Laboratory Report

Electrical Machines I – Laboratory

Lab. No. 1

Basic Fundaments and Concepts

Recognition Related to Electromagnetics
Y. Espinosa1, N. Forero1, V. Molano1,
1
Escuela de Ingeniería Electrónica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia
Tunja, Colombia.
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
Abstract –- The present laboratory practice is carried out not
only with a quite detailed recognition of the basic concepts and
fundamentals of electromagnetism but also, through precise A. Oersted’s Principle
experimentation, these concepts are correlated to the operation of In the presence of magnitudes whose direction and direction
certain electrical machines. For the study of the practice, the move rotationally, it is generally used to understand the behaviour of
behaviour of the flux of the poles and also the magnetic field of a the magnetic field [3].
DC machine is analyzed with the use of a magnetic needle and
providing a certain amount of a detailed voltage for the excitation Figure 1 denotes the right-hand rule, which is based in such a
of the corresponding coils. way that by positioning the right hand with the thumb pointing
upwards, it directs the current, and the remaining four fingers of the
Keywords –- DC Machine, Electromagnetism, Coil, Flux,
Magnetic field, Flux density.

I. INTRODUCTION

E lectrical machines are described as detailed devices, or they

can also be a combined set of them [1], which are particularly used
for energy conversion, for which energy is usually intercalated
between electrical and mechanical energy. Such devices can be found
in different forms and with various specific purposes, electrical
machines can be in a general classification, both static and dynamic,
where they are broken down into transformers, generators and motors
[2].

1) Transformers: These are devices which, having only

electrical accesses, are static, and are based on the transformation of
an alternating current input into an alternating current output [1].
2) Generator: As these have mechanical access, such devices
are endowed with motion which is usually a rotary motion. The hand that are in a curvature, indicate the direction of the field in
function of a generator is to transform a mechanical energy input into question [3].
electrical energy [1].
Fig. 1. Illustration of the right-hand rule determining the direction of the
3) Motors: Like generators, these machines are dynamic, but field. Source [3].
the difference is that they perform an inverse process, where the
electrical input is transformed into a mechanical energy output [1]. It is also relevant to the basic recognition of the different
structural components related to the device in question used for this
For the correct understanding of the present laboratory practice, it practice, which is a system composed of DELORENZO electric
is necessary to understand and relate together certain concepts of machines, which corresponds to an OPENLAB system. More
electromagnetism, among the most general it can specify the precisely, the object of study is the direct current electrical machines.
right-hand rule.
 II. MATERIALS
- Composable system for electric machines DELORENZO.
- DC power source.
- Two multimeters.
- Magnetic needle.

III. PRACTICE DEVELOPMENT

For the development of the current laboratory practice, three
different experiments are carried out, which are based on the concepts
related to the basic foundation of electromagnetic fields, more
precisely in the detail of the behaviour of the flux produced by the
present poles of the DC motor, also in the visualization of the main
magnetic field and finally in the existing relationship with the
auxiliary poles.
Fig. 3 Magnetic needle in the presence of a current that excites one of the
A. Flux produced by the poles main poles. Source [Own elaboration].
For the first experimentation, through the manipulation and Similarly, it is detailed that the flow produced by the main pole in
arrangement of a direct current machine, the separation of the rotor question (F1-F2), is not in a uniform arrangement, but the closer to
from the stator of the present machine is carried out for an adequate the pole, the more intense it is, and if it is moved away from it, a
visualization of the phenomenon in question. Figure 2 shows the fainter intensity is evidenced.
approach of the electrical diagram to be analyzed, for which the main
coil is used, either F1-F2 or F5-F6 and it is energized with a voltage
of 15V, being for a first case positive at F1.

Fig. 4 Represents the right-hand rule. Source [5].

Fig. 2 Electrical diagram for first experimentation regarding the main
poles. Source [4]. As previously detailed, the direction, concerning the main pole
presented, of the magnetic flux is determined based on the current
Through the right-hand rule, one can predict the magnetic flux,
present in the winding, this can be further explained using the
more exactly the direction of the coil's magnetic field in question of
right-hand rule for magnetic flux, for this case, if the fingers of the
the main pole.
hand are wrapped around the winding in the direction of the current
The experimentation allows the demonstration through the use of provided if the thumb is extended, it will determine the flux
a magnetic needle, which marks its north pole with red and its south generated.
pole with a blue marking, the alignment present in the coil when
Subsequently, a reversal in the direction of the output current
approaching the needle, and when moving it, the tip always points
from the source to the coil is carried out, to observe and study in
towards the main pole F1-F2, which is precisely the one that is being
detail the behaviour and basis that governs the flow generated by the
provided with the excitation current. The behaviour of the magnetic
main pole (F1-F2).
needle reaffirms not only the presence but also the direction of the
magnetic field generated in the DC machine. Figure 5 details precisely the magnetic needle's behaviour
concerning the current reversal that excites the main pole F1-F2. It
Figure 3 shows the behaviour of the magnetic needle in the
has the same connection previously used, plus the respective change
presence of a given supplied current that flows through the stator.
in the polarity of the DC source, which maintains its value of 15V
output of the same.
 Initially, the value of the rental seats for each section is found.
Making an analogy with an electrical circuit, the arrangement of the
reluctance is presented in Figure 4.

