CHAPTER ONE

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.1. Introduction

Car rental systems are an essential part of the transportation industry, providing individuals and
organizations with access to vehicles on a temporary basis. These systems have evolved
significantly over the years, adapting to changing customer preferences, technological
advancements, and market dynamics. Transport facility is a matter of headache for those people
who do not have any personal transport in Dhaka city. On occasions like Wedding, Vacation,
house shifting, and tour outside Dhaka and on many other situations they feel the necessity of a
vehicle to sort out the problems. So if it is possible to design or develop a web based application
for availing transport whenever and wherever possible, then it will be beneficial for both renter
and transport provider. Now a day, by some clicks only, we can get whatever you want at home.
We already know about the online shopping, e-banking etc. Similarly, The Car Rental System is
the online facility to book cars online within few clicks only. Some people cannot afford to have
a car, for those people this system becomes very helpful. This system includes various cars, as
per the customer order and comfort, it place the order and deliver the car as per the location
within the area. For travelling a long distance, booking can be done via internet service only. At
the heart of a car rental system is the ability for customers to rent vehicles for a specific period,
ranging from a few hours to several weeks or months. The rental process typically involves the
following key elements:

Fleet Management: Car rental companies maintain a fleet of vehicles, which they acquire,
maintain, and manage to meet the varying demands of their customers. This involves decisions
around vehicle selection, acquisition, maintenance, and disposal.

Reservation and Booking: Customers can reserve and book rental vehicles through various
channels, such as online platforms, mobile apps, or physical rental locations. These systems
allow customers to search for available vehicles, compare prices, and secure their rental
reservations.
Pickup and Drop-off: When renting a vehicle, customers will visit the designated rental
location to pick up the reserved car. After using the vehicle, they will return it to the same or a
different location, depending on the rental agreement.

Pricing and Billing: Car rental companies offer a range of pricing options, such as daily,
weekly, or monthly rates, as well as additional fees for extras like insurance, fuel, and mileage.
The billing process ensures accurate charges and payments for the rental period.

Customer Service: Effective customer service is crucial in the car rental industry. Rental
companies strive to provide a seamless and positive experience, from the initial booking to the
return of the vehicle, to build customer loyalty and satisfaction.

Over the years, car rental systems have undergone significant transformations, driven by
technological advancements, changing customer preferences, and evolving industry dynamics.
The introduction of online booking platforms, mobile apps, and data analytics has revolutionized
the customer experience and improved the operational efficiency of car rental companies.

By understanding the general structure and elements of car rental systems, researchers and
practitioners can explore ways to enhance the customer experience, optimize fleet management,
and adapt to the ever-changing transportation landscape.

However customers will take this service by visiting the system, register and they will get their
id and password. Customers will have the facility to select any type of car, search car by their
brand name. Upon selection of particular type customers will able to get their entire details like
rent type, cost for taking a particular car, mileage details in kilometer an hour. This system can
also help for customers to fill the basic information details like name, address, total number of
family members who also travel through the car, number of days to take service, location to
travel etc. The main aim of this project Online Vehicle Rental system project is to maintain
records of cars.

Basically this system help Online Vehicle Rental shopper to make daily record and easy billing
of customers and also help to keep maintain monthly revenues and help to grow business. This
system work 24×7 because of its online existence. Customer can use this system from anywhere
and anytime. Customers can book car service from any were in the world and take service when
they visit that city.

1.2. Background to Study

Lez-b car rental agency is a rental car management service Company that offers services such as
car hiring to different Customers according to their desires. It was founded by one person
namely, Mr. Leslly in 2024. Lez-b car rental agency was formed on self-help basis and got first
registered in 2024. Because of the advancement of technology, the Company has found it viable
to introduce a computerized system that should lead to high speed, accuracy and efficiency in
daily activities. In addition, a centralized database has become a better choice. From the
standpoint of practicality in today's business setting, Lez-b car rental agency is wanting to come
up with an online database management system that can offer more speed and flexibility.
Centralizing the online database by integrating it according to a business or end-user defined
subject area and having the ownership moved to the owners of the subject area can solve the
problem of database failure and business stoppage. Online car rental management information
system is vital and Lez-b car rental agency does not possess one, which lead to complexity,
uncertainty and required judgments, insight and much inter-personal skill to carry out their tasks.
Information flows are essential and so there should be very much reliance on computer
dominated systems. In other words, Lez-b car rental agency needed control system with
feedback, which were essential in carrying out the monitoring role. There is need for
management information systems in order to obtain information about the environment by
scanning and information gathering process (Lucey, 1997). This is done to identify potential
threats and opportunities. Having no management information system left theorganization
unprepared for risk and this exposed it to greater disaster.

An Information System like an online car rental management system can therefore be looked at

as a collection of machinery, people and methods used to accomplish functions. Managers at this
level are concerned with the implementation and control of day-to-day activities of the
organization and hence the absence of management information systems which made the
organization vulnerable to risk. This is so because effective and efficient information processing
is very essential since controls are numerous, monitoring is constant, data volumes are quite high
and immediate response is needed. The manual file system is extremely slow and time
consuming; therefore Africa One Travels Company needs to replace the manual file system with
a computerized online car rental management information system to match the day to day
increasing volume of transactions. Due to the increased number of customers from 2001 by 2000
to 4000 by 2012, the organization needs to provide accurate, fast and reliable information. And
this can only be attained by computerizing the organization's operations; therefore the
organization has to shift from the manual system to a computerized online car rental
management information system that could help improve storing, retrieving, updating,
advertising and deleting unwanted necessary records (Dominick, 2002)

1.3. Statement of the Problem

The car rental industry is grappling with a multitude of challenges that require comprehensive
solutions to improve operational efficiency, enhance the customer experience, and maintain a
competitive edge in the rapidly evolving transportation landscape. Car rental agencies still rents
out cars of any size to the business community in Cameroon. It uses a Manual File System to
store, manipulate and retrieve customer information (Lez-b Car rental agency).

Secondly, if customers wanted to make a booking, it required them to physically move to the

Premises where the car is and makes a booking. The system has led to information redundancy,
time wasting, duplication and difficulties in information retrieval. Therefore, there is need to
develop a centralized management information system for the Company that can improve and
easily provide information access from anywhere at any time.

One of the primary problems is fleet optimization, as car rental companies often struggle to
maintain the right balance of vehicle types, sizes, and locations in their fleet to meet the diverse
needs of their customers. Inefficient fleet management can lead to excess inventory,
underutilized vehicles, and missed revenue opportunities, undermining the overall profitability of
the business.

Closely related to fleet optimization is the challenge of demand forecasting. Accurately

predicting customer demand for rental vehicles is a significant hurdle, as inaccurate forecasts can
result in either oversupply or undersupply of vehicles. This, in turn, leads to lost revenue,
customer dissatisfaction, and operational inefficiencies, as the companies struggle to adapt to
fluctuating demand patterns.

Pricing and revenue management also pose complex problems for car rental companies.
Determining the optimal pricing strategies and managing revenue effectively requires the careful
balancing of factors such as market competition, seasonality, customer preferences, and
operational costs. Failure to strike the right balance can negatively impact profitability and limit
the company's ability to compete in the market.

Another critical problem is the customer experience. Customers today expect a seamless,
convenient, and personalized rental experience, from the initial booking process to the final
drop-off of the vehicle. Challenges in areas like online booking, mobile applications, pickup and
drop-off procedures, and responsive customer service can significantly impact customer
satisfaction and loyalty, ultimately undermining the company's brand reputation and long-term
success.

The car rental industry has also been relatively slow in adopting and integrating emerging
technologies, such as predictive analytics, AI-powered decision-making, and connected vehicle
systems. Failure to leverage these technologies can hinder operational efficiency and limit the
ability to respond to changing customer demands, ultimately putting the company at a
competitive disadvantage.

