Polytechnic University of Chiapas

Eng. Oil tanker 8°

Petroleum Engineering Software

M. YO. María De
Dr. Jonathan Lourdes
Andrés LeónMiranda
Ortega
Coss

Actividad 2: Software y Hardware en la industria petrolera Produced by:

Cueto Carrasquedo Ronaldo

Galdámez Morales Veronica Guadalupe

González Domínguez Jorge Alberto

Trejo Corzo José Andrés

Suchiapa, Chiapas on January 29, 2018

 The progressive technological advance worldwide has allowed the creation of
new and better tools to facilitate work in various areas, and geosciences have
not been left out of this technological modernization, because we can never be
in direct contact with the subsoil. We have to resort to other tools to inform us of
the conditions in which it is located. Therefore, the use of sensors in the oil area
has been increasing. For example, it has facilitated the application of the
derivative method of pressure and simulation with type curves for the analysis
of transient pressure tests, considering the production and simulation area; It
allows us to obtain seismic cubes, which over time have become increasingly
more precise and with better definition, among others.

That is why we are interested in knowing the software that is in the industry,
in order to familiarize ourselves a little with its content and know the differences
of each one, since, if there are a large number of these, they must serve to
specific properties.

Image 1: First two steps of the oil industry value chain

It is extremely important to keep in mind that the software is not perfect, yet
it can introduce changes (produce errors), this will lead to an incorrect
interpretation and, consequently, serious errors can be made in the calculation
of the values. well and reservoir parameters; Of course, in any case, they help
us to have a simulation of the conditions of the site; The proper use of software
depends on the experience and knowledge of the operator.

Exploration (prospective resources)

 The representation and analysis of geographic data has been one of the
main contributions to the development of computing and communications. With
the emergence of this technology, society sought a step forward in all senses,
both economic, political and social. Its creation has allowed human beings,
through geographic information systems (GIS), to be able to carry out
interactive queries in order to analyze the information, in addition to storing,
manipulating, capturing and knowing in a general sense the data that is
geographically referenced with the objective to solve both planning and
management problems.

The oil targets were identified in the Department of Scientific Exploration

Research of the Petroleum Research Center (CEINPET). They were detailed
focusing on the oil exploration stage, taking into account that this is one of the
most important as it consists of searching for the so-called oil traps, or what is
the same, the possible places where, due to favorable geographical conditions,
believes that deposits of this oily and bituminous liquid may exist.

There are three different ways of representing the different defined oil
objectives: punctual, which is the representation of specific points or places on
the map; linear, which consists of the observation of a set of lines and
polygonal, which is nothing more than the representation of a certain area.

Utility of software in exploration and exploitation (Exploration and

Production E&P)

In particular, the software used in oil exploration is an infographic that quickly

and very attractively reveals the details that the industry requires, focuses on
the effective management of data on oil and gas operations, as well as It also
makes it easy to access multiple databases from one computer.

Software in the hydrocarbon industry has the purpose of:

 Detect problems quickly and respond quickly.

 Replace scattered spreadsheets with a formal process.
 Review historical data to identify critical bottlenecks.
 Send automatic reports to partners and administrators.
  Simulate geological, thermal and fluid flow processes in sedimentary
basins over time.
 Model basins and petroleum systems (BPSM, Basin and Petroleum
System Modelin).
 Reconstruct the architecture of the traps, source rocks, reservoir, seal
and overburden rocks.
 Visualize the formation of traps and generation, migration and
accumulation of hydrocarbons from the past to the present.

Geographical Information Systems GIS (Geographical Information

System GIS)

One of the most used software applications in the oil industry is Geographic
Information Systems Software (GIS) or Geographical Information System (GIS),
they are computer tools that allow the organization, storage, editing, analysis
and modeling of data in geographically referenced maps.

GIS technology is used in scientific research, cartography, natural disasters,

resource management, environmental impact studies, among others.
Geographic information can be queried, transferred, transformed, overlaid and
displayed using this tool.

GIS are mapping tools that harness the power of spatial analysis, connecting
people with maps, information and applications. In the industry, the uses of GIS
allow you to know your business and have successes in the organization;
contribute to user analysis to see relationships and patterns, provide answers to
complex questions and make better decisions; provides geographic perspective
to find prospects, build infrastructure, maintain assets, business project, help
clients and risk management.

In the oil industry, GIS contributes from the location and extraction of new
resources to improve efficiency and the bottom line.

