CHEMISTRY BY DR INDERDEEP SINGH 9780310725

3. CLASSIFICATION OF
ELEMENTS AND

PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES

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CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND

PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES
Introduction:
Classification of elements was proposed in order to study all the elements in a
systematic manner. In this Unit, we shall study the development of the Periodic Law
and the Periodic Table. Mendeleev’s Periodic Table was based on atomic masses.
Modern Periodic Table arranges the elements in the order of their atomic numbers in
seven horizontal rows (periods) and eighteen vertical columns (groups or families).

Why Do We Need Classification?

Elements are the basic units of all types of matter. At present, 118 elements are
known. With such a large number of elements, it is very difficult to study individually
the chemistry of all these elements and their number of compounds. So to make the
study of chemistry simpler, scientists searched for a systematic way to organise their
knowledge by classifying the elements. Main aim behind this classification was to
keep the elements of same properties together, so that by studying one element out
of that group, we can have general idea about the properties of all the elements in
that group.

Periodic Table

Periodic table may be defined as the tabular arrangement of elements in such a

way that the elements having same properties are kept together.

Dobereiner’s Triads Law

st
1 attempt towards the classification of elements was made by Johann W.
Dobereiner in 1817. He arranged elements in the groups of three and in such a way
that the atomic weight of middle element was equal or nearly equal to the average
of atomic weights of other two elements.

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ELEMENTS SYMBOL ATOMIC MASS

Lithium Li 6.9
1 Sodium Na 23
Potassium K 39
Calcium Ca 40.1

2 Strontium Sr 87.6
Barium Ba 137.3
Chlorine Cl 35.5

3 Bromine Br 79.9
Iodine I 126.9

Drawback: Only limited triads were arranged in this pattern.

Newland’s Law of Octaves

In 1865, John Newland observed that in a series of elements arranged in the

st th
increasing order of atomic weights, 1 and 8 elements have same properties. Now,
st th
a days, 1 and 9 elements have same properties in that series because noble gases
were discovered late.

Mendeleev’s Periodic Table

“The physical and chemical properties of elements are a periodic function of

atomic weights”.

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Mendeleev arranged elements in horizontal rows and vertical columns of a table in
order of their increasing atomic weights in such a way that the elements with
similar properties occupied the same vertical column or group. Vertical Colums are
called groups which are numbered I to VIII group, each group is further subdivided
into sub groups A and B. Horizontal rows are called periods.

Defects in Mendeleev’s Table-

i. Position of hydrogen: Position of hydrogen was not justified.

ii. Position of isotope: Isotopes should be placed separately according to periodic

law. But actually one place was given to all isotopes of an element.

iii. Cause of periodicity: Mendeleev could not explain why elements exhibit a
periodicity in their properties when arranged in the order of increasing atomic
weight.

iv. Anomalous pairs of elements: Some anomalous pairs were present in table. As

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Tellurium (128 u) comes in VI group before Iodine (127 u).

Moseley’s Modern Periodic Table

“The physical and chemical properties are the periodic function of their atomic
numbers”.

The long form of periodic table, also called Modem Periodic Table, is based on
Modern periodic law. In this table, the elements have been arranged in order of
increasing atomic numbers.

A modern version, the so-called “long form” of the Periodic Table of the elements,
is the most convenient and widely used. The horizontal rows are called periods and
the vertical columns, groups. Elements having similar outer electronic configurations
in their atoms are arranged in vertical columns, referred to as groups or families.
According to the recommendation of International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry (IUPAC), the groups are numbered from 1 to 18 replacing the older
notation of groups IA … VIIA, VIII, IB … VIIB and 0.

There are altogether seven periods. The period number corresponds to the highest
principal quantum number (n) of the elements in the period. The first period
contains 2 elements. The subsequent periods consists of 8, 8, 18, 18 and 32
elements, respectively. The seventh period is incomplete and like the sixth period
would have a theoretical maximum of 32 elements. In this form of the Periodic
Table, 14 elements of both sixth and seventh periods (lanthanoids and actinoids,
respectively) are placed in separate panels at the bottom.

