Experiment N° 11

Physics Lab Pre-Report

Name of the Experiments:

11 Bernoulli's Theorem and Venturi Tube

Name of the students:

Cañete Elías (CE)
Insfran Diego (CE)
Vera Rubén (EME)
Yegros Alejandro (CE)

Career:
Civil Engineering
Electromechanical Engineering

Date: 06/13/2024

Score:

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Index
Bernoulli's Theorem and Venturi Tube...................................................................... 3
Objective of the experiments:....................................................................................... 3
Theory:................................................................................................................................3
Materials:........................................................................................................................... 5
Procedure:......................................................................................................................... 5
Data..................................................................................................................................... 6
Analysis.............................................................................................................................. 7
Conclusion......................................................................................................................... 9

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Bernoulli's Theorem and Venturi Tube

Objective of the experiments:

To understand, demonstrate, and verify Bernoulli's Theorem by
analyzing the relationship between the flow rate and pressure in a
Venturi Tube, and comparing the experimental results with the
theoretical.

Theory:
Bernoulli's Theorem is a principle of fluid mechanics that describes
the behavior of fluid moving along a stable, non-viscous, and
non-compressible streamline. From energy conservation, the total of
various kinds of fluid mechanical energy must be the same at every
spot along the flow direction in a stable water flow. Bernoulli's
Theorem implies that the pressure decreases if the fluid’s speed
increases, and vice versa.

1 2
𝑃+ 2
ρ𝑣 + ρ𝑔ℎ = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Where:
v is velocity.
g is gravitational acceleration.
h is the height of fluid (from a reference point).
P is the pressure.
ρ is the density of the fluid.

A Venturi tube is a device that demonstrates Bernoulli’s principle,

consisting of a pipe with a constricted (narrowed) throat that causes
the fluid flowing through it to change velocity and pressure. It can
be used as an indicator measuring the fluid velocity. For a
variational cross-section cone tube (big→small→big). When fluid
passes by, since the cross-section narrows, the fluid velocity
increases and the pressure decreases. The cross-section is the
smallest at the throat area, therefore, the fluid is the fastest and
the pressure is the lowest. The volume of fluid flowing through each
cross-section is the same at the same time interval. When fluid

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flows through the Venturi tube, cross-section variation leads to
speed variation, which produces pressure difference. If we measure
the pressure difference, we can obtain flow.
Applying Bernoulli's formula at the same horizontal level
(reference) at different positions, the relation between fluid velocity
and height is
2 2
2𝑢1 2𝑢0
2𝑔
+ ℎ1 = 2𝑔
+ ℎ0
Where:
𝑢1 and 𝑢0 : are the fluid velocities at two different points in the flow.

𝑔: is the acceleration due to gravity.

ℎ1​and ℎ0: are the heights (elevations) of the fluid at points 1 and 0.

Under constant temperature conditions, by continuity equation, we

can get
𝑄𝑣 = 𝑢1𝐴1 = 𝑢0𝐴0
From the above formulas, we can get
2𝑔(ℎ1−ℎ0) 2𝑔(ℎ1−ℎ0)
𝑢0 = 𝐴 2
𝑄𝑣 = 𝐴0 × 𝐴 2
1−( 𝐴1 ) 1−( 𝐴1 )
0 0

Using the discharge coefficient to correct, we get:

2𝑔(ℎ1−ℎ0)
𝑄𝑣 = 𝐶𝑑 × 𝐴0 × 𝐴 2
1−( 𝐴1 )
0

A Pitot tube is an instrument used to measure pressure and can be

utilized to determine the local velocity at a specific point rather
than the average velocity across the entire pipeline. The basic
structure includes a tube placed in the fluid flow. By measuring the
pressure difference once the tube is filled with fluid, we obtain the
stagnation pressure, which is the total pressure when the fluid is
stationary within the tube. Stagnation pressure alone cannot
determine the fluid's velocity. However, according to Bernoulli's
theorem, stagnation pressure equals the sum of static pressure and
dynamic pressure. Therefore, we can express the relationship using

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the equation provided. In the accompanying figure, points 1 and 2
are at the same elevation, and their total pressures are equal. The
velocity at point 1 is v, while the velocity at point 2 is zero.

Materials:
- Aluminum experimental platform
- Slide tube holder (x5)
- Venturi tube
- Quick connector for input
- Speed controller for sinking pump
- Sinking pump with quick connector
- Dynamic pressure tube
- 120𝑐𝑚 pipe with two quick connectors
- Open-tube manometer device
- Clear acrylic tube connector (x2)
- 120𝑐𝑚 pipe with one quick connector
- Bucket

Procedure:
1. Start the depuration process to prevent air to filtrate in the fluid
and into the pipes. Completely close off the air valve and turn on
the motor giving the fluid a small acceleration, preventing the fluid
from reaching the level of the pipe openings, and slightly
accelerating the liquid.
2. Once the water starts entering the pipes please make sure no air
is filtrating, in case of air bubbles turn down the acceleration until
the bubble goes down to the tube and is pushed out.
3. Slightly open the air valve and regulate the velocity so as not to
let the fluid reach too high fast. Open the air valve by small turns
and control the fluid levels in the pipes.