Public access geodata are called free online resources to consult geographic
information such as Google Earth and others based on web mapping
technology.
 The most notable GIS (Geographic Information System) or GIS development
companies to date are esri, intergraph, mapinfo, bentley, autodesk and
smallworld.

ArcGIS is the name of a set of software products in the field of Geographic

Information Systems or GIS. Produced and marketed by the Environmental
System Research Institute (ESRI), a company founded by Jack Dangermond in
1969, under the generic name ArcGIS several applications are grouped for the
capture, editing, analysis, treatment, design, publication and printing of
geographic information. These applications are included in thematic families
such as ArcGIS Server, for web publication and management, or ArcGIS Mobile
for the capture and management of information in the field.

In addition to ArcMap, you can count on the extensions:

 3D Analyst,
 Geostatistical Analyst,
 Maplex,
 Network Analyst,
 Schematics,
 Spatial Analyst,
 Tracking Analyst
 ArcScan.

Image 2: Representation of the software that operates in the form of vectors and
rasters (Taken from ESRI, 2015).

Spatial Analyst provides a wide range of resources related to spatial data

research. With this tool you can create, consult and analyze raster data;
combine multiple raster layers; apply mathematical functions, construct and
obtain new information from already existing data; also allows:
  Obtain new information from existing data;
 Find suitable locations;
 Perform distance and cost analysis of the journey;
 Identify the best existing route between two points;
 Perform statistical analyzes and Interpolate data values for a given study
area.

The ArcGIS 3D Analyst extension provides tools for creating, viewing, and
analyzing GIS data in a three-dimensional context; The ArcScene function, for
example, allows you to create and animate 3D environments. For example, a
common use of this tool is the modeling of geological layers and groundwater
data related to underground hydraulic catchments (ESRI,2016).

On the other hand, Geostatistical Analyst is the tool that allows geostatistical
analysis to be carried out, starting from the exploratory analysis of the data to its
spatial representation.

One of the great strengths of QGIS is that it works on any of the operating
systems: GNU/Linux, BSD, Unix, Mac OSX, Windows and Android, functioning
similarly in all of them.

Incorporation of reservations:

Softwares applied to:

 Numerical methods
 Probabilistic methods

Initial characterization:

Softwares applied to:

1. Static modeling
 ECLIPSE

It is a software, a tool for reservoir simulation. It presents several options:

black oil modeling (ECLIPSE 100) and compositional modeling (ECLIPSE 300).
ECLIPSE 100, which is a fully implicit, three-phase, three-dimensional, general-
purpose simulator with the option to simulate gas condensate, defines the oil
and gas phases as units whose composition is constant at any pressure and
time. ECLIPSE 300 is the option to simulate the reservoir fluids with their
variables; fractional composition of components and their simulation using cubic
equations of state, pressure-dependent permeability values and black oil
treatment. The choice of the type of simulator is determined by the
characteristics of the reservoir with respect to its critical point or bubble
pressure, when a system must be modeled that is close to the critical point
where the smallest changes in pressure and temperature considerably affect
the compositional behavior. of the different fluids it is necessary to use a
compositional modeling simulator. ECLIPSE is built in the FORTRAN77
programming language and can be run on any computer with an ANSI-Standard
compiler and sufficient memory.

How does it work?

 The program accesses information from a single flat data file that contains
the complete description of the model. This file is a collection of commands
known as “keywords” that indicate what type of information entered and/or
generated will be used, the program processes it and generates results that are
read and displayed with other keywords intended for this purpose. The single
data file is designed to be read in the program in sections, each section is

Image 3: Eclipse implementation.

designed for a specific purpose. Sections of the file are defined and determined
to execute and store information according to the steps and description of the
model.

 PETREL SOFTWARE

It is a software from the Schlumberger company, developed by geoscientists

in 1996 and marketed in 1988, in each version of this software it offers new
functionalities that allow interpreting seismic data, correlating wells, modeling
the geological structure of the reservoir (3D), visualizing the results, calculate
volumes, generate maps and design exploitation strategies to maximize
reservoir production accurately and efficiently.