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The IUPAC names are derived by using roots for three digit atomic number of the
elements.

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A systematic nomenclature be derived directly from the atomic number of the

element using the numerical roots for 0 and numbers 1-9. The roots are put
together in order of digits which make up the atomic number and “ium” is added at
the end. The IUPAC names for elements with Z above 100 are shown below:

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Division of Elements into Blocks

s-block: The elements of Group 1 (alkali metals) and Group 2 (alkaline earth
1 2
metals) which have ns and ns outermost electronic configuration belong to the s-
Block Elements.

Characteristics of s-Block elements,

i. Except Be and Mg, all impart characteristic colour to the flame.

ii. These have low ionisation energy.
iii. These are highly reactive.
iv. These are the highly electropositive elements.
v. All the elements are soft metals.
vi. They have low melting and boiling points.

p-block: The p-Block Elements comprise those belonging to Group 13 to 18 and

these together with the s-Block Elements are called the Representative Elements or

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2 1
Main Group Elements. The outermost electronic configuration varies from ns np to
2 6
ns np in each period.

Characteristics of p-Block elements,

1. The compounds of p-block elements are generally covalent although their

ionic character increases down the group.
2. From left to right 13 to 18, reducing character decreases.

3. The p-block elements generally show more than one oxidation state.

4. The reactivity of elements in a group generally decreases downwards.

5. At the end of each period is a noble gas element with a closed valence shell
2 6
ns np configuration.

d-block: These are the elements of Group 3 to 12 in the centre of the Periodic
Table. These are characterised by the filling of inner d orbitals by electrons and are
therefore referred to as d-Block Elements. These elements have the general outer
1-10 0-2
electronic configuration (n-1)d ns .

Characteristics of d-Block elements:

1. They are all metals with high melting and boiling points.
2. The compounds of the elements are generally paramagnetic in nature.

3. They mostly form coloured ions, exhibit variable valence (oxidation states).

4. They are of tenly used as catalysts.

5. These elements have high melting point.

f-block: The two rows of elements at the bottom of the Periodic Table, called the
Lanthanoids, Ce(Z = 58) – Lu(Z = 71) and Actinoids, Th(Z=90) – Lr (Z=103) are
1-14 0–1 2
characterised by the outer electronic configuration (n-2)f (n-1)d ns . The last

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electron added to each element is filled in f-orbital. These two series of elements
are hence called the Inner-Transition Elements (f-Block Elements).

Characteristics of f-Block elements:

1. All actinoids are radioactive. Elements after uranium are known as transuranium
element.
2. They form coloured compounds.

3. These two series of elements are called Inner Transition Elements (f-Block

Elements).

4. They are all metals. Within each series, the properties of the elements are quite

similar.

5. They generally have high melting and boiling points.

Periodic Properties

The properties which generally have a regular trend along a group or period are
called periodic properties. These are as given below:

 Atomic size
 Ionisation energy
 Electron gain enthalpy
 Electronegativity

i. Atomic Size: Atomic Radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to
the outermost shell containing electron.

Ionic Radius: The ionic radii can be estimated by measuring the distances
between cations and anions in ionic crystals. In general, the ionic radii of
elements exhibit the same trend as the atomic radii.

Cation: The removal of an electron from an atom results in the formation of a

cation. The radius of cation is always smaller than that of the atom.

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Anion: Gain of an electron leads to an anion. The radius of the anion is always
larger than that of the atom.

ii. Ionisation energy: It is the amount of energy required to remove the outer most
electron from an isolated atom in its gaseous state. It is the measured in the
unit of kJ/mole. It is denoted by (∆iH).

- +
M(g) - e ⟶ M (g)

iii. Electron gain enthalpy: It is the enthalpy change when an electron is added to
the gaseous neutral atom. Electron gain enthalpy provides a measure of the
ease with which an atom adds an electron to form anion. It is the measured in
the unit of kJ/mole. It is denoted by (∆egH).