0.0275 𝐴·𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛
𝑆𝐴𝐵 = = 1737 ⎡ ⎤
−7
2500(4π*10 )(0.084)(0.06) ⎣ 𝑊𝑏 ⎦
0.045−0.042 𝐴·𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛
𝑆𝐵𝐶 = = 473675 ⎡ ⎤
−7
1(4π*10 )(0.084)(0.06) ⎣ 𝑊𝑏 ⎦
0.084 𝐴·𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛
𝑆𝐶𝐷 = = 5300 ⎡ ⎤
−7
2500(4π*10 )(0.084)(0.06) ⎣ 𝑊𝑏 ⎦

For the arrangement of reluctance in parallel (same value) it is

produced in the following way:
0.065+0.08
π( 2
) 1 𝐴·𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛
𝑆𝑃 = * = 40275 ⎡ ⎤
Fig. 5 Magnetic needle in the presence of an inverse current that excites
−7
2500(4π*10 )(0.015)(0.06) 2 ⎣ 𝑊𝑏 ⎦
one of the main poles. Source [Own elaboration]. When performing the sum, the equivalent reluctance is obtained:
Regarding the behaviour witnessed based on the magnetic needle, 𝐴·𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛
𝑆𝑒𝑞 = 996400 ⎡ ⎤
the magnetic needle changes its behaviour considerably concerning ⎣ 𝑊𝑏 ⎦
the existing magnetic interaction. By carrying out a reversal in the
Know the number of turns the equivalent reluctance has two
direction of the current supplied to the winding in question, a change
following to Find the magnetic flux:
in the direction of the flux presented by that pole is effected, so that
the opposite behaviour to that previously detailed can now be 𝑁 · 𝑖 = ϕ · 𝑆𝑒𝑞
observed, which can be more easily modelled through the illustration
of the right-hand relay again. ϕ =
3500
= 1. 5 𝑚𝑊𝑏
996400
Then for a second experimentation, it is proceeded to excite the ϕ 1.5 𝑚𝑊𝑏
coils of the auxiliary poles (B1 - B2) with a voltage of 5V observing 𝐵 = 𝐴
= 1200𝑚𝑚2
the direction of the auxiliary flow after this the direction of the
current in the excited coils is changed and the change in the direction Figure 6 details precisely the internal layout of the DC machine,
of the flow is observed together with each of the components that may be present in it.

In the case of changing the direction of the supply current in the

main windings, a change in the direction of both the main and
secondary magnetic flux is observed. This is due to the property of
electromagnetism that the direction of the magnetic field is related to
the direction of the electric current. The mathematical analysis of the
magnetic flux density in the rotor of the CC machine, under the
excitation of only one main field winding, would require considering
the geometric and magnetic characteristics of the system.
For the CC machine shown in Figure 3, the data provided for the
calculation of the magnetic flux are the following:
Fig. 6 CC machine cross-section.
- External radius (re) and internal radius of the yoke (ri) =
Figure 7 details a magnetic circuit, in which the organization of a
80mm and 65mm magnetic circuit in which 3 reluctances are presented in series, in
- Outside (re) inside radius of the air gap conjunction with a given power supply.

(laughs) = 45mm and 42mm

- Each of the poles covers 180°
- Number of turns =500 (Each coil)
- µ=2500 (permeability of rotor and yoke)
- Rotor shaft diameter (ir)=10mm
- Rotor diameter = 84mm
- Cross-sectional area= 20mm*60mm=1200mm^2

Fig. 7 Reluctance arrangement.

 B. Principal magnetic field
For this assembly it is necessary to supply simultaneously the main
windings (F6 -F5 and F2-F3) as shown in Fig 8.

Fig. 8 Main windings power supply schematic circuit. Source [4].

Fig 10 Evidence of experimental setup with polarity change. Source [Own
Through the use of the source belonging to the DeLorenzo elaboration].
machine, the same is tuned to a voltage of 30v dc, which in turn is
checked with a precision voltmeter, for this case as is the fluke Finally, as requested in the lab guide, we proceed to change the
multimeter. polarity of one of the main windings, we are talking about winding
F1-F2, where F2 will be connected to the negative pole of the DC
When the two windings are energized and the dipole is placed in power supply and F2 in series with the other main winding, thus
front of them, we observe that it is oriented with its south pole in the constituting a series circuit again, with a voltmeter in parallel to the
direction of the F1-F2 winding as shown in Fig 9. power supply,