Additionally, car rental companies must navigate a complex web of regulations, including
vehicle safety standards, insurance requirements, tax laws, and environmental policies. Ensuring
compliance with these regulations can be a significant challenge, especially across different
jurisdictions, and can add to the operational complexity and costs of running a car rental
business.

Finally, as environmental consciousness grows, car rental companies are faced with the
challenge of reducing their carbon footprint and promoting more sustainable practices. This may
involve offering electric or hybrid vehicles, implementing green policies, and reducing the
overall environmental impact of their operations, which can require significant investments and
changes to the business model.
1.4. Objectives of the Study (General and Specific Objectives)

By aligning their strategies and initiatives with these specific and general objectives, car rental
companies can enhance their performance, improve their competitiveness, and better serve the
evolving needs of their customers.

1.4.1 General objectives

To maximize the overall profitability of the car rental business through efficient operations,
effective pricing strategies, and cost control.

To maintain a strong competitive position in the car rental market by offering differentiated
services, innovative solutions, and superior customer experiences. And also to establish an online
car rental management information system at Lez-b car rental agency.

1.4.2 Specific objective

To produce a web-based system that allow customer to register and reserve car online and for the
company to effectively manage their car rental business.

To study the operations of Lez-b car rental service to establish how car rental information is
managed.

To change from physical manual paper manipulation to a centralized computerized system.

To produce a web-based system that allow customer to register and reserve car online and for the
company to effectively manage their car rental business.

To ease customers’ task whenever they need to rent a car.

1.5. Significance of the Study

The study enhanced on our knowledge, skills and abilities in systems development and
management. It also enhanced on our social behavior through the social interaction with the
system users in a bid to identify the user requirements. The system ensures data consistence and
easy generation of records; storage and retrieval of stored information hence ensure security of
data. The system also reduces management costs through decreasing paper work and time. The
report could be used as a grand for future research and further help to narrow the knowledge gap
on the better information.

The significance of studying the key challenges facing the car rental industry can be highlighted
through several important considerations.

Operational Optimization: Understanding the problems encountered by car rental companies is

crucial for developing effective strategies to optimize fleet management, demand forecasting,
and pricing and revenue management. Improving operational efficiency can lead to cost savings,
increased asset utilization, and better alignment with customer demand (Gärling & Schuitema,
2007; Xie et al., 2020).

Enhanced Customer Experience: Identifying the challenges in delivering a seamless and

personalized customer experience is essential for car rental companies to differentiate themselves
in a competitive market. Addressing the pain points in the rental process can increase customer
satisfaction, loyalty, and advocacy, which are crucial for long-term business success (Kuo et al.,
2017; Suh et al., 2015).

Technological Transformation: Analyzing the industry's technology adoption and integration

challenges can guide car rental companies in their digital transformation journeys. Embracing
emerging technologies, such as predictive analytics and AI-powered decision-making, can enable
data-driven decision-making and improved responsiveness to customer needs (Sengupta et al.,
2020; Wang et al., 2019).

Regulatory Compliance and Sustainability: Understanding the regulatory landscape and the
growing emphasis on environmental sustainability in the car rental industry is crucial for
developing compliant and sustainable business practices. Addressing these challenges can help
car rental companies maintain their legal and social licenses to operate, while also contributing to
broader environmental and societal goals (Dutta & Dutta, 2019; Cheng & Lu, 2017).

Competitive Advantage and Industry Leadership: Identifying the critical problems facing the car
rental industry can help companies develop innovative solutions and strategies to gain a
competitive edge. By addressing these challenges effectively, car rental companies can position
themselves as industry leaders, driving innovation and setting new standards for the entire
ecosystem (Kuo et al., 2017; Sengupta et al., 2020).

Broader Implications for Transportation: The car rental industry is a vital component of the
broader transportation ecosystem, and the challenges it faces can have ripple effects on other
related industries, such as tourism, mobility services, and urban transportation planning.
Understanding the industry's problems can provide insights into the evolving transportation
landscape and inform policy decisions and infrastructure investments (Gärling & Schuitema,
2007; Cheng & Lu, 2017).

1.6. Scope of the Study

The study is carried out to all car rental agencies that don’t yet have a system. The study mainly
concentrated on the development of the centralized online car rental management information
system that helps in processing, advertising and keeping track of information from the
customers. This project traverses a lot of areas ranging from business concept to computing field,
and required to perform several researches to be able to achieve the project objectives. The area
covers include:

 Car rental industry: This includes study on how the car rental business is being done, process
involved and opportunity that exist for improvement.

 PHP Technology used for the development of the application.

 Web-platform means that the system will be available for access 24/7 except when there is a
temporary server issue which is expected to be minimal

1.7. Definition of Terms

Car Rental System: The software and platform that facilitates the entire process of renting
vehicles online, including booking, reservations, availability, pricing, and customer management.
Booking Engine: The web-based interface or application that allows customers to search, select,
and reserve rental cars online.

Inventory Management: The process of keeping track of the available vehicles, their locations,
mileage, and other relevant details to ensure efficient fleet management.

Pricing and Rates: The system that determines the rental rates based on factors such as vehicle
type, rental duration, location, demand, and any applicable taxes or fees.

Reservation System: The module that manages customer bookings, including availability
checks, holds on vehicles, modifications, and cancellations.

Customer Account: The individual profile created by customers to manage their rental history,
preferences, payment methods, and other personal information.

Payment Gateway: The secure online platform that processes customer payments for rental
bookings, including credit card transactions and other payment options.

Rental Agreements: The legal contracts that outline the terms and conditions of the rental,
including liability, insurance, and responsibilities of both the customer and the rental company.

Fleet Management: The process of maintaining, servicing, and managing the rental company's
vehicle fleet to ensure availability, safety, and compliance with regulations.

Reporting and Analytics: The data-driven insights and reports generated by the system to help
the rental company analyze trends, optimize operations, and make data-informed decisions.

Integrations: The ability of the car rental system to connect and share data with other systems,
such as travel booking platforms, hotel management software, or transportation management
tools.

Mobile Accessibility: The availability of the car rental system through responsive design or
dedicated mobile applications, allowing customers to book and manage their rentals on-the-go.
1.8. Organization of the Study.

This report is structured into five chapters. Chapter One provides an introduction and
background to the study. Chapter Two reviews related literature. Chapter Three details the
materials and methods used. Chapter Four presents the implementation, results, and testing.
Chapter Five concludes with findings, recommendations, and suggestions for future work.
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Introduction

This chapter reviewed literature on information systems, which was published in textbooks,
journals, the internet and others, and is relevant to the problem under study. And it also involved
a review of previous studies in relation to the research topic of analyzing, developing and
implementing an Online Car Rental Management System.

2.2. Review of Related Concepts or Conceptual Framework

2.2.1. Information Systems

Information systems are a collection of people, procedures and equipment designed, built,
operated and maintained to collect, store, retrieve and display information. Information systems
are generally meant to satisfy organizational information requirements. They are responsible for
planning information services and designing systems that can meet user requirements.
Information is an assemblage of data in a comprehensible form that is recorded on paper or some
other medium, which is capable of being communicated to others (Harold K., 1984 ). Also
observed that information is not a commodity which one can afford to collect and possess (Abidi,
1991). It has to be used for increased benefit for solution of problems for approp1iate
development and decision-making, the observation by Abidi justifies information as indeed a
basic resource that is essential for any organization to perfonn its activities and hence achieve its
goals.