- -
X(g) + e ⟶ X (g)

iv. Electronegativity: Electronegativity is a measure of the tendency of an element

to attract bonded electron pair towards itself in a covalently bonded molecule.

Periodic Trends in Chemical Properties along a Period

1. Metallic character: It decreases across a period, maximum on the extreme left

(alkali metals).

2. Non-metallic character: It increases along a period, from left to right.

3. Atomic Size: It decreases across a period.

4. Ionisation energy: It increases along a period.

5. Electron gain enthalpy: It increases along a period.

6. Electronegativity: It increases along a period.

7. Basic nature of oxides: It decreases from left to right in a period.

8. Acidic nature of oxides: It increases from left to right in a period.

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Variation in Chemical Properties along a Group

1. Metallic character: Generally increases because increase in atomic size and

hence decrease in the ionizatiorn energy of the elements in a group from top to
bottom.

2. Non-metallic character: It generally decreases down a group. As

electronegativity of elements decreases from top to bottom in a group.

3. Atomic Size: It increases along a group.

4. Ionisation energy: It decreases across a period.

5. Electron gain enthalpy: It decreases across a period.

6. Electronegativity: It decreases across a period.

7. Basic nature of oxides: Since metallic character or electropositivity of elements

increases in going from top to bottom in a group basic nature of oxidise
naturally increases.

8. Acidic character of oxides: It generally decreases as non-metallic character of

elements decreases in going from top to bottom in a group.

9. Reactivity of metals: It generally increases down a group. Since tendency to lose

electron increases.

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Summary-

1. Periodic table: Arrangement of elements in the increasing order of atomic

number such that elements with similar properties fall under same vertical
column.

2. Group: A vertical column of elements in the periodic table.

3. Period: A horizontal row of elements in the periodic table.

4. Long form of periodic table has 18 groups and 7 periods. Sixth period is the
longest and first period is the smallest.

5. s-Block elements: Elements of groups 1 and 2. Their general valence shell

1–2
electronic configuration is ns .

6. p-Block elements: Elements of groups 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18. Their general
2 1–6
valence shell electronic configuration is ns np .

7. d-Block elements: Elements of groups 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12. Also

known as transition elements. Their general valence shell electronic
1–10 1–2 10 0
configuration is (n–1)d ns . 46Pd is exception (4d 5s ).

8. f-Block elements: The two horizontal rows of elements at the bottom of the
table. Also known as inner transition elements. Their general valence shell
1–14 0–1 2
electronic configuration is (n–2)f (n–1)d ns .

9. Covalent radius: Half of the internuclear distance between two atoms of the
element held by a single covalent bond.

10. Van der Waal’s radius: Half of the internuclear distance between two nearest
atoms belonging to two adjacent molecules in solid state.

11. Metallic radius: Half of the internuclear distance between two nearest atoms in
the metallic lattice.

12. Isoelectronic ions: The ions having same number of electrons but different
nuclear charge.
3– 2– – + 2+ 3+ 3– 2– – + 2+ 3+
Example: (i) N , O , F , Na , Mg , Al ; (ii) P , S , Cl , K , Ca , Sc

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13. Among isoelectric ions, greater the nuclear charge smaller is the size.

14. Ionization enthalpy: The minimum amount energy required to remove the
outermost electron from an isolated gaseous atom of the element.

15. Ionization enthalpy increases along the period and decreases down the group.

16. Be, Mg, N, P and noble gases have exceptionally high values of ionization
enthalpies due to their stable electronic configurations.

17. Electron gain enthalpy: The enthalpy change taking place when an electron is
added to an isolated gaseous atom of the element.

18. Electron gain enthalpy becomes more negative as we move along the period
and becomes less negative down the group.

19. Successive electron gain enthalpies are always positive.

20. Helium has the highest value of ionization enthalpy in periodic table.

21. Chlorine has the highest negative electron gain enthalpy in periodic table.

22. Electronegativity: It is the tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract towards

itself the shared pair of electrons.