2. Dynamic modeling
 PIPESIM

Models oil/gas flow from reservoir to fluid delivery, evaluates flow safety,
erosion rate, hydrodynamic plugs, hydrate formation, thermal performance, pipe
plugging, distribution, field design and planning, one simple line Flow can be
modeled or introduced to a surface network through a hydraulic model.
Likewise, injection systems can be modeled using Productivity Index (PI). The
fluid model can be defined as Black Crude Black Oil or Compositional Fluid
(Equations of State). PIPESIM is known for having the largest range of
correlations for multiphase flow on the market. , includes mechanistic and
empirical correlations, also allows adapting third-party correlations such as

Shell.

 GOCAD

It is a registered trademark of Earth Decision Corporation, belongs to the

Paradigm company. Gocad is a tool for geological modeling of reservoirs.
Gocad applications can be executed from various operating systems such as:
Windows, Linux, Sun, Solaris and SGI Irix. The Gocad framework is designed to
contain all modeling phases, the phases are developed individually in work
modules. The Gocad interface is based on Windows, the working method is
through programmed wizards or workflows. With the help of the workflow, it is
possible to carry out the different stages for generating the model following an
order recommended by the program.
Image 4: PIPESIM implementation.
 Production stage: development, exploitation, field and abandonment

HMI: HARDWARE

There are several types of HMI devices, but the most common ones used at
this stage are these:

 Mobile Panels: These are based on process screens, which create light
sources, which will be used for mobile or non-static visualizations.
 Micro Panels: These are small, generally based on monochrome LCD
screens, which are used for alphanumeric data.
 Panels: Those that provide dynamic and graphic information on the
variables of a system.
 Multi Panels: Systems with more than one screen, to monitor and
operate several processes at the same time.

HMI: SOFTWARE

These software allow, among other things, the following functions:

Graphic interface so you can see the process and interact with the record in
real time and history in data management and alarm control.

As in operation terminals, a design or development tool is required, which is

used to configure the desired application and then execution software must run
on the controller (Run Time).

On the other hand, this software can communicate directly with other external
devices (processes) or do so within software specialized in communication,
which is the current trend.

HMI Software Developers:

 Lab View
 Siemens (Win CC)
 GE Fanuc (IFIX/Cimplicity)
 Omrom SCS
 RS View
 Wonderware (In Touch)
 Pipesoft-2 is a flow and heat transfer simulator ideal for wells and pipelines.
The program optimizes production. To do this, it is based on the solutions of
fluid flow laws, evaluating the behavior within the well, the lines and the
production and injection systems.

PVTLIB, Black oil/compositional properties: is a program that works with

great precision to determine the physical properties of gas, oil and water using
two state equations Redlich-Kwong-Soave (RKS) and Peng-Robinson (PR) that
give enough accuracy in the calculation of reserves and in the calculation of
production when there is multiphase fluid in the reservoir. These allow obtaining
a complete compositional analysis of the fluid. PVTLIB links over 140 PVT
correlations for gas, condensate, oil and water.

Material Balance Analysis: OilWat-GasWat, It is easy to use and provides an

accurate reservoir simulation without the need for extensive input data. With
OilWat/GasWat, complete material balance analyzes can be performed, with
greater understanding of the reservoir performance and its potential by
reviewing the decline curves obtained.

VolOil-VolGas, Quick calculations and estimates of reserves and depletion

It provides standardized methods for calculating reserves and depletion that

allow the creation of balance sheets, recovery factors, data for volumetric
calculations, etc.

Conclusions
  A wide variety of specialized software is used in the oil field.
 The first links of the value chain provide us with enough information to be
able to carry out software simulations.
 The information provided by the software is not always correct; it is the
job of a specialist engineer to verify and correct it to obtain a correct simulation.
 This technology is improved over time, what was thought impossible
yesterday will be a piece of cake tomorrow, they are updated to provide more
precise information.

Bibliographic references:
1. (2017). sensors in industry. January 21, 2018, by Schlumberger
Website:
http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/es/Terms/d/downhole_sensors.as
px

2. http://publicaciones.urbe.edu/index.php/telos/article/viewArticle/
2567/3672
3. Fanny Astrid Barragán Gasca. (2017). Computing tools applied to oil
exploration. January 2018, from the National Autonomous University
of MEXICO Website: file:///C:/Users/Monica/Downloads/Herramientas
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4. Llumiquinga Daniel. (2013). Petroleum software. August 10, from

scribd Website:
https://www.scribd.com/document/159383078/Software-Simulacion-
Yacimientos

5. Eng. Diego González Cruz. (2006). Notes on reservations. May 25,

from SCRIBD Website: http://venezuelagas.net/documents/2006-ST-
01-spa.pdf