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 4. Once the air valve is open, the fluid in the pipes should have been
stabilized and easily controlled with the speed controller. Correct
depuration is fundamental for the process, if not done correctly the
lectures will be inaccurate.
5. You may control the Experimental flow rate in the drifting flow
meter, to adjust the voltage of the sinking pump in order to keep the
same flow rate. Record the Experimental Flow Rate.
6. Once the fluid stabilizes, record the height of the fluid columns.
7. Repeat the same procedure for different Experimental Flow Rate
readings and use the provided formulae to calculate the Theoretical
Flow Rate. Use the Figure and data chart provided to make the
calculations.

Experimental Data
Position content X1 X2 X3 X4 X0 X5 X6 X7

Diameter(mm) 17 16 14.8 13.6 12.7 13.6 20.4 20.4

Section Area 𝐴i 226.98 201.06 172.03 145.27 126.68 145.27 326.85 326.85
(𝑚𝑚2 )

𝐶𝑑i 3.29 3.39 3.44 3.44 3.29 3.47 2.76 2.76

Relative error <3.5% <3.5% <3.6% <3.6% <3.5% <3.6% <3.1% <3.1%
(%)
Table 11.1.1 Collected data

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 Flow rate: 12 LPM

Position content X1 X2 X3 X4 X0 X5 X6 X7

Height of water 12.8 10.7 9 6.7 5 6.2 11.9 14.4

column (mm)
Table 11.1.2 Collected data
Flow rate: 15 LPM

Position content X1 X2 X3 X4 X0 X5 X6 X7

Height of water 14.8 13.25 10.9 7.7 5.2 7.7 7.1 18.5
column (mm)
Table 11.1.3 Collected data

Analysis
Flow rate: 12 LPM

Position content X1 X2 X3 X4 X0 X5 X6 X7

Height of water 12.8 10.7 9 6.7 5 6.2 11.9 14.4

column (mm)

Velocity (mm/s) 11.45 12.92 15.11 17.89 20.52 17.89 7.95 7.95

Flow rate (LPM) 15.66 15.68 15.65 15.65 15.66 15.65 15.64 15.64

Corrected flow 15.42 15.47 15.42 15.41 15.43 15.41 15.41 15.41
rate (LPM)

Error (%) 22.8 23.1 22.8 22.7 22.8 22.7 22.7 22.7
Table 11.1.4 Results 12 LPM
Flow rate: 15 LPM

Position content X1 X2 X3 X4 X0 X5 X6 X7

Height of water 14.8 13.25 10.9 7.7 5.2 7.7 7.1 18.5
column (mm)

Velocity (mm/s) 11.45 12.92 15.11 17.89 20.52 17.89 7.95 7.95

Flow rate (LPM) 15.59 15.86 15.60 15.59 15.59 15.59 15.59 15.59

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Corrected flow 15.35 15.35 15.36 15.36 15.36 15.35 15.35 15.35
rate (LPM)

Error(%) 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3

Table 11.1.5 Results 15 LPM

Graph 11.1.1 Comparison height-velocity

Graph 11.1.2 Comparison height-velocity

In Tables 11.1.4 and 11.1.5, we can observe that the velocity of our
incompressible fluid (water) increases as it flows through the
narrower section (X0) of the Venturi tube. This aligns with

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Bernoulli's principle, which states that an increase in the velocity of
a fluid corresponds to a decrease in its static pressure, and vice
versa.
The narrower section (X0) has the lowest cross-sectional area,
causing the fluid velocity (v) to increase. According to Bernoulli's
equation, static pressure (P) decreases as the velocity increases.
This decrease in static pressure is observed as a lower height in the
fluid columns. In the wider sections of the Venturi tube, the fluid
velocity decreases, indicating an increase in static pressure, which
results in a higher height in the fluid columns. This relationship
can be easily seen in the graphs.
Using the continuity equation and then the discharge coefficient to
find the experimental flow rate and the corrected one at different
points of the Venturi tube, we notice that they do not differ much
(see Tables 11.1.4 and 11.1.5). For the flow rate of 15 LPM, we got
an average error % of 2.3 which is a relatively low percentage of
error, and for the low rate of 12 LPM, the average error % was 22.8,
a result that suggests a bad measure of the height or lack of
calibration.

Conclusion
As the Venturi tube got narrower, the fluid moved faster, which
caused the pressure to decrease, a property that can be seen
through the lower heights of the fluid columns in the narrower
sections. Through this experiment, we showed the principles of
Bernoulli's theorem using a Venturi tube. The data we collected,
allowed us to calculate the velocities and low rate values that
matched well with the expected results.
An important point from this experiment was the importance of
properly calibrating the Venturi tube before measuring the heights
of the fluid columns since incorrect measurements or uncalibrated
equipment can lead to significant errors, as seen in the data for the
flow rate of 12 LPM, which showed a high average error percentage.