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CIV-701 P Water Quality Lab Exp 7

Water Quality Lab Exp 7

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Muhammad Azhar
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26 views4 pages

CIV-701 P Water Quality Lab Exp 7

Water Quality Lab Exp 7

Uploaded by

Muhammad Azhar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EXPERIMENT NO-7

DETERMINATION OF TURBIDITY IN A WATER SAMPLE

AIM

To determine the turbidity of the given water sample as per IS: 3025 (Part 10) -
Reaffirmed 2002.
5.2 INTRODUCTION

Turbidity is the technical term referring to the cloudiness of a solution and it is a


qualitative characteristic which is imparted by solid particles obstructing the
transmittance of light through a water sample. Turbidity often indicates the
presence of dispersed and suspended solids like clay, organic matter, silt, algae and
other microorganisms.

When the turbid water in a small, transparent container such as drinking glass is
held up to the light, an aesthetically displeasing opaqueness or milky coloration is
apparent. The colloidal material which exerts turbidity provides adsorption sites for
chemicals and for biological organism that may not be harmful. They may be
harmful or cause undesirable tastes and odours. Disinfection of turbid water is
difficult because of the adsorptive characteristics of some colloids and because the
solids may partially shield organisms from disinfectant. In natural water bodies,
turbidity may impart a brown or other color to water and may interfere with light
penetration and photosynthetic reaction in streams and lakes. Turbidity increases
the load on slow sand filters.

The filter may go out of operation, if excess turbidity exists. Knowledge of the
turbidity variation in raw water supplies is useful to determine whether a supply
requires special treatment by chemical coagulation and filtration before it may be
used for a public water supply. Turbidity measurements are used to determine the
effectiveness of treatment produced with different chemicals and the dosages
needed.
Turbidity measurements help to gauge the amount of chemicals needed from day-
to-day operation of water treatment works.
Measurement of turbidity in settled water prior to filtration is useful in controlling
chemical dosages so as to prevent excessive loading of rapid sand filters. Turbidity
measurements of the filtered water are needed to check on faulty filter operation.
Turbidity measurements are useful to determine the optimum dosage of coagulants
to treat domestic and industrial wastewaters. Turbidity determination is used to
evaluate the performance of water treatment plants.

PRINCIPLE

Turbidity is based on the comparison of the intensity of light scattered by the


sample under defined conditions with the intensity of the light scattered by a
standard reference suspension under the same conditions. The turbidity of the
sample is thus measured from the amount of light scattered by the sample taking a
reference with standard turbidity suspension. The higher the intensity of scattered
light the higher is the turbidity. Formazin polymer is used as the primary standard
reference suspension.

Equipments Required

1. Turbidity Meter
2. Sample Cells
3. Standard flasks
4. Funnel
5. Wash Bottle
6. Tissue Papers

Chemicals Required

1. Hexamethylenetetramine
2. Hydrazine sulphate
3. Distilled Water.
Experimental Steps

NOTE:- IN STEP 3, USE SET ZERO KNOB TO ADJUST THE READING


TO ZERO WITH DISTILLED WATER
PREPARATION OF REAGENTS
1. Hydrazine Sulphate

Weigh accurately 1 g of hydrazine sulphate and dissolve it in turbidity free


distilled water.
Take 100 mL standard measuring flask and place a funnel over it.
Transfer it to a 100 mL standard flask and make up to 100 ml using turbidity free
distilled water.
2. Hexamethylene Tetramine

Weigh accurately 10 g of Hexamethylene tetramine and dissolve it in turbidity free


distilled water.
Take 100 mL standard measuring flask and place a funnel over it.
Transfer it to a 100 mL standard flask and make up to 100 ml

3.Standard 4000 NTU Solution


Mix 5 mL of hydrazine sulphate solution and 5 mL of Hexamethylenetetramine
solution in a 100 mL standard measuring flask.
Allow the mixture to stand for 24 hours.
After 24 hours, make up the volume to 100 mL using turbidity free distilled water.
The standard 4000 NTU solution is ready.

NOTE:- FOR MAKING SOLUTIONS OF LOWER TURBIDITY VALUES,


USE THE NORMALITY EQUATION, N1V1= N2V2 USING DISTILLED
WATER FOR DILUTION PURPOSES
example :- N1=4000, N2 required=200 NTU for experiment, V1=say 10ml, then
V2= N1V1 / N2 = (4000 X 10) / 200 = 400 ml. Hence to make a solution of
200NTU, you need to dilute 10 ml of 4000 NTU to 400 ml.

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