Fig 9. Evidence of experimental set-up. Source [Own elaboration]. Fig 11 Evidence of experimental setup with polarity change in winding
By inverting the polarity of the circuit it can be observed that by F1-F2. Source [Own elaboration].
changing the direction of the current, and by the theory previously Evidence that due to the effects of the magnetic flux, the dipole
emphasized, the direction of the field lines change so that the tries to take an orientation, but after a small lapse it takes a diagonal
orientation of the dipole will obey them, as shown in Fig 10. position, due to the contraction of the current in the two main
windings, due to the effects of the location of the camera, it is not
perfectly evident in Fig 11.
Considering that the coils F1-F2 and F5-F6 are in a series
arrangement, they have the same current that governs the whole
circuit or system, therefore this current is in the same direction. The
previously said and analyzed through theory and observation is
practically confirmed when the magnetic needle, with a normal
current direction, points to the north, however when changing the
direction of polarization in the pole F5-F6, the direction of the current
is inverted, and in turn it is assumed that the field lines generated by added, obtaining as a result an equivalent coil creating a single
the system also, therefore when placing the magnetic needle in the magnetic field.
stator it does not take a specific direction because these field lines are
counteracted.
The following is the mathematical analysis with 10A inrush
current in the coils. For the present mathematical analysis, the same
conditions already stated for the previous analysis are considered,
therefore, taking again the data obtained, the total reluctance of the
system is as follows.
𝐴·𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛
𝑆𝑒𝑞 = 996400 ⎡ ⎤
⎣ 𝑊𝑏 ⎦
Taking into consideration the value of the total reluctance, we
proceed to a new determination of the value of the magnetomotive
force 𝑚𝑚𝑓, which when F1-F2 and in turn, F5-F6 are connected in
series with the same current, we obtain a double force.Therefore, the
following relation is proposed where to find the force we use the
product of the number of turns with the current, and this is multiplied
by two.
Fig. 10, display of auxiliary poles for short circuit.
𝑚𝑚𝑓 = 𝑁 * 𝐼
Open Circuit
𝑚𝑚𝑓 = 2(500) * (10𝐴) = 10000𝐴𝑉
An open circuit is generated in the coil (B1-B2) where the source
With the magnetomotive force already determined, is used the gives the direction of the magnetic field, where B1 is south and B2 is
formula to determine the flux, which is the quotient of mmf over the north. The three coils are in series having a magnetic field in the
total reluctance. same direction only that the coil (BI-B2) does not have a significant
10000 magnetic field like the coils (F1-F2) and (F5-F6).
ϕ = 996400
= 0. 0100𝑊𝑏
Which makes the magnetic needle take more into consideration
Finally, using the value of the flux, the magnetic flux density is the two coils (F1-F2) And(F5-F6).
determined.
Activating the coil (B1-B2) makes the needle move a little since
ϕ 0,0100𝑊𝑏
𝐵 = 𝐴
= 0,0012𝑚2
it detects three north poles and three south poles but over time the
needle moves in the north-south direction of the two coils (F1-F2)
C. Effect of the auxiliaries and(F5 -F6) that creates a magnetic field much greater than that of
the coil (B1-B2).
To obtain the effect of the auxiliaries, the coils of the main poles
are fed simultaneously in such a way that the flux produced by it is
added, the two auxiliary poles are also fed so that the respective
fluxes of their target connections are shown in Figure 9.

Fig. 9 Circuit for displaying auxiliary poles. Source [4].

Fig. 11 Display of auxiliary poles for open circuit.
Short Circuit
IV. CONCLUSIONS
When a short circuit is generated to the coils (B1-B2) it is
generated that only you in the main coils (F1-F2) and (F5-F6) in This practice provided an initial understanding of the
series where the voltage source gives south-north direction to each fundamental concepts of electromagnetism in the context of direct
coil in the coil case (F5 -F6), south is F5 and north is F6. In the coil current electrical machines. It was observed how the direction of the
(F1-F2), the south is F1 and F2 is the north (Figure 10). magnetic flux changes with the reversal of the direction of the
electric current in the coils, demonstrating the intrinsic relationship
Knowing that the magnetic field enters through the south pole between electric current and magnetic field in electromagnetic
and exits through the north, the same in the coils in series can be systems.
 From the specific experiments carried out about the flux
produced by the poles, it is possible to detail precisely that when an
inversion is made in the power supply, this causes a relative change
in the polarity of this pole, that is to say, that when a current is
produced that excites this pole, it can vary the magnetic polarity of
the same as appropriate.
When there is an arrangement of coils in series, the equivalent
coil is the sum of all the coils involved in the circuit, which in turn
not only generates a magnetic field of greater and greater magnitude
as a whole but also details that when causing a current in the system,
this will present the same value that will govern the entire circuit.
REFERENCES
[1] Slides (fix)
[2] Fernández, H. (2017, September 6). Máquinas Eléctricas. [Online].
http://dea.unsj.edu.ar/electrotecnia/U11.pdf
[3] Zapata, F. (2021, May 9). Regla de la mano derecha. Lifeder.
https://www.lifeder.com/regla-mano-derecha/
[4] PDF electrical machines delorenzo (fix)
[5] Hadley, K., PhD. (s. f.). Current carrying wires.
http://www.khadley.com/Courses/Physics/ph_213/topics/Bfield/page2.html