23. Fluorine is the most electronegative element whereas Caesium is the least
electronegative element in periodic table.

24. Unlike ionisation energy and electron affinity, electronegativity is the property of
atom of an element in combined state.

25. Electropositive or metallic character is related to the ionisation energy of the

element. The elements having low I.E. are more electropositive or more metallic
in character.

26. Valence of an element belonging to s or p-block is either equal to the number

of valence electrons or eight minus the number of valence electron.

27. The chemical reactivity is maximum at the two extreme ends of the periodic
table and is least in the centre.

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28. Among alkali metals reactivity increases on descending the group while among
halogens the reactivity decreases on descending the group.

29. The basic character of oxides decreases while the acidic character increases on
going from left to right in a period.

30. Oxides of metals are generally basic while that of non-metals are acidic in
nature.

31. The similarity between a pair of elements in period second and third located
diagonally in the periodic table is called the diagonal relationship.

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NCERT LINE BY LINE

(1.) Assertion : The elements beryllium, antimony, arsenic and tellurium have characteristics
of both metals and non‐metals.
Reason: The metallic character increases as we go from left to right across the periodic
table. [Page: 82]

(a.) Both A and R are true and R is the (b.) Both A and R are true but R is nor the
correct explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

(c.) A is true but R is false. (d.) Both A and R are false.

(2.) Which of the following elements has highest first ionization enthalpy? [Page: 85]

(a.) P (b.) C

(c.) O (d.) Ne

(3.) If atomic weights of lithium and potassium are 7 and 39 respectively, then what is the
atomic weight of sodium according to Dobereiner’s law of triads? [Page: 71]

(a.) 25 (b.) 23

(c.) 14 (d.) 78

(4.) Select the correct order of size of the given species. [Page: 84]

(a.) (b.)

(c.) (d.)

(5.) The sixth period contains 32 elements and successive electrons enter in the orbitals
of[Page: ]

(a.) and . (b.) and

(c.) and . (d.) and

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(6.) The size of an anion will be larger than that of the parent atom because [Page: 84]

(a.) The addition of one or more electrons (b.) The removal of one or more electrons
would result in decreased repulsion results in increased attraction among the
among the electron anda increase in electrons.
effective nuclear charge.

(c.) The addition of one or more electrons (d.) The addition of one or more electrons
would result in increased repulsion results in decreased attraction among
among the electrons and a decrease in the electrons.
effective nuclear charge.

(7.) Identify the oxide which is amphoteric in nature. [Page: 91]

(a.) (b.)

(c.) (d.)

(8.) Some properties of inner‐transition elements are given below. Choose the incorrect
statements. [Page: 82]
(I) They are all non‐metals.
(II) Within each series, the properties of the elements are not similar.
(III) The chemistry of the early actinoids is more simple than the corresponding lanthanoids.

(a.) I and II (b.) II and III

(c.) I and III (d.) I, II and III

(9.) Seaborg was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work. What name has been
given to an element in his honour? [Page: 76]

(a.) Tantalum (b.) Molybdenum

(c.) Iridium (d.) Seaborgium

(10.) Some order and their respective properties are given below. Choose the correct one.
[Page: 82]

(a.) Na Mg Be: Metallic character (b.) K Rb Cs: Reactivity

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(c.) Cl S P: Non‐metallic character (d.) Br Ser As: Electron gain enthalpy

(11.) Some properties for the noble gases are given below. Choose the correct statements.
[Page: 78]
(I) All the orbitals in the valence shell are completely filled by electrons.
(II) Very difficult to alter the electronic arrangement by the addition or removal of
electron.
(III) Exhibit very high chemical reactivity.

(a.) I and III (b.) II and III

(c.) I and II (d.) I, II and III

(12.) The period number in the long form of the periodic table is equal to [Page: 76]

(a.) maximum principal quantum number of (b.) magnetic quantum number of any
any element of the period. element of the period.

(c.) maximum Azimuthal quantum number of (d.) atomic number of any element of the
any element of the period. period.

