -Ending
1. Everyone was asked to bring printouts of a part of the project
to be compiled.

“When everything seems to be going against you, remember that an airplane takes off against the wind not with it “
 MADE BY: ANYA PANDEY AND AYESHA NANDWANI 10G

OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS:

Sub Question 1- How can we improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions for aircrafts?

From our research we gained insights on ways to increase fuel efficiency and its benefits for a
sustainable environment and we also observed the below:

The airline industry has dramatically improved its fuel efficiency over the past 15 years and reduced
costs as fuel is expensive also to contribute to a sustainable environment. Future gains will be harder to
achieve.

According to a McKinsey analysis, carriers reduced their fuel consumption per passenger-kilometer by
approximately 39 percent between 2005 and 2019 (pre-COVID-19), a compound annual growth rate of
about 3.4 percent per year (Exhibit). That’s the good news.

“When everything seems to be going against you, remember that an airplane takes off against the wind not with it “
Easy gains have already been captured, future improvements will be harder to come by and the industry
needs to be more ambitious and pursue more transformational changes.

About half of the improvements between 2005 and 2019 period came from fleet upgrades (43 percent).
Another 7 percent has come from fuel-efficiency programs, such as those involving reduced engine taxi,
continuous descent approaches, and optimized routes.

The other half of the efficiency improvement has come from two levers related to the use of real estate
inside the aircraft cabin—seat density and load factor. Seat density, increased from 82 percent in 2005
to 88 percent in 2019. Low-cost carriers (LCCs) have always had higher seat density, and their growth in
market share over the past two decades meant that overall seat density for the industry increased. Full-
service carriers have responded to the growth of LCCs by increasing seat density in their economy class
and shrinking their business and first classes. At the same time, the second improvement lever—the
industry’s load factor, or the share of seats sold on a given flight—has increased from 75 percent to 83
percent.

Those are impressive gains, but they are approaching their limits. Seat pitch in most economy class
cabins cannot shrink much more, and some airlines will want to retain business and first-class cabins for
economic reasons. Likewise, seasonal demand variation, along with the fact that airlines want to keep
some last-minute availability for high paying corporate customers, will limit how much further load
factor can increase.

As a result, it is projected by the project that overall fuel efficiency gains for the industry will decline
from approximately 3.4 percent a year to 1.5 to 2 percent unless carriers take more ambitious actions,
such as accelerated fleet replacement, transformative infrastructure improvements, or other similarly
bold measures.

Over the longer term, replacing fossil fuel as an energy source will be a critical part of the industry’s
journey and could involve measures such as sustainable aviation fuels and novel propulsion. But
anything the industry can do to increase fuel efficiency now will make the transition that much easier.

“When everything seems to be going against you, remember that an airplane takes off against the wind not with it “
 Sub Question 2- How should we design an aircraft that can fly at supersonic speeds
without creating sonic boom?

Imagine being able to travel across the world at over 1,000 miles an hour, without that off-putting and
startling noise. Suddenly a new world of consumer travel and aviation would open up -- something that
has not been possible for decades.

NASA wants to make this dream a reality. At the Armstrong Flight Research Center, just outside of
Lancaster, California, the space agency is working on the X-59 QueSST (short for Quiet Supersonic
Technology) airplane -- a demonstrator aircraft designed to fly faster than the speed of
sound generating nothing more than a "sonic thump,"

Traditional supersonic aircraft can create a sonic boom in excess of 100 decibels during flight -- a
problem that led the US Federal Aviation Administration to ban commercial supersonic flight over land
in 1973.

Enlarge Image
A mock-up showing the X-59 taking off.
NASA/Lockheed Martin

But the X-59 has been shaped to minimize the shock waves that cause a sonic boom midflight, reducing
its sound at ground level to 75 decibels. According to NASA, that's about as loud as a car door slamming
down the street.

“When everything seems to be going against you, remember that an airplane takes off against the wind not with it “
 To design this "low boom" aircraft, NASA and Lockheed Martin returned to the basic principles of
aerodynamics. The result is an airplane that is both incredibly advanced and elegantly simple.