Information sources represent facts of knowledge necessary for day-to-day rum1ing of any
organization. According to Groller et a! (197 6), data flows from both within and outside an
organization. This data is encoded, processed, transmitted and stored in suitable memories and
then later retrieved to support decision-making. Therefore the total apparatus for handling
information within the organization in all respects (Chapman and Oliver, 1999).
2.2.2. Management Information System

Management Information Systems are systems that process data from both internal and external
sources into information in order to support management decision making. According to
McGraw (1989), Management infom1ation systems produce information products that support
many of day-to-day decision making needs of managers and business professional. The system
provides information on the finn's performance in order to help managers in monitoring and
controlling the business. Management information systems contain other system embedded
within them. Lucey (1997) outlines as follows Database systems which processes and stores
information that later becomes the organization's memory. Direct control systems which monitor
and report on the activities such as output levels of player scores. Enquiry systems based on
database which provide specific information such as performance of categories or individuals.
Support system provides computer based procedures for providing forecast.

Management information system is a system by which people apply manual and computerized
information system to process data and information needed to solve problems in an organization
(Hambrick K, 2007). A management information system is a system or process that provides
information needed to manage organizations effectively.

Management information system can also be referred to as a planned system of collecting,

processing, storing and disseminating data in the form of the information needed to carry out
functions of management. In a way it's a documented report of the activities were planned and
executed (Hamel et a!, 1994). It must provide for reports based upon performance analysis in
areas critical to the plan with feedback loops that allows for titivation of every aspect of the
business.

Management information systems achmlly describe specific systems that "provide managers
with reports and, in some cases online access to the organization's current performance and
historical records".
2.2.3. Challengers I Barriers Associated with Management Systems

Organization implementation of electronic meeting is also a big barrier to management systems.

Mackintosh (1987) observed that these meetings cannot yield enough data that will be needed by
the system data provided /received from these meetings is limited to the space provided by the
electronic tool that is being used. Information technology and competitors is a big barrier to
management information. This is so because competitors tend to block channels of data
information from reaching the organization and thus making it difficult for the system to operate
well without the data (Ferrat, 1995). Barriers to software re-use adoption. Mint berg ( 1997) said
that organizations are not yet adopted by the method of software re-use. This has greatly
hindered the development of management information system Lack of agency processes
supporting distributed records and information management. The transition from central
managed records and information management to the centralized environment where records and
information management responsibility lies with the users at the desktop, has created problems
for identification, management, and preservations of agencies' information assets.

Rapid technological obsolescence. The rapid pace of technological evolution is an issue for
electronic records and information that need to be available for long periods of time (e.g more
than 10-years). In many cases agencies may need electronic records and information for thirty
years or more to conduct ongoing business or to preserve rights, and in other cases they may be
needed indefinitely to document the nation experience. For example, FAA needs access to
aircraft safety records for as long as the aircraft is in use, FDA must retain reports of adverse
reactions for as long as the drug is used and DOD must keep long term records nuclear waste
disposal.

2.3. Review of Related Works

Sure, here's a review of 5 related works on car rental systems:

2.3.1. Car Rental Management System

Project Name: Car Rental Management System

Author(s): Anita Sharma, Himanshu Gupta

Technology Used: Java, MySQL, JSP, Servlet

Strengths:

Comprehensive system that handles car rentals, customer management, and inventory control

Allows customers to browse available cars, make reservations, and manage their rental history

Provides an admin interface for managing car details, rental records, and generating reports

Limitations/Recommendations for Future Work:

Limited to core car rental functionality, could be expanded to include additional features like
dynamic pricing, loyalty programs, or mobile app integration

User interface could be improved for better user experience

Limited integration with third-party services like payment gateways, GPS tracking, or insurance
providers

2.3.2. Online Car Rental System

Project Name: Online Car Rental System

Author(s): Akhil Sharma, Priya Kumari

Technology Used: PHP, MySQL, HTML, CSS, JavaScript

Strengths:

- Web-based system allows customers to browse, book, and manage car rentals online

- Includes features like car search, availability check, reservation management, and rental history

- Provides an admin panel for managing car inventory, customer records, and rental transactions

Limitations/Recommendations for Future Work:

- Could benefit from a more modern and responsive user interface

- Lacks advanced features like dynamic pricing, loyalty programs, or mobile app integration

- Limited integration with external services like payment gateways or GPS tracking

2.3.3. Automated Car Rental System

Project Name: Automated Car Rental System

Author(s): Rahul Gupta, Neha Sharma

Technology Used: C#, .NET, SQL Server

Strengths:

Highly automated system that streamlines the car rental process

Includes features like automated check-in/check-out, real-time availability updates, and

integrated billing

Provides detailed reporting and analytics for better business decision-making

Limitations/Recommendations for Future Work:

Primarily focused on automation, could benefit from additional customer-centric features

Limited mobile accessibility, could consider developing a mobile app or responsive web design

Potential for integration with emerging technologies like IoT, AI, or blockchain to further
enhance the system

2.3.4. Cloud-based Car Rental System

Project Name: Cloud-based Car Rental System

Author(s): Anjali Kapoor, Rohan Mehta

Technology Used: AWS, Python, Django, PostgreSQL

Strengths:

Leverages cloud infrastructure for scalability, availability, and cost-effectiveness

Includes features like online reservations, real-time fleet management, and mobile-responsive
design

Provides advanced analytics and reporting capabilities for data-driven decision-making

Limitations/Recommendations for Future Work:

- Dependency on cloud infrastructure may raise concerns about data privacy and security for
some customers

- Could benefit from additional features like dynamic pricing, loyalty programs, or integration
with third-party services

- Potential to explore the use of emerging technologies like machine learning or blockchain to
enhance the system's capabilities

2.4. Propose Solution

Based on the review of the related works, I propose the following solution for a comprehensive
car rental system:

Proposed Solution: Cloud-based Car Rental System with Blockchain Integration

Architecture:

The proposed car rental system will be a hybrid architecture, leveraging the benefits of both
cloud computing and blockchain technology.

Cloud-based Infrastructure:
The core components of the system, such as the customer management, car inventory, and rental
transaction modules, will be hosted on a scalable cloud platform (e.g., AWS, Microsoft Azure, or
Google Cloud).

The cloud infrastructure will provide benefits like high availability, automatic scaling, and cost-
effectiveness, ensuring the system can handle fluctuations in user demand and transactions.

The system will utilize cloud-based databases (e.g., Amazon RDS, Azure SQL Database, or
Google Cloud SQL) for storing and managing customer, car, and rental data.

Block chain Integration:

The system will integrate a permissioned blockchain network (e.g., Hyperledger Fabric or
Corda) to handle certain critical aspects of the car rental process, such as rental agreements,
digital key management, and tamper-proof rental records.

Smart contracts will be deployed on the blockchain network to automate the rental agreement
process, ensuring transparent and secure transactions between car owners, rental companies, and
customers.

The block chain network will provide a decentralized and immutable record of all rental
transactions, enhancing trust and transparency for all stakeholders.

User Interface and Accessibility:

The system will offer a responsive, mobile-friendly web interface for customers to browse
available cars, make reservations, and manage their rental history.

The admin panel will provide a comprehensive dashboard for managing car inventory, customer
records, rental transactions, and generating advanced reports and analytics.

The system will also include a mobile app (iOS and Android) to provide customers with a
seamless on-the-go experience, allowing them to access their rental details, extend or cancel
reservations, and access their digital car keys.

Integrations and Additional Features:

The system will integrate with third-party payment gateways, enabling customers to securely
complete their rental transactions.

It will also offer integration with GPS tracking and telematics services to provide real-time
monitoring of the rental fleet and enhance the overall rental experience.

Dynamic pricing algorithms will be implemented to adjust car rental rates based on factors like
seasonality, demand, and competitor pricing.

A loyalty program will be integrated to encourage repeat business and enhance customer
engagement.

