BIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS

OF THE MOVEMENT I

SYLLABUS:
1. Planes and axes of movement

2. Types of movement

3. Forms and structures of the exercise:

a. Natural
b. Built
c. Analytics
d. Synthetics
e. Global

Francisco Gabriel Jaimes Ochoa

Apatzingán, Mich. as of March 14, 2013
 PLANES AND AXES OF THE HUMAN BODY

Human movement that occurs from anatomical position is described as taking

place in a plane (a flat surface) around an axis (a straight line around which an
object rotates). The anatomical position is the starting point of movement.

The anatomical position is one in which we stand, with our feet together at the
heels and the tips of our fingers slightly open. The palms of the hands face
forward (supination).

In this reference position we must also mark the “body axis”. This is an imaginary
line that would cross us from the top of the skull and come out through the
perineum area.

Muscles create movement of body segments in various planes that divide the body into different
parts. The three specific planes are perpendicular (at right angles) to each other.

The three specific plans are:

1. SAGITAL PLANE
2. HORIZONTAL PLANE
3. FRONT PLANE

SAGITAL PLANE

The sagittal plane, also called the anteroposterior plane, passes from
the front to the back of the body, creating a left side and a right side of
the body. There can be any number of sagittal planes but there is a
single sagittal cardinal plane that divides the body into equal segments
with exactly half of the body on each side of the cardinal plane.

The cardinal plane appears in some texts as the main plane and these
terms are interchangeable.

HORIZONTAL PLANE

The horizontal plane also known as the transverse plane passes

through the body horizontally dividing the body into two segments,
one above and one below.

There can be any number of transverse planes but there

is only one horizontal cardinal plane that divides the body
in equal proportions up and down.
FRONT PLANE

The frontal plane, also known as the lateral plane, crosses

the body from one side to the other, creating a front side and a back side.
There can be any number of frontal planes but there is only one frontal cardinal plane which
divides the body into equal parts front and back.

GRAVITY CENTER

The point of intersection of all three cardinal planes is the center of

gravity of the body.

When all segments of the body are combined and the body is considered
a solid structure in the anatomical position, the center of gravity is
located approximately in the lower part of the lumbar spine.

If body parts move from the anatomical position or the weight of the
body changes by increasing or decreasing it or by carrying loads such as
weights, the location of the center of gravity changes.

AXES OF MOVEMENT

 Longitudinal axis: the longitudinal axis of the body is what we have called “body axis”. It is
an imaginary line that crosses the body from the skull to the perineum (when we see the
long bones, we will also talk about their longitudinal axis, referring to the imaginary line
that crosses them from the proximal to the distal part.

 Sagittal axis: it is an imaginary line that crosses the body from front to back.

 Transverse axis: it is an imaginary line that crosses the body from one side to the other.

AXES OF THE HUMAN BODY

An axis is a straight line around which an object rotates. In the human body, the joints are painted
as axes and the bones as the objects that rotate around them in a plane perpendicular to the axis.
There are three principal axes and the rotation is described as occurring in a plane around the axis
that is perpendicular to the plane and passes through its entire center.

The axes are:

1. horizontal front axis

2. Vertical axis
3. horizontal sagittal axis

HORIZONTAL FRONT AXLE

The sagittal plane rotates around the horizontal frontal axis. The knee is
a horizontal frontal axis and the lower limb is the object that moves in
the sagittal plane when the knee is bent.
 VERTICAL AXIS

The sagittal plane rotates around the horizontal frontal axis. The knee
is a horizontal frontal axis and the lower limb is the object that moves
in the sagittal plane when the knee is bent.

HORIZONTAL SAGITAL AXIS

The frontal plane rotates around the horizontal sagittal axis. When the
arm is raised to the side, the shoulder is the horizontal sagittal axis and
the arm is the object moving in the frontal plane.

PLANES, AXES AND FUNDAMENTAL MOVEMENTS

TYPES OF MOVEMENT (ACcording to their axes and

planes)

Movements in the frontal plane

The movements that are carried out in the frontal plane are those that are visible from the face.

 Abduction or separation: it is the movement that moves a body segment away from the
midline of the body (body axis).
 Adduction or approximation: it is the movement that moves a body segment towards the
body axis.
 Tilt (referring to the trunk): in a frontal plane, the trunk performs a right or left lateral tilt

Movements in the sagittal plane

The movements that are made in the sagittal plane are those that are visible in profile

 Flexion: In a generic way we speak of flexion when a body

region moves forward (flexion of the trunk, flexion of the
head...). When we talk about a specific joint, flexion represents
a lower angulation in the amplitude of the joint. In the shoulder
joint, this movement is called “antepulsion.”

 Extension: We speak of extension when a body region moves

backwards (extension of the trunk, head...) When we talk about
a joint, extension implies a greater angulation in the amplitude
of the joint. In the shoulder joint, this movement is called
“retropulsion.”

Movements in the transverse plane

The movements carried out in the transverse plane are visible from above or below.

 External rotation: moves a part of the body outwards

 Internal rotation: moves a part of the body inwards

In the neck and trunk we talk about rotation to the right or to the left

In the forearm we talk about “supination and pronation”.

It must be remembered that movements take place in a plane around an axis. There are three
planes and three axes with two fundamental movements in each plane

INTERNAL ROTATION AND EXTERNAL ROTATION

The fundamental movements in the horizontal plane

are rotation. When the anterior surface of the upper or
lower limb moves away from the midline of the body
(or rotates laterally), this movement is called external
rotation or lateral rotation. When the anterior surface
of the upper or lower limb approaches the midline of the body (or rotates medially), this
movement is called internal rotation or medial rotation.

CIRCUMDICTION

Joints capable of creating movement in two planes (biaxial)

and three planes (triaxial) can produce another movement
called circumduction. Circumduction combines two or more
fundamental movements, therefore it is not considered a
fundamental movement of a joint.

FORMS AND STRUCTURES OF THE EXERCISE

1.- Natural 2.- Built 3.- Analytical 4.- Synthetic 5.-Global

1. Natural Exercises:

They are those that are part of the motor skills of the human being. They do not require technical
learning and are global and spontaneous in nature. Walk, run, throw, climb, crawl, jump…. They
are the movements with which we can interact with the natural environment.

2. Constructed exercises

They require technical learning and require a very defined execution pattern. They usually have a
very specific purpose and usually require precision and mastery of the gesture. Taking into account
the quantitative participation of the body

3. Analytical exercises

The body segments are requested independently, isolating the action of each member. Aim to
precisely locate a movement and try to achieve objectives quickly. The movement is fully defined,
both the starting position, the execution and the final position.
4. Synthetics

They involve the sum of several analytical movements. It is a combined movement with a lower
degree of definition in its execution. They represent a step between analytical and global
exercises. They are widely used in sports assimilation exercises.

5. Global

They are exercises in which movement involves the participation of the entire body. In the
sporting field it is the culmination of technical gestures in which great control, precision and
fluidity can be seen.