Environmental Significance:

Airlines, aircraft manufacturers, and policy makers are again discussing supersonic aviation. Although the use of
zero-sulfur, net-zero lifecycle carbon fuel has been proposed, it is not clear whether this will be used in practice.
This study quantifies the environmental impacts of a modern fleet of supersonic airliners, powered by the sulfur-
bearing fossil fuel available at almost all airports worldwide. Our results suggest that the sulfur and
carbonaceous aerosol emissions from supersonic aircraft may cause climate cooling effects which exceed the
warming resulting from changes in ozone, stratospheric water vapor, or CO2. Sulfur emissions are also found to
increase the global mean ozone depletion. Decision makers considering low-sulfur fuel must therefore consider
a trade-off between decreasing global ozone depletion and increasing climate impacts.

“When everything seems to be going against you, remember that an airplane takes off against the wind not with it “
 Sub Question 3- How can we increase the safety and reliability of aircraft?
Modern electronics and navigation devices have played a significant role, as they have the ability to fly-
by-wire.

Anti-collision and terrain warning sensors and better flight management systems in Air Traffic Control
(ATC) have also improved aircraft safety.

Few of the methods are:

• Improved Design and Manufacturing- Since the 1950s, there have been fewer fundamental
changes to airplane design. The cylindrical fuselage has remained the standard airplane shape.
Hydrocarbon-powered jet engines have remained but improved in power and efficiency.

• Advanced Avionics and Systems - Advanced aircraft systems (AAS), commonly referred to as
avionics, are the technologies fitted to an aircraft like communications, navigation, weather, radar,
autopilot, sensors, Wi-Fi, entertainment systems, as well as other advanced technologies like
autonomous flight controls and emergency response systems.

Maintenance and Inspection: Aircraft maintenance checks are periodic inspections that have to be done
on all commercial and civil aircraft after a certain amount of time or usage. Military aircraft normally
follow specific maintenance programmes which may, or may not, be similar to those of commercial and
civil operators.

“When everything seems to be going against you, remember that an airplane takes off against the wind not with it “
Sub Question 4- How can we improve the control and stability of aircraft in extreme
weather conditions?

There are four main design factors that make an airplane stable laterally: dihedral, keel effect,
sweepback, and weight distribution. The most common procedure for producing lateral stability is to
build the wings with a dihedral angle varying from one to three degrees.

Some key factors and measure that contribute to improving control and stability in such conditions:
• Advanced Weather Monitoring
• Aircraft Design and Certification
• Flight Control Systems

“When everything seems to be going against you, remember that an airplane takes off against the wind not with it “
SUB QUESTION 5- How can we develop aircrafts that can fly efficiently at high altitudes
such as for commercial airliners and military drones?

Developing aircraft that can fly efficiently at high altitudes, whether for commercial airliners or military
drones, requires a combination of design considerations and advanced technologies.

Here are some key factors to consider in developing such aircraft:

⦁ Aerodynamic Design- If something such as a car has an aerodynamic shape or design, it goes faster
and uses less fuel than other cars because the air passes over it more easily.
⦁ Lightweight Materials-Aluminum (blended with small quantities of other metals) is used on most
types of aircraft because it is lightweight and strong. Aluminum alloys don't corrode as readily as steel.
⦁ Efficient Propulsion Systems-For human-powered aircraft and boats the most efficient propulsion
system is the propeller

Therefore, building airplanes that can travel in an altitude which is higher than the current altitudes of
commercial and military airplanes today is a tricky task. It requires great hard work, strength and
upcoming latest technology. We have listed few effective methods which can be taken into
consideration while dealing with the following situation.

“When everything seems to be going against you, remember that an airplane takes off against the wind not with it “
ANALYSIS
What is Aero-dynamics?
 Aerodynamics is the study of how air and other gases flow around objects and how that
affects their motion and performance. Aerodynamics is important for designing aircraft,
rockets, cars, trains, bridges, and many other things.