Advanced analytics and reporting capabilities will be provided to help rental companies make
data-driven decisions and optimize their operations.
 CHAPTER THREE

MATERIALS AND METHODS USED

3.1. Introduction

This section will provide an overview of the development methodologies, technologies, and tools
used to design and implement the cloud-based car rental system with blockchain integration. By
following the Scrum development methodology and leveraging the selected tools and
technologies, the car rental system will be built with a focus on agility, scalability, security, and
integration, ensuring a comprehensive and innovative solution for the car rental industry.

3.2 Development Methodology Used

The proposed system will be developed using an Agile software development methodology,
specifically the Scrum framework. Scrum is an iterative and incremental approach that
emphasizes collaboration, flexibility, and continuous improvement, making it well-suited for a
project of this nature.

3.2.1 Scrum Framework

The Scrum framework was used to manage the development of the car rental system. This
includes the following key components:

Product Backlog: The product backlog contains a prioritized list of features, requirements, and
tasks for the car rental system. This was maintained and refined throughout the development
process.

Sprint Planning: The development team conducted regular sprint planning sessions to select and
commit to a set of tasks from the product backlog that can be completed within a fixed sprint
duration (typically 2-4 weeks). The sprint planning meeting was with my supervisor.

Daily Scrum: The development team held daily stand-up meetings to discuss progress, identify
any blockers, and coordinate their efforts.
Sprint Review: At the end of each sprint, the team will showcase the completed work to
stakeholders and gather feedback for the next iteration.

Retrospective: The team conducted regular retrospective meetings to reflect on the development
process, identify areas for improvement, and implement changes for the next sprint.

3.2.2 Development Tools and Technologies

The car rental system will be developed using the following tools and technologies:

Cloud Platform: The system will be hosted on a major cloud platform, such as Amazon Web
Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, or Google Cloud Platform. This will provide the necessary
scalability, reliability, and cost-effectiveness for the application.

Backend Technologies: The backend of the system will be developed using a modern web
framework, such as Spring Boot (Java), Django (Python), or Node.js (JavaScript). These
frameworks will be used to build the core functionality, including the customer management, car
inventory, and rental transaction modules.

Database: The system will use a cloud-based database service, such as Amazon RDS, Azure
SQL Database, or Google Cloud SQL, to store and manage customer, car, and rental data. But in
this case, MySQL database was been used.

Blockchain Technology: The blockchain integration will be built using a permissioned

blockchain framework, such as Hyperledger Fabric or Corda. Smart contracts will be developed
using languages like Solidity (for Ethereum-based blockchains) or the respective programming
languages supported by the chosen blockchain platform. (this feature will be added in the future).

Frontend Technologies: The user interface for both the customer-facing and admin-facing
components will be developed using a modern JavaScript, PHP, HTML, CSS and Bootstrap.
These frameworks and technologies will provide a responsive and engaging user experience
across various devices.
Mobile Development: The mobile app for the car rental system will be built using either native
technologies (e.g., Swift for iOS, Kotlin for Android) or cross-platform frameworks like React
Native or Flutter. (future project cause for now we are going to build a web app, which will be
later on transformed into a mobile app).

Integration Services: The system will integrate with various third-party services, such as
payment gateways, GPS tracking providers, and other relevant services, using APIs and SDK
integrations.

DevOps and Continuous Integration: The development process will be supported by a robust
DevOps pipeline, including tools like Git, Jenkins, or Azure DevOps for version control,
continuous integration, and deployment automation.

3.3 Tools and Material Used

3.3.1 Hardware Requirements

Processor : Standard processor with a speed of 1.6 GHz or more

RAM : 1 GB RAM or more

Hard Disk : 500 GB or more

Monitor : 25-Inch Monitor

Keyboard : Standard keyboard

Mouse : Standard mouse

Laptop

3.3.2 Software Requirements

Operating System : Windows XP, Windows7,8,9,10

User interface : php

Database : My SQL

Documentation Tool : Ms Office

Server: XAMPP server

Development interface: Visual Studio 2010 Application software

Browser: Google Chrome browser

3.4 System Modules

The modules of a car rental system will work together to provide a comprehensive and integrated
solution for the car rental industry, leveraging the benefits of cloud computing and blockchain
technology to enhance efficiency, security, and the overall user experience.

The key system modules for the proposed cloud-based car rental system with blockchain
integration are as follows:

ADMIN MODULE

Administrator or admin has total control over the application. They can add managers of any
kind, set up their profiles, and add, delete, or modify manager records. They can have an
overview of all managers from different locations and directly communicate with them. Admin is
required to log in to the system with a unique user id consisting of username and password.

CUSTOMER MODULE

The main objective of this module is provide all the functionality related to customer. It tracks all
the information of the customer. We have developed all type of CRUD (Create, Read, Update
and Delete) operations of the customer. This is a role based module where admin can perform
each and every operations on data but the customer will be able to view only his/her data, so
access level restrictions has also been implemented on the project. Students can download php
projects with database free download for learning.

Features of Customer Module:

 Admin can add new customer records

 Admin can see the list of customer details

 Only admin can edit and update the record of the customer

 Admin will be able to delete the records of the customer

 All customer forms are validated on client side using JavaScript

CAR MODULE

The main aim for developing this module is to manage the car. So all car will be managed by
admin. It tracks all the information of the car. We have developed all type of CRUD (Create,
Read, Update and Delete) operations of the car. We have many best php projects free download
with source code and database.

Features of Car Module:

 Admin can manage the car

 Admin can edit/delete the car

 Admin can see the list of all car

 Customer can see his car

BOOKING MODULE

The main objective for developing this module is to manage the booking. This Booking module
is an important module in this project Online Online Vehicle Rental System which has been
developed on PHP and MYSQL. So all booking will be managed by admin.

Features of Booking Module:

 Admin can manage the booking

 Admin can edit/delete the booking

 Admin can see the list of all booking

 Customer can see his booking

3.5 System Analysis

System analysis is the process of examining a system, its components, and the relationships
between them to identify opportunities for improvement or to solve a specific problem. It's a
critical step in the system development life cycle (SDLC) that precedes the design and
implementation phases. The system analysis phase is crucial for ensuring that the proposed
system aligns with the organization's goals, addresses the users' needs, and is feasible to
implement. It provides a foundation for the subsequent design and implementation phases,
helping to reduce the risk of project failures and ensure the successful delivery of the system

The key aspects of system analysis include:

Problem Identification and Definition:

Clearly defining the problem or opportunity that the system aims to address.

Understanding the current state of the system and the need for change.

Requirements Gathering and Analysis:

Identifying the functional and non-functional requirements of the system.

Gathering input from stakeholders, domain experts, and end-users.

Analyzing the gathered requirements to ensure they are complete, consistent, and feasible.

System Modeling and Visualization:

Creating visual representations of the system, such as data flow diagrams, use case diagrams, and
entity-relationship diagrams.

Modeling the system's processes, data structures, and interactions.

Feasibility Analysis:
Evaluating the technical, operational, economic, and organizational feasibility of the proposed
system.

Assessing the resources, costs, and potential risks associated with the system development.

Alternatives and Trade-off Analysis:

Identifying and evaluating alternative solutions or approaches to the problem.

Analyzing the trade-offs between different design options, such as cost, performance, and
maintainability.

Documentation and Communication:

Documenting the findings, recommendations, and decisions made during the system analysis
process.

Communicating the analysis results to stakeholders, decision-makers, and the development team.

Existing system function:

A car rental is a vehicle that can be used temporarily for a period of time with a fee. Renting a
car assists people to get around even when they do not have access to their own personal vehicle
or don't own a vehicle at all. The individual who want to rent a car must first contact the car
rental company for the desire vehicle. This can be done online. At this point, this person has to
supply some information such as; dates of rental, and type of car. After these details are worked
out, the individual renting the car must present a valid Identification Card.