(13.) What are the oxidation state and covalency respectively of ?[Page:
89]

(a.) 3 and 6 (b.) 6 and 3

(c.) 2 and 6 (d.) 6 and 2

(14.) What is the symbol of the element Meitnerium.[Page: 76]

(a.) (b.)

(c.) (d.)

(15.) Match the oxide given in column I with its property given in column II. (odisha,
NEET‐2019,Page: 85)

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Which of the following option has all correct pairs?

(a.) (i) – (B), (ii) – (D), (iii) – (A), (iv) – (C) (b.) (i) – (B), (ii) – (A), (iii) – (D), (iv) – (C)

(c.) (i) – (C), (ii) – (B), (iii) – (A), (iv) – (D) (d.) (i) – (A), (ii) – (D), (iii) – (B), (iv) – (C)

(16.) Which of the given periodic trends is correct?[Page: 89]

(a.) Electronegativity increases down the (b.) Ionization enthalpy increases down the
group. group.

(c.) Atomic radius increases down the group. (d.) Electron gain enthalpy increases down
the group.

(17.) A quantitative measure of the tendency of an element to lose electron is given by its
[Page: 85]

(a.) electronegativity. (b.) electron gain enthalpy.

(c.) ionization enthalpy. (d.) electronegativity and ionization enthalpy.

(18.)Assertion: Mendeleev periodic table had left the gap under aluminium and a gap under
silicon, and called these elements Eka‐Aluminium and EkaSilicon.
Reason: The elements gallium and germanium were known at that time Mendeleev
published his periodic table. [Page: 72]

(a.) Both A and are true and is the (b.) Both A and are true but is not the
correct explanation of . correct explanation of A.

(c.) A is true but is false. (d.) Both A and are false.

(19.) Assertion: The elements become more metallic as we go from left to right across the
periodic table.
Reason: The elements become more non‐metallic as we go down a group. [Page: 82]

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(a.) Both A and R are true and R is the (b.) Both A and R are true but R is not the
correct explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

(c.) A is true but R is false. (d.) Both A and R are false.

(20.)The ionic radii can be estimated by measuring the distances between [Page: 84]

(a.) anions and anions in ionic crystals. (b.) cations and cations in ionic crystals.

(c.) cations and anions in ionic crystals. (d.) None of these.

(21.) A qualitative measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract
shared electrons to itself is called [Page: 87]

(a.) electron gain enthalpy. (b.) ionization enthalpy.

(c.) electronegativity. (d.) stability.

(22.) Which of the following oxides is most acidic in nature? [NEET‐2018, Page: 85]

(a.) (b.)

(c.) (d.)
(23.) The first and the last of lanthanoids elements are [Page: 81]

(a.) Th and Lr (b.) Ce and No

(c.) La and Lu (d.) Ce and Lu

(24.) What is the atomic number of the element which is considered as last element of the 3d
series? [Page: 81]

(a.) 30 (b.) 40

(c.) 20 (d.) 25
(25.) Assertion: A qualitative measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to
attract shared electrons to itself is called electronegativity.
Reason: The ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy and electronegativity are
measurable quantity. [Page: 89]

(a.) Both A and R are true and R is the (b.) Both A and R are true but R is not the
correct explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

(c.) A is true but R is false. (d.) Both A and R are false.

(26.) According to Mendeleev’s periodic table, which of the following elements has formula
of oxide as ? [QR code, Page: 72]

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(a.) (b.) Be

(c.) (d.)
(27.) Which of the following is the correct order with respect to first ionization enthalpies?
[Page: 84]

(a.) (b.)

(c.) (d.)
(28.)Select the correct statement. [Page: 91]

(a.) Reactivity of the alkali metals decreases (b.) Reactivity of the halogens decreases
down the group. down the group.

