TYPES OF LOGIC

Diego Alberto Betancourth

Hoover Andres Ortiz
Nicholas Pineda
David Fernando Barrera
Laura Andrea Saavedra
TYPES OF LOGIC
➔ MODERN LOGIC ➔ MATERIAL LOGIC ➔
FORMAL LOGIC ➔ INFORMAL LOGIC ➔
NATURAL LOGIC ➔ SCIENTIFIC LOGIC
MODERN LOGIC
MODAL LOGIC: is that which is used in concepts of possibility and
necessity.

SEMIOTIC LOGIC: is the logic that focuses on the communication

systems of society. This can be pragmatics, syntax or semantics.
DEONTIC LOGIC: with this, the norms and propositions are formally
analyzed, which deal with the norms.

PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC: type of logic that analyzes those

reasonings normally considered valid, which are based on logical
operators and propositions.

QUANTIFICATIONAL LOGIC: this is based on the study of predicates

in detail, where it uses quantifiers

NATURAL LOGIC
Natural logic is commonly used by any of us, at any stage of our life,
since it is an intuitive logic developed by a clearly sensitive experience
and is executed by the same person as a preventive mechanism.

EXAMPLE:
A clear example is a small child who plays in a tree and falls from a
very high height; He perceives an experience that he will keep as a
preventive method and in the future he will use as logic to know that
he should not jump from too high or pay attention so as not to fall
and suffer some type of damage.
FORMAL LOGIC
It is a purely philosophical discipline that is responsible for
 discerning the truthfulness of a proposition in the aspects of
concept, judgment and reasoning.
CLASS LOGIC: This is responsible for studying propositions
and finding a logical reason for them by studying a mesh of
propositions in order to understand and explain their logical
reason.

PREDICATE LOGIC:
It is responsible for studying and searching for the logic of texts and
predicates, giving meaning to the writing of languages, avoiding
linguistic interference (it only works on constant and variable
predicates of the individual).
LOGIC OF RELATIONSHIPS:
This is in charge of the study of language based on symbols,
elements and rules for their correct linguistic and phonetic use
(origin, understanding and use).

STATEMENT LOGIC:
It is responsible for the study of valid reasoning to verify its explicit
 truthfulness.

MATERIAL LOGIC
Material logic is called that type of reasoning or internal process in
which a particular object is analyzed for the value of its content based
on the premises which must be deducible to a material truth.
SEMIOTICS
Discipline that deals with the comparative study of sign systems
(sign), from the simplest signaling systems to natural languages and
the formalized languages of science. The basic functions of a sign
system are:
1) Transmit a communication or the expression of a meaning
(Meaning and meaning)
2) Communicate, that is, to make it possible for the listener (the
reader) to understand a transmitted communication and also to
induce an action, influence emotionally.
SEMIOTICS IS DIVIDED INTO 3
FUNDAMENTAL PARTS...
SYNTAX
• Analyze the relationship between the different symbols or signs
of language.
• Study the combination of symbols.
• Establish the rules for combining words for a sentence. Ex:

I buy the one on the fourth floor, a dryer lady

The lady on the fourth floor bought a dryer.

SEMANTICS
• Study the relationship between signs and their meanings, this is
divided into:
1. Denotation or Extension: Word that is found in dictionaries or
encyclopedias and is universally accepted.
2. Connotation or Designation: Alternative or secondary way to use
 a word. Ex: Donkey: Equine type animal - Silly person

PRAGMATICS
• It is the discipline that is responsible for the relationship between
the signs of language and the contexts or circumstances in
which such signs are used.

Ex: “There is fish on the table” USES:

1. Save the fish because the cat arrived

2. Eat fish
3. The refrigerator was damaged
 Semiosis
Process by which signs relate to

each other.

IMPORTANCE IN THE
SOCIAL SCIENCES
Semiotics has had an important impact
both on the studies of language and
human communication, and on the
understanding of the psychological and
social phenomena that are generated
through that communication.

That is why semiotics is related in an important way to the problem of knowledge, and to
the way by which signs allow us to reach it, that is, in other words, semiotics, the study
of signs, allows us It offers a point of view on reality, and on the way in which things
acquire and transmit meaning, which has been especially useful in extending the scope
of the human sciences.