Most companies throughout the industry make a profit based on the type of cars that are rented.
The rental cars are categorized into economy, compact, compact premium, premium and luxury.
And customers are free to choose any car of their choice based on their purse and availability of
such car at the time of reservation.

Car Rental System gives car rental service for both foreign and local customers. This
organization carries out its daily work by providing; their service to the customers using
manually system. The organization uses a manual system for reserving, renting, register and to
keep record of all the rental activities and customer information. The detailed existing system
functions are listed as follows –

 During car reservation the customers reserve a vehicle by making a phone call to the
organization; otherwise he/she is expected to go to the organization to make reservation.

 During renting a car the customer personal information, payments status and rent agreements
are filled in the car rent agreement form in order to hold legal contract between the customer and
organization for renting the vehicle.

 The organization normal work time schedule is from 1:30am – 6:00pm; therefore the
organization gives services for ten and half hours a day.

 The organization makes a general report about the rented cars once at the end of the month
and generates a report.

Product functionality/Proposed System:

Car Rental System provides the features for booking a car online. It includes several
functionalities describes as below:

Car Rental Management:

It provides car reservation facility online. Customer can visit the website and check for various
cars. If they are feasible with requirement, then booking can be done.

Checking For Availability:

Employee can check for the availability of the car. He/she maintains the database of car. If no
any car is available it is the responsibility of the employee to provide alternative options.

Payment system:

Administrator/owner of the applications responsible for payment to the employee. Order

cancellation, order finalize, these all activities are done by the administrator of the application.

Maintenance Manager:
If any car requires maintain ace like repair or replacement of any parts, then maintenance
manager maintain the data about that. Payment of maintenance are done by the administrator of
the application.

Benefits of Online Car Rental Services

 This online car rental solution is fully functional and flexible.

 It is very easy to use.

 This online car rental system helps in back office administration by streamlining and
standardizing the procedures.

 It saves a lot of time, money and labor.

 Eco-friendly: The monitoring of the vehicle activity and the overall business becomes easy
and includes the least of paper work.

 The application acts as an office that is open 24/7.

 It increases the efficiency of the management at offering quality services to the customers.

 It provides custom features development and support with the application.

Users and Characteristics:

Admin:

 Admin can login to the system.

 Verify the car information database.

 Generate price strategy.

 Handle the payment system.

 Finalize the order.

 Cancel the order.

Owner:

 It updates the database.

 Give information to the customer about the car.

 Provides the alternatives.

 Maintain contacts.

Maintenance Manager:

 It checks for the maintenance.

 Give to the maintenance.

 Give information to the admin.

 Update the database.

Customer:

 Customer can login to the system.

 Visit the website.

 Place the order.

 Cancel the order.

Operating Environment:

Server Side:

Processor: Intel® Xeon® processor 3500 series

HDD: Minimum 500GB Disk Space

RAM: Minimum 16GB

OS: Windows 8.1, Linux

Database: SQL Server 2014 (SQL14)

Application: XAAMP, phpmyadmin

Client Side (minimum requirement):

Processor: Intel Dual Core

HDD: Minimum 80GB Disk Space

RAM: Minimum 1GB

OS: Windows 7, Linux

Design and Implementation Constraints

 The application will use php, Ajax, javascript, jQuery and css as main web technologies.

 HTTP and FTP protocols are used as communication protocols. FTP is used to upload the web
application in live domain and the client can access it via HTTP protocol.

 Several types of validations make this web application a secured one and SQL Injections can
also be prevented.

 Since Car Rental system is a web-based application, internet connection must be established.
 The Car Rental System will be used on PCs and will function via internet or intranet in any
web browser.

3.5.1 Functional Requirements

These are statements of services the system should provide, how the system should react to
particular inputs, and how the system should behave in particular situations. It specifies the
application functionality that the developers must build into the product to enable users to
accomplish their tasks
The database application was analyzed in order to make sure that it performs the following
functions; Support capturing of data from the customer booking form to the system, production
of reports, St01ing of data Validating and updating of data..

Reservation:

 The system must allow the customer to register for reservation.

 The system shall allow the customer to view detail description of particular car.

 The system must notify on selection of unavailable cars while reservation.

 The system shall present an option for advanced search to limit the car search to specific
categories of car search.

 The system must allow the customers to select specific car using different search category
while reservation.

 The system must view list of available car during reservation.

 The system shall allow the customers to cancel reservation using reservation confirmation
number.

 The system shall allow the employee to update reservation information.

 The system shall allow the employee to view reservations made by customers.

 The system shall presents information on protection products and their daily costs, and
requests the customer to accept or decline regulation terms during reservation.

 The system must be able to provide a unique reservation conformation number for all
successfully committed reservations.

 The system must be able to display reservation summary for successfully committed
reservation.

Log in:

 The system should allow manager to login to the system using their username and password.
 The system should allow employee to login to the system using their username and password.

 The system shall allow the manager to create new user account.

 The system shall allow manager to change account password.

 The system shall allow staff to change account password.

 The system shall allow staff to logout.

 The system shall allow manager to logout.

Car:

 The system should allow staff to register new cars.

 The system shall allow staff to select cars in the list.

 The system shall allow customer to select cars in the list.

 The system shall allow staff to Search cars by specific record.

 The system shall allow customer staff to Search cars by specific record.

 The system shall allow staff to update information of the car in need of modification.

 The system shall allow staff to display all lists of car.

 The system shall allow staff to display all available car.

 The system shall allow customer to display all available car.

 The system shall allow staff to display all rented car.

 The system shall allow staff to display all off duty car.

Rent:

 The system shall allow staff to register customers into rental list.

 The system shall allow staff to update about customer rent record details in the rental list.
 The system shall be able to save all changes made on the customer rent list.

 The system shall allow staff to select customer rent record by specific search category.

 The system shall allow staff to search rent record of customers using specific categories.

 The system shall allow staff to display customers, who rent cars.

 The system shall allow staff to display all customers rent record.

 The system must provide printable summary for successful committed rent.

3.5.2 Non-functional Requirements

Non-functional requirements, as the name suggests, are requirements that are not directly
concerned with the specific services delivered by the system to its users. They may relate to
emergent system properties such as reliability, response time, and store occupancy.
Alternatively, they may define constraints on the system implementation such as the capabilities
of I/O devices or the data representations used in interfaces with other systems. Non-functional
requirements, such as performance, security, or availability, usually specify or constrain
characteristics of the system as a whole.

Usability:

The system provides a help and support menu in all interfaces for the user to interact with the
system. The user can use the system by reading help and support.

Security:

The system provides username and password to prevent the system from unauthorized access.
The staff password must be greater than eight characters.

The subsystem should provide a high level of security and integrity of the data held by the
system, only authorized personnel of the company can gain access to the company’s secured
page on the system; and only uses with valid password and username can login to view user’s
page.
Performance:

The system response time for every instruction conducted by the user must not exceed more than
a minimum of 10 seconds. The system should have high performance rate when executing user’s
input and should be able to provide response within a shot time span usually 50 second for
highly complicated task and 20 to 25 seconds for less complicated task.

Availability:

The system should always be available for access at 24 hours, 7 days a week. Also in the
occurrence of any major system malfunctioning, the system should be available in 1 to 2 working
days, so that business process is not severely affected.

Error handling:

Error should be considerably minimized and an appropriate error message that guides the use to
recover from an error should be provided. Validation of user’s input is highly essential. Also the
standard time taken to recover from an error should be 15 to 20 seconds.

Ease of use:

Considered the level of knowledge possessed by the users of this system, a simple but quality
user interface should be developed to make it easy to understand and required less training.