 Aerodynamics involves four main forces: lift, drag, thrust, and weight. Lift is the force that
pushes an object upward, counteracting gravity. Drag is the force that resists the object’s
motion through the air. Thrust is the force that propels the object forward, overcoming drag.
Weight is the force of gravity that pulls the object downward. To achieve flight, an object
must have enough lift to overcome its weight and enough thrust to overcome its drag.

 Aerodynamics can be classified into two types: subsonic and supersonic. Subsonic
aerodynamics deals with flows that are slower than the speed of sound (about 343 m/s or 767
mph at sea level). Supersonic aerodynamics deals with flows that are faster than the speed of
sound. Flows that are close to the speed of sound are called transonic. Flows that are much
faster than the speed of sound are called hypersonic.

Efficiency factors of aerodynamics

 Lift-to-drag ratio (L/D ratio): This is the ratio of the lift force generated by an object or a
vehicle to the drag force that resists its motion through the air. A higher L/D ratio means that
the object or vehicle can produce more lift with less drag, which is desirable for flight. The
L/D ratio depends on the shape, size, angle, and speed of the object or vehicle, as well as the
properties of the air. For example, a typical airplane has a L/D ratio of about 15 to 20, while a
glider can have a L/D ratio of up to 60

 improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions for aircrafts, design an aircraft that can fly at
supersonic speeds without creating sonic boom, increase the safety and reliability of aircraft,
improve the control and stability of aircraft in extreme weather conditions, develop aircrafts
that can fly efficiently at high altitudes such as for commercial airliners and military drones.

“When everything seems to be going against you, remember that an airplane takes off against the wind not with it “
 Conclusion
Before starting to work on this project we believed that aerodynamics was just related to flying.
We just had simple questions related to the subject like how an aircraft flies, etc. But while
working on this project the topic became a lot more interesting and a truckload of questions
started in our minds like How an airplane generates lift, How does a fighter plane perform
dangerous maneuvers, Why shock wave is generated, How a space shuttle can fly, when it is
inside and outside the earth's atmosphere, Why racing cars have so sleek design, How a baller
bowl an inswing and outswing deliveries, etc. From small balls to ballistic missiles, we follow
the laws of aerodynamics, because there is Air: A invisible gaseous fluid that surrounds the
Earth. So, from Earth’s upper crust to space we follow the rules of aerodynamics. These things
made this subject interesting.

Since Modern Aerodynamics has come into light as a subject/ topic in the past few decades there
are still a lot of shortcomings that we have to overcome. Our project depicted a few
shortcomings and researched the solutions to these problems. The hypothesis was proved correct
as the problems we took upon did exist in the field and we were able to design and give shape to
the basics of what the solution could be… After working on this project we also came to know
that big buildings, the way birds fly, birds flying in a specific pattern, racing cars, hair dryers,
and bicycle can all retrace their concepts back to aerodynamics. Our project sought to derive
solutions to the shortcomings we took upon and it did reach some solutions.

“When everything seems to be going against you, remember that an airplane takes off against the wind not with it “
REFERENCES:
https://www.nap.edu/read/10815/chapter/6

https://aerospaceengineeringblog.com/control-and-stability-of-aircraft/

https://aerospace.honeywell.com/us/en/about-us/blogs/4-ways-changes-in-
aircraft-design-and-components-reduce-fuel-con

https://www.wired.com/story/planes-airlines-increase-fuel-efficiency-cut-
emissions/

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https://www.quora.com/Is-it-possible-to-move-at-supersonic-speeds-without-
making-a-sonic-boom

https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-common-applications-of-aerodynamics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lift-to-drag_ratio

https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-challenges-of-modern-aerodynamics

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efficiency-aircraft-turnaround/

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maintenance-management

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42401-021-00101-1

- Anya Pandey 10 G

“When everything seems to be going against you, remember that an airplane takes off against the wind not with it “