WE CAN CONCLUDE...
Semiotics deals with the relationship between the
speaker and the listener (Pragmatics), with the
relationship between the designated object and the
sign (semantics) or with the relationship of signs to
each other (syntax).
CRITICISM OF SEMIOTIC LOGIC
Some of their criticisms revolve around the fact that semiotics is a
discipline that tries to cover too many things, which makes its
methods diffuse and sometimes difficult to justify using traditional
scientific methods.
SCIENTIFIC LOGIC

It is one that follows natural logic, but at the same time adds reason,
where the human being creates approaches to everything that
exists.
DEONTIC LOGIC
 L. DEONTIC

PROHIBIT IT MANDA
S ALLOWS TORY
Deontic logic has a special function within the structural margin of legal
doctrine, since it specializes in the exact analysis of legal norms, their
composition, structure, reasoning scheme up to their valid and rational
argument; Despite analyzing an object that is abstract, it is a useful tool
for judges, since it clarifies interpretation problems and allows legal
cases to be resolved.
We can say that graphically there are certain criteria that represent it:

O: You are obliged to

Op: Must do

P: NOT PROHIBITED

Pp: I can do
EXAMPLE:
O: I am obliged to fulfill my job Op: I have to do the
university work

Propositional logic
It is an exact, explicit and formal language whose function is the study
of propositions. Its objective is to expose and clarify correct reasoning
and distinguish it from incorrect ones.
Proposition: Any linguistic term from which its truth or falsity can be
predicated.
Examples:
• Tomorrow is Thursday (true)
• Cats fly (false)
It is a formal, ancient and simple system of the forms of logic. Using a
primary sample of language, this allows us to show and send
assertions about the things that surround us. Furthermore, it can be
called Propositional Calculus in this way.
Basics
Propositional logic allows argumentation through a method where the
main thing is to evaluate simple sentences and then complex
sentences, which are done through the management of propositional
connectives. For example me. This determines the truth of a complex
sentence, where it examines the truthfulness values assigned to the
elementary sentences that make it up.

Proposals
The proposition is an essential element of mathematical logic, it
participates only with propositions, Propositional Logic or
propositions. Because of this, the main thing is to identify which
sentences or phrases form propositions and which do not.

Logically equivalent propositions

Two propositions are logically similar if they both have the same truth
values for all combinations of values of the simple propositions that
constitute them. This means that in each of the meanings of both, the
truth values of these propositions are similar.
 Simple propositions
A proposition is a sentence that can be true or false, but both are not
possible at the same time. That is, the fundamental thing about a
proposition is that it takes one of possible true values, either they are
true or they are false.

Composite propositions
It is one that is not only composed of a simple proposition. Examples:

The cells are prokaryotic or eukaryotic.

 The number 8 is even or it is odd.

The square root of 25 is 5, or -5.

It's raining and it's hot.

Logical operators
These allow simple propositions to be joined to make compound
propositions.
Conjunction:
It is used to join two propositions that must be made so that a true result
can be achieved. The compound proposition that encompasses a
conjunction is stating that the simpler propositions that compose it are
fulfilled. They are evidenced using the symbol ''^'', it is also known as
logical multiplication, the ''y'' operator, other symbols are ''y'' ''.'' ''n''.
logical
connectives
Symbol meaning

denial no p

conjunction p and q

disjunction poq

conditional if p then q

biconditional p if and only if

exclusive disjunction opoq

weak disjunction
With the weak disjunction operator a true result is obtained when any
of the propositions is true. It is generally indicated by the symbol ∨ .
It is also known as logical addition, “or” operator. Other symbols
also used to represent it are “+ ∪ ” and “”. As a proposition it is
known by these other names: inclusive disjunction , weak
disjunction , "copulative disjunction" and "non-rigorous disjunction."
strong disjunction

Using the strong disjunction operator there is a true output exactly if

one of the operands is true and the other is false. If the two operands
have the same truth value, the output is false. It is called exclusive
disjunction , rigorous disjunction and divisive disjunction . It is
represented by a v with a . on the 'inside', also with the Greek letter
delta capitalized. The strong disjunction logically implies the weak
disjunction.
Denial

The function of the negation operator is to negate another

proposition. This means that if any proposition is true and the
negation operator is applied to it, its complement or negation (false)
will be obtained. This operator is indicated by the following symbols:
', , -, ∼ .
 INFORMAL LOGIC
Informal logic is that type of philosophical discipline that focuses on
the study of everyday language and thought, with the function of
cataloging good from bad or right from wrong.
Logic brings with itself a series of formal elements in its
composition such as:

. recognition
Language diagram
. Classification evaluation
LOGIC
INFORMAL argumentation
. Argument
formal
. logical fallacies informal
It should be noted that informal logic is totally dependent on
language, mainly on the following
components:
Letters
Spelling PARAGRA
Words PHS
Grammar
Sentences PREMISE
Paragraph

ARGUMENT
CONCLUSION
EXAMPLES:
1 Sentence No. C-160/99

2 Sentence type
ruling intended for the implementation, formation
and regulation of conciliation centers

3 Date March 17, 1999

4 Accused standards
claim of unconstitutionality against articles 68, 82,
85 and 87 of law 446/98 and art 25 of law 23/91
5 ACTIVE Benjamin Ochoa Moreno
6 MAGISTRATE Antonio Barrera Carbonel
SPEAKER
LAW N° 1951
The objective of this law is the creation of the ministry of science,
technology and research which strengthens its essence by
imparting to the country's research community