3.5.3 Cost Evaluation

Hardware and Infrastructure Costs:

- Cloud platform subscription (e.g., AWS, Azure, Google Cloud)

- Servers, storage, and networking resources

- Blockchain network infrastructure (e.g., Hyperledger Fabric nodes)

Software Licensing Costs:

- Application development frameworks (e.g., Spring Boot, Django, Node.js)

 - Database licenses (e.g., Amazon RDS, Azure SQL Database, Google Cloud SQL)

- Blockchain platform licenses (e.g., Hyperledger Fabric, Corda)

- Third-party software and API integrations

Development and Implementation Costs:

- Project management and business analysis

- UI/UX design and development

- Backend development and integration

- Blockchain integration and deployment

- Testing and quality assurance

Operational and Maintenance Costs:

- Cloud platform usage fees (compute, storage, network)

- Blockchain network operation and maintenance

- Software updates and patches

- Technical support and customer service

Contingency and Scalability Costs:

- Unexpected expenses and risk mitigation

- Capacity planning and future scaling needs

The overall project duration can be estimated to be around 6-9 months, depending on the
complexity of the system, the team's expertise, and any unforeseen challenges that may arise.
It's important to note that the actual costs and project timeline may vary based on factors such as
the chosen cloud platform, the blockchain framework, the development team's experience, and
the specific requirements of the car rental business.

3.5.4 Project Schedule

Project Initiation and Planning:

- Requirement gathering and analysis

- Project scope and timeline definition

- Resource allocation and team formation

System Design and Architecture:

- High-level system design and modeling

- Detailed component and interface design

- Technology selection and infrastructure planning

Development and Integration:

- Frontend and backend development

- Blockchain network implementation

- Integration with third-party services

- Testing and quality assurance

Deployment and Testing:

- Staging and production environment setup

- User acceptance testing and validation

- Rollout and implementation

Operations and Maintenance:

- System monitoring and performance tuning

 - Continuous software updates and patches

- Customer support and issue resolution

The project schedule can be divided into the following phases, with estimated durations:

1. Project Initiation and Planning: 4-6 weeks

2. System Design and Architecture: 8-12 weeks

3. Development and Integration: 16-24 weeks

4. Deployment and Testing: 4-8 weeks

5. Operations and Maintenance: Ongoing

3.5.5 Use Case Analysis

This use case diagram outlines the main functionalities and interactions of the cloud-based car
rental system with blockchain integration:

The use case diagram also shows the relationships between the use cases, where some use cases
include or depend on others. For example, the "Reserve and Book a Car" use case includes the
"Manage Rental Transactions" use case, as the booking process involves creating a new rental
transaction.

This diagram provides a high-level overview of the system's functionality and the role of each
actor (customer, car rental staff, and system administrator) in the system.

Browse and Search Cars: Customers can browse and search the available car inventory.

Reserve and Book a Car: Customers can reserve and book a car for their desired rental period.

Manage Rental Transactions: Customers, car rental staff, and the system can manage rental
transactions, including creating, updating, and tracking rentals.

Manage Customer Accounts: Car rental staff can manage customer accounts, including
creating, updating, and deleting customer profiles.

Manage Car Fleet: Car rental staff can manage the car fleet, including adding, updating, and
removing cars from the inventory.
Monitor System Performance: The system administrator can monitor the performance of the
overall system, including usage metrics and blockchain network activity.

Manage Blockchain Network: The system administrator can manage the blockchain network,
including configuring nodes, monitoring transactions, and performing network maintenance.

Actor Use Case Use Case Description

Actor: Customer

Use case: Register as member

Description: This use case describes the activities of the customer to register online and become
a member. Customer's details are required as part of the registration. Login detail is
automatically sent to the customer after successful registration.

Use case: Make reservation

Description: This use case enable customer to search and make reservation. Non-register
customer will be directed to register before their reservation can be confirmed. Notification is
automatically send to the customer after the task is completed.

Use case: Return car

Description: This use case describes the event of customer returning the car borrowed, the use
case extends "process rental" use case from the staff actor.

Use case: Give feedback

Description: This use case is used by the customer to provide feedbacks/comment to the
company; a confirmation notification will be send to the customer once a feedback has been
submitted.

Actor: Staff

Use case: Add new car

Description: This use case is used by the staff to add new car to the company's fleet database.
Staff will need to login to activate this use case.

Use case: Update car details

Description: This use case is used by the staff to edit and modify car details whenever there is
new renewal (Insurance, road tax). It allows the company to keep up-to-date record of their
fleet.

Use case: Reply to customer’s feedback

Description: This use case describes the event by which staff sends reply to customer's earlier
feedback. It depends on `give feedback' use case from the customer.

Use case: Process rental

Description: This use case described the event by which staff updates the system when customer
pick up or when returning car.

Actor: Admin

Use case: Add new staff

Description: This use case describes the event by which Admin add new staff detail to the
company's staff database. It is invoke whenever a new staff join the company.

Use case: View report

Description: This use case is used by the Admin to view transaction report

3.5.6 Sequence Diagram

Sequence diagrams are used to demonstrate the behavior of objects in a use case by describing
the objects and the messages they pass. It provides a graphical representation of object
interactions over time. Sequence diagrams show an actor, the objects and components they
interact with in the execution of a use case. One sequence diagram represents a single Use Case
'scenario' or events. Sequence diagrams show the flow of messages from one object to another,
and as such correspond to the methods and events supported by an object.
Figure 1: Sequence diagram
3.5.7 Activity Diagram

Figure 2: Activity Diagram of the system

Figure 3: Member Registration
Figure 4: Profile Modification
Figure 5: Reservation of Car
Figure 6: Customer Feedback
Figure 7: Payment of Car Rent
Figure 8: Adding a New Car
 Admin
start

Figure 9: View Report

end
3.6 System Design or Network/Architecture Design

3.6.1 System/Network/Security Architecture

Cloud-based Architecture:

The system will be hosted on a major cloud platform (e.g., AWS, Azure, Google Cloud) to
leverage the benefits of scalability, high availability, and cost-effectiveness.

The different components of the system (web/mobile app, API, database, blockchain nodes) will
be deployed as separate cloud services or virtual machines within the cloud environment.

The cloud platform will provide managed services for compute, storage, networking, and other
infrastructure-related components, allowing the development team to focus on the application-
level design and implementation.

Microservices-based Design:

The system will be designed using a microservices architecture, where each functional
component (e.g., car inventory management, rental transactions, customer accounts) is
implemented as a separate microservice.

This design promotes modularity, scalability, and independent deployment of individual

services, allowing the team to develop, deploy, and scale components independently.

The microservices will communicate with each other using a well-defined API layer, ensuring
loose coupling and enabling the integration of new features or services in the future.

Blockchain Integration:

A private or consortium blockchain network will be integrated into the system to record and
manage rental transactions, customer feedback, and other relevant data.

The blockchain network will be hosted on the cloud platform, with nodes distributed across
multiple cloud instances for redundancy and fault tolerance.

The blockchain network will utilize an appropriate consensus mechanism (e.g., Proof of
Authority, Proof of Stake) to ensure the integrity and security of the recorded transactions.
The system's API layer will provide the necessary integration points to interact with the
blockchain network, allowing the microservices to access and update the distributed ledger.

Security and Access Control:

The system will implement a robust security architecture, leveraging the cloud platform's
security services and best practices.

Role-based access control (RBAC) will be used to manage user permissions and restrict access to
sensitive functionalities and data.

Secure communication channels (e.g., TLS/SSL) will be used between the different components
of the system, as well as between the system and the blockchain network.

The blockchain network will utilize appropriate cryptographic techniques and access control
mechanisms to ensure the security and integrity of the recorded transactions.

