Applications to computer graphics

Justification
This research has been carried out to observe the importance of linear algebra in
professional practice, we chose the topic of computer graphics applications in order to
make linear algebra known as a tool applicable to said process.

Its importance is reflected by the result that its use gives us, as we can see with regard to
the entertainment industry, and can be taken as an example, in our homes when watching
movies, series, commercials, when playing video games, whether through television, the
computer or some other electronic object that allows us to see images that have previously
been worked on by computer.

Its use is also emphasized for the design of constructions, which are carried out through
computer-aided design. ra like CAD, which applies the use of linear transformations,
whether for 2D or 3D graphics. Whose purpose is widely used by engineers, architects and
designers.

Linear algebra is also used in other fields, such as in medicine, simulators for airplane
pilots, generation of virtual laboratories, equipment operators, etc.

Introduction
In this investigation we will see one of the most used applications of linear algebra and
surely one that we have all seen, which is the application to computer graphics, which uses
computers to generate animated images or also to integrate or change the visual information
taken. from the real world.

We will focus only on where linear algebra is used, in which what will be used most are
linear transformations or applications, a topic that deals with the transformations of
matrices from one space to another and even to the same vector space, in which case Here it
is used, with the most common examples of linear transformation we have those for
displacement, rotation and change of scale, among others.

We will refer to 2D graphics, but the process will also be similar using linear
transformations for 3D graphics.
Theoretical framework
Applications to computer graphics
Computer graphics is the construction, modification, display and manipulation of geometric
models and images of objects through the use of the computer. Graphics are images
displayed or animated on a computer screen. Applications of computer graphics are
widespread and increasing rapidly.

For example, computer-aided design, also called CAD (computer-aided design), is an

integral part of many engineering processes, which is used in the design process of
buildings, airplanes, automobiles, boats, spaceships, computers, fabrics, among others. A
well-known one is its use in the entertainment industry, which has made the most
spectacular use of computer graphics, such as special effects in movies, in music videos,
television shows and even in consoles like the Xbox.

We also have that most interactive computer programs use computer graphics in screen
displays and in other functions such as graphical display of data, desktop publishing, and
the production of slides for commercial and educational presentations. So to manipulate
and display graphic images, you must know some of the basic mathematics that will be
used for this process, such as the wireframe of an airplane.

Such an image (or drawing) consists of several points, connected straight or curved lines,
and information about how to fill closed regions bounded by those lines. Curved lines are
often approximated using short straight line segments, and a figure is defined
mathematically by a list of points.

Example 1:

The capital letter N in Figure 1 is determined by eight points or vertices. The coordinates of
the points can be stored in a data array D.

The main reason for describing graphical objects by straight line segments is that standard
transformations in computer graphics map line segments onto other line segments. Once the
vertices describing an object have been transformed, their images can be connected with the
appropriate straight lines to produce the complete image of the original object.

Example 2:

Dadaist A= [ 100.25
1 ], describe the effect of the shearing transformation x

A x over the letter N in example 1.

Solution

By the definition of matrix multiplication, the columns of the product

AD contain the images of the vertices of the letter N.

The transformed vertices are plotted in Figure 2, along with connecting line segments that
correspond to those in the original figure.

Homogeneous coordinates
Each point (x, y) in R 2 can be identified with the point (x, y, 1) on the plane in R 3 that is
positioned one unit above the xy plane. (x, y) is said to have homogeneous coordinates (x,
y, 1). For example, the point (0, 0) has homogeneous coordinates (0, 0, 1). Homogeneous
coordinates of points are not added or multiplied by scalars, but can be transformed by
multiplication by 3 × 3 matrices.

A translation of the form (x, y) (x + h, y + k) is written in homogeneous coordinates as

(x, y, 1) (x + h, y + k, 1). This transformation can be calculated by matrix multiplication:

2
Any linear transformation on R is represented with

respect to
homogeneous coordinates by means of a split matrix of the form [ A0 01] , where A is a 2 × 2
matrix.

Typical examples are:

Composite transformations
Moving a figure on a computer screen often requires using two or more basic
transformations. When using homogeneous coordinates, the composition of such
transformations corresponds to matrix multiplication.

Example:

Find the 3 × 3 matrix that corresponds to the composite transformation of applying a

scaling by 0.3, a rotation of 90°, and finally a translation that adds (−0.5, 2) to each point in
a figure.

The matrix for the

composite

transformation is:
Three-dimensional computer graphics
These are works of graphic art created with the help of computers and special programs or
may refer to the field of study of techniques and technology related to three-dimensional
graphics.

Some of the most recent and exciting work in computer graphics relates to molecular
modeling, among others.

Homogeneous three-dimensional coordinates

In general, by analogy with the two-dimensional case, we say that (X, Y, Z, H) are the
homogeneous coordinates for the point (x, y, z) in R 3 if H≠ 0 and

As long as each scalar multiple is nonzero of

(x, y, z, 1) it will provide a set of homogeneous coordinates for (x, y, z). For example, (10,
−6, 14, 2) and (−15, 9, −21, −3) are both homogeneous coordinates for (5, −3, 7).

Perspective projections
A three-dimensional object is represented on a two-dimensional computer screen by
projecting it onto a visual plane. (Other important steps, such as selecting the portion of the
visual plane to display on the screen, are omitted.) For the sake of simplicity, consider the
xy plane to represent the computer screen, and imagine that an observer's eye is on the
positive z axis, at a point (0, 0, d).

A perspective projection maps each point (x, y, z) onto an image point (x*,y*,0) so that the
two points and the position of the eye, called the center of projection, lie on a line.
 The triangle in the xz plane of
the figure. (a) is redrawn on the
part. (b) showing.

The length of the line segments.

With similar triangles it is shown
that:

Similarly,

If homogeneous coordinates are used, it is possible to represent the perspective projection

using a matrix

What part of the Linear Algebra seen in class is used in computer

graphics?

We use linear transformations, which we were taught in class, which can be assumed to be
mappings of particular importance in the study of linear algebra and its applications. These
linear transformations occur between vector spaces, but in what we observe they occur
between the same vector space (T: R 2 R 2 for 2D graphics), which preserve the two
fundamental operations (vector addition and multiplication by a scalar), which are used to
have a matrix representation Av, where v a matrix, which represents the coordinates of the
vertices of a figure, we can express it as a multiplication of matrices with a matrix A, which
will represent the expansions, compressions, reflections or cuts. The result is that the figure
or graph is moved, rotated or its scale is changed to the desired one.
Something new would be about the homogeneous coordinates, which has been explained in
the theoretical framework, which is the increase of the third dimension, but which will be
constant with 1, that is, it will be the same graph only now It will be found 1 unit from the
xy plane in which we work.

Bibliography
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http://es.scribd.com/doc/143150991/Aplicaciones-Graficas-Por-Computadora

http://www.slideshare.net/AlonsoAlvarez/graficos-por-computadora-1