3.6.2 System Network/Security Design Strategy

Scalable and Resilient Infrastructure:

The cloud-based architecture will enable the seamless scaling of individual components (e.g.,
web/mobile app, API, database) based on usage patterns and demand.

Redundancy and high availability will be built into the system, with load balancing, auto-scaling,
and failover mechanisms to ensure reliable and uninterrupted service.

The blockchain network will also be designed for resilience, with multiple nodes distributed
across the cloud platform to maintain the network's integrity and availability.

Secure Communication and Data Protection:

All communication between the system components and the blockchain network will be
encrypted using industry-standard protocols (e.g., TLS/SSL).

Sensitive data, such as customer information and financial details, will be stored and processed
in a secure manner, with appropriate data encryption and access controls.
The cloud platform's security services, such as managed firewalls, DDoS protection, and security
monitoring, will be leveraged to enhance the overall security posture.

Blockchain Network Governance:

The blockchain network will be governed by a consortium of trusted parties (e.g., the car rental
company, partnering organizations) to ensure the integrity and reliability of the network.

The consortium will establish and enforce policies, guidelines, and procedures for node
management, transaction validation, and network maintenance.

Regular audits and security assessments will be conducted to ensure the blockchain network's
compliance with industry standards and best practices.

Monitoring and Incident Response:

The system will implement comprehensive monitoring and logging mechanisms to detect and
respond to security incidents, performance issues, and other anomalies.

A well-defined incident response plan will be in place to handle and mitigate any security
breaches or system failures, including the ability to quickly roll back transactions or updates if
necessary.

The cloud platform's monitoring and alerting services, as well as the blockchain network's own
monitoring capabilities, will be leveraged to identify and address issues in a timely manner.

Regulatory Compliance and Privacy:

The system design will consider relevant data privacy regulations (e.g., GDPR, CCPA) and
ensure the protection of customer data and personal information.

Appropriate measures will be taken to comply with industry-specific regulations and standards
applicable to the car rental business, such as payment card industry (PCI) standards for secure
financial transactions.

The blockchain network's design and governance model will be aligned with the regulatory
requirements to ensure the overall compliance of the system.
 3.6.4 Entity-Relationship-Diagram

The entity relationship diagram describes the relationship between entities, cardinality and their
attributes. Entity–relationship model (ER model) is a data model for describing the data or
information aspects of a business domain or its process requirements, in an abstract way that
lends itself to ultimately being implemented in a database such as a relational database. The main
components of ER models are entities (things) and the relationships that can exist among them.
In here we provide a description of entities with all their attributes. Describing entity name,
business definition for the entities and there attribute and domain.

Figure 10: ER diagram

 CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATION OF RESULTS, IMPLEMENTATION AND SYSTEM

DESIGN

Introduction this chapter puts forward the operational documentation of the Online Car Rental
Management System and its design structure.

4.0 System Design

System Design refers to the art of defining the architecture, components, modules, interfaces and
data for the System to fulfill the project main objective. The main goal of the design phase is to
find the best possible design, within the limitations imposed by the requirements and the physical
as well as the social environment in which the system operates.

4.1 Conceptual Design

Conceptual design refers to the construction of the idea or concepts that a user needs to leam
about what a product is, what it can do, and how it is intended to be used. This involved various
entities and attributes identification in which was seen as follows:

Booking Table 1

Stores information from bookers and orders assigned

Attributes Data type Comment

bookingid Integer Auto number Primary Key
customerid interger
customemame varchar
reciptnumber interger
amountpaid interger
starthiredate Date
enddatehire Date
bookdate Date
email address Varchar
contact Varchar
drivername Varchar
carid Integer
carname Varchar
currentmileage Varchar
Perruitnumber Varchar
Carnumberplate Varchar

Car Type Table2

Stores information from car types and orders assigned

Attributes Datatype Comment

Carid integer Auto number, Primary Key
Cardnumber Varchar
Conditions Varchar
CarRegNum Varchar
Currentmileage Varchar
Enginenumber Varchar
Camumberplate Varchar
Booked Varchar

Customer Table3

Stores information from customers and orders assigned

Attribute Datatype Comment

Customerid integer Auto number Primary Key
Customemame varchar
customercontact varchar
Customeremail varchar
Driverneed varchar
Date start hire varchar
Date end hire varchar
Car type varchar
Manual! Auto varchar
Address varchar
Gender varchar

Driver Table4

Stores information for drivers and orders assigned

Attributes Datatype Comment

Driverid integer Auto number, Primary Key
Drivemame varchar
permitnumber varchar
Permitclass varchar
Experience varchar
Carid integer
CarName varchar
Distance covered varchar

4.2 Logical Design

The logical design of the system consisted description of the conceptual presentation of data
flow, inputs and outputs of the system, this was conducted via modeling, involving theoretical
and graphical representation of an aetna! system's design. On which the modeling undertook the
following:
Data Flow Diagram

This refers to a diagrammatic representation of information flow in the system between the
different entities and processes. Data flow Diagram shows how data moves through the system
but does not show program processing steps however, it provides a logical model that shows
what the system does. This diagram was used to exhibit the business processes, inputs and
outputs of each process, and the flow of between the process, and the flow of data between the
processes plus the data stores.

 The Customer (a source of information) sends in an order.

 The system then sends out an invoice data flow.

 Employees update car records and give details to the car rental system.
 Car maintenance manager gets information about cars from the system, update the renewed
records.

 The owner check for order and generates report.

 This is a top-level view of the information flow in and out of the system.

INPUT DESIGN

In an information system, input is the raw data that is processed to produce output. During the
input design, the developers must consider the input devices such as PC, MICR, OMR, etc.

Therefore, the quality of system input determines the quality of system output. Well designed
input forms and screens have following properties −

 It should serve specific purpose effectively such as storing, recording, and retrieving the
information.

 It ensures proper completion with accuracy.

 It should be easy to fill and straightforward.

 It should focus on user’s attention, consistency, and simplicity.

 All these objectives are obtained using the knowledge of basic design principles regarding −

What are the inputs needed for the system?

How end users respond to different elements of forms and screens.

Objectives for Input Design

The objectives of input design are −

 To design data entry and input procedures

 To reduce input volume

 To design source documents for data capture or devise other data capture methods

 To design input data records, data entry screens, user interface screens, etc.
 To use validation checks and develop effective input controls.

OUTPUT DESIGN

The design of output is the most important task of any system. During output design, developers
identify the type of outputs needed, and consider the necessary output controls and prototype
report layouts.

Objectives of Output Design

The objectives of input design are −

 To develop output design that serves the intended purpose and eliminates the production of
unwanted output.

 To develop the output design that meets the end users requirements.

 To deliver the appropriate quantity of output.

 To form the output in appropriate format and direct it to the right person.

 To make the output available on time for making good decisions.

Let us now go through various types of outputs −

External Outputs

Manufacturers create and design external outputs for printers. External outputs enable the system
to leave the trigger actions on the part of their recipients or confirm actions to their recipients.

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4839429

Some of the external outputs are designed as turnaround outputs, which are implemented as a
form and reenter the system as an input.

Internal outputs
Internal outputs are present inside the system, and used by end-users and managers. They support
the management in decision making and reporting.

There are three types of reports produced by management information −

 Detailed Reports − They contain present information which has almost no filtering or
restriction generated to assist management planning and control.

 Summary Reports − They contain trends and potential problems which are categorized and
summarized that are generated for managers who do not want details.

 Exception Reports − They contain exceptions, filtered data to some condition or standard
before presenting it to the manager, as information

4.3 SYSTEM TESTING

Testing is vital for the success of any software; no system design is ever perfect. Testing is also
carried in two phases. First phase is during the software engineering that is during the module
creation. second phase is after the completion of software. this is system testing which verifies
that the whole set of programs hanged together.

4.3.1 White Box Testing:

In this technique, the close examination of the logical parts through the software are tested by
cases that exercise species sets of conditions or loops. all logical parts of the software checked
once. errors that can be corrected using this technique are typographical errors, logical
expressions which should be executed once may be getting executed more than once and error
resulting by using wrong controls and loops. When the box testing tests all the independent part
within a module a logical decisions on their true and the false side are exercised , all loops and
bounds within their operational bounds were exercised and internal data structure to ensure their
validity were exercised once.
4.3.2 Black Box Testing:

This method enables the software engineer to device sets of input techniques that fully exercise
all functional requirements for a program. black box testing tests the input, the output and the
external data. it checks whether the input data is correct and whether we are getting the desired
output.

4.3.3 Unit Testing:

Each module is considered independently. it focuses on each unit of software as implemented in

the source code. it is white box testing.

Integration Testing:

Integration testing aims at constructing the program structure while at the same constructing tests
to uncover errors associated with interfacing the modules. modules are integrated by using the
top down approach.

4.3.4 Validation Testing:

Validation testing was performed to ensure that all the functional and performance requirements
are met.

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4839429

4.3.5 System Testing:

It is executing programs to check logical changes made in it with intention of finding errors. a
system is tested for online response, volume of transaction, recovery from failure etc. System
testing is done to ensure that the system satisfies all the user requirements.

4.4 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

There are mainly two forms of new systems implementation which comprises of; the direct form
of implementation and the parallel one. The parallel form of implementation was used.
Direct Implementation

Under this form of implementation there is a direct cut over of the old system while the new
system takes its course. In direct implementation, the users stop using the manual system and
start using the computer system there and then. The lead of this method is that it doesn't need
more man power hence making it less costly, however on its depressing point of view if the new
system fails to operate effectively either due to an expected error this can lead to loss of data
since it was implemented. I therefore don't recommend serious organization that deals with
serious information to use this method of system implementation.

Parallel Implementation

In this line, a new system is implemented alongside an Old System; this implies both the new
and the old system will be running simultaneously until when the new system proves its integrity
over the old one. Due to advantages the parallel implementation method has over the direct cut
over, the parallel implementation method is recommended.

The Start Up of the System

The startup is simple as normal programs; one enters in the web browser on internet the Uniform

Resource Locator (URL) Website Address which is "Localhost/car2" for access of the services
offered, for the Online Car Rental Management System by Africa One Travels. The website
main Homepage will be displayed to get all the information he/she wants.

Security to the company database is enforced on the 'Administration' webpage of the system.

Therefore, we the researchers came up with a login form that permits the use of the System, on
which none authorized users, cannot access the Administration System information. Only valid
users in administration of the company's data and information will enter correct user name

"africa or one" and password "123" to login into the system.

Detailed Design of Implementation

This phase of the systems development life cycle refines hardware and software specifications,
establishes programming plans, trains users and implements extensive testing procedures, to
evaluate design and operating specifications and/or provide the basis for further modification.

Technical Design

This activity builds upon specifications produced during new system design, adding detailed
technical specifications and documentation.
Test Specifications and Planning

This activity prepares detailed test specifications for individual modules and programs, job
streams, subsystems, and for the system as a whole.

Programming and Testing

This activity encompasses actual development, writing, and testing of program units or modules.

User Training

This activity encompasses writing user procedure manuals, preparation of user training materials,
conducting training programs, and testing procedures.

Acceptance Test

A final procedural review to demonstrate a system and secure user approval before a system
becomes operational.

Installation Phase

In this phase the new computerized system is installed, the conversion to new procedures is fully
implemented, and the potential of the new system is explored.

System Installation

The process of starting the actual use of a system and training user personnel in its operation.

Review Phase

This phase evaluates the successes and failures during a systems development project, and to
measure the results of a new Computerized Tran system in terms of benefits and savings
projected at the start of the project.

Development Recap

A review of a project immediately after completion to find successes and potential problems in
future work.
Post-Implementation Review

A review, conducted after a new system has been in operation for some time, to evaluate actual
system performance against original expectations and projections for cost-benefit improvements.
Also identifies maintenance projects to enhance or improve the system.

THE STEPS IN THE SOFTWARE TESTING

The steps involved during Unit testing are as follows:

 Preparation of the test cases.

 Preparation of the possible test data with all the validation checks.

 Complete code review of the module.

 Actual testing done manually.

 Modifications done for the errors found during testing.

 Prepared the test result scripts.

4.5 Results

4.5.1 System Interfaces Main Website Homepage

The main website Homepage (index page) acts as a navigation point of all pages of the system.
Through the main webpage, you can access any part of the system depending on your level of
authentication. Clients can access only five WebPages that are in their areas of concern and they
include; Home, About us, Booking, Terms, and Contact. Only the administrators will be allowed
to access the entire System.
 CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSSION, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

5.0 Introduction

This chapter gives a summary of the entire System with emphasis on its achievements and
limitations. There are also suggestions on possible areas of enhancement.

5.1 Discussion

The system was designed to fulfill the basic aim and specific objectives that were proposed at the
earlier stage of the system development. The system comprises of people, equipment’s, space
and procedure. The researchers were mindful of the input, processing, storing and retrieving
requirements necessary for an effective system. The main users to interact with the system are
the Clients and the Company Systems Information managers.

In any software development, security is always a very important aspect for consideration. The
Administration should therefore make use of the authorized persons to take charge of the part of
the administration system that connects to the Company systems database, which is private to
users only. It is thus, the Company's management obligation to ensure internal controls and
security about the system. Partially part of the system is accessible by the Clients online only, but
fully accessible to the Company authorized administrators.
5.2 Limitations

It is not usually possible to design a system that meets all the needs of every user; therefore the
system has the following limitations;

There are fixed queries that have been designed by the researchers. This means that the users
cannot run procedural Queries of their choice unless the system is upgraded. The Project was
quite limited since the project entails some components that required to be delivered on time
with full functionality.

Biased response from some of the people interviewed. And lastly, lack of interest from some of
the would-be users of the new system due to fear of loss of jobs as a result of the computerized
automation that the new system exhibits.

5.3 Recommendations

First of all, it's important that Africa One Travels continues to use the old manual system
alongside per speculations in the implementation section in the report as the Leslly car rental
service has many clients and the system users have to be trained to the New system as they may
lose important information for the Company. Thus the users should first use the Manual system,
and then the automated computer system in parallel until fully knowledgeable that the New
system is worth their expectations.

Similarly as mentioned above, the Users need to be trained on how best they can use the New
computerized automated system. Users with the basic computer skills are required in order for
them to appreciate the functionality of the program.

Lastly, the system has a lot more room for further improvement though as it stands. It can be
developed, and more advanced features added as required by Africa One Travels in future.

5.4 Conclusion

The Online Car Rental Management System has become an essential technology for Leslly car
rental service in part, because of the information management challenges faced and the need to
be advertised countrywide online. Professionals are increasing daily who are competitors in the
same business in the country. Technological progress makes it possible for Online Car Rental

Management System of Leslly car rental service to provide total cost-effective access to more
complete, accurate Booking Data from Clients and to offer improved performance and
enhancement functionalities that are used to meet the past and future information management
challenges.

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Bachman B. (2004), Www. Indiana.Edu Records Management (18tl' May 2013).

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Brien S. (2001), Introduction ofinfmmation Systems gtl' Edition Foundation Publication

Carl French (1996), Computer Science 5tl' Edition, London New York.

Clifton C. and Begg A (2002), Management Information System gth Edition DP Publication

Clifton Neolith, (2000) Information Systems, Foulks and Lynch, London

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