(c.) Reactivity of alkali metals and halogens (d.) Reactivity of alkali metals and halogens
decreases down the group. increases down the group.
(29.)Combination of which two blocks elements are also called representative elements .
[Page: 79]

(a.) s‐block and d‐block (b.) s‐block and d-block

(c.) s‐block and p‐block (d.) d‐block and f‐block

(30.)Assertion: Energy is always required to remove electrons from an atom and hence
ionization enthalpies are always negative.
Reason: The second ionization enthalpy will be lower than the first ionization enthalpy.
[Page: 84]

(a.) Both A and R are true and R is the (b.) Both A and R are true but R is not the
correct explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

(c.) A is true but R is false. (d.) Both A and R are false.

(31.)The maximum number of elements that can be accommodated in fifth period is [Page:
78]

(a.) 8 (b.) 18

(c.) 32 (d.) 20
(32.)Which among the following are the isoelectronic Species? [Page: 84]

(a.) (b.)

(c.) (d.)
(33.)The electronic configurations of Eu (Atomic No. 63), Gd (Atomic No. 64) and Tb (Atomic
No. 65) are [AIPMT/NEET‐2016, Page: 81]

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(a.)

(b.)

(c.)
(d.)
(34.)The physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions of their
[Page: 75]

(a.) volume. (b.) densities.

(c.) atomic masses. (d.) atomic numbers.

(35.)The d‐block elements in the periodic table lie in the group from [Page: 81]

(a.) 4 to 11 (b.) 3 to 12

(c.) 3 to 13 (d.) 4 to 14

(36.)The distribution of electrons into orbitals of an atom is called its [Page: 79]

(a.) shell. (b.) electronic configuration.

(c.) series. (d.) block.

(37.)Which of the following is correct with respect to electronegativity, metallic and

non‐metallic character of the elements? [Page: 88]

(a.) The increase in electronegativity across (b.) The increase in electronegativity down a
a period is accompanied by an increase group is accompanied by a decrease in
in nonmetallic properties of elements. nonmetallic properties of elements.

(c.) Electronegativity is inversely related to (d.) Electronegativity is directly related to the

the non‐metallic properties of elements. metallic properties of elements.

(38.)A plot of against atomic number (Z) gave a straight line and not the plot of
against atomic mass. Which of the following scientist observed such regularities in the
characteristics X‐ray spectra of the element [page: 75]

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(a.) Dmitri Mendeleev (b.) Henry Moseley

(c.) A. H. B. de Chancourtois (d.) Alexander Newlands

(39.)Which of the following statements regarding ionization enthalpy is correct?. [Page: s5]

(a.) The first ionization enthalpy will be (b.) The second ionization enthalpy will be
higher than the second ionization higher than the first ionization enthalpy.
enthalpy.

(c.) The second ionization enthalpy will be (d.) The first ionization enthalpy will be
higher than the third ionization enthalpy. higher than the third ionization enthalpy.

(40.)Fourth period ended with element of [Page: 8i]

(a.) xenon. (b.) krypton.

(c.) silver. (d.) copper.

(41.)Which of the following groups of elements has highly negative electron gain enthalpies
[Page: 79]

(a.) Halogen group (b.) Chalcogens group

(c.) Alkaline earth metal group (d.) Alkali metal group

(42.)Which of the following is the correct statement.[Page: 84]

(a.) The cation with the greater positive (b.) The anion with the greater negative
charge will have a smaller radius. charge will have the smaller radius.

(c.) The cation with the lower positive charge (d.) The anion with the lower negative charge
will have a smaller radius. will have the larger radius.

(43.)Transition elements in the periodic table started from the atomic number [Page: 81]

(a.) 20 (b.) 21

(c.) 22 (d.) 24
(44.)Assertion: The atomic size generally decreases across a period.
Reason: Effective nuclear charge increases as the atomic number increases across a
period.[Page: 84]

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CHEMISTRY BY DR INDERDEEP SINGH 9780310725
(a.) Both A and R are true and R is the (b.) Both A and R are true but R is not the
correct explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

(c.) A is true but R is false. (d.) Both A and R are false.

(45.)Assertion: The two rows of elements at the bottom of the periodic table are called the
lanthanoids and actinoids.
Reason: The elements after uranium are called trans‐uranium elements. [Page: 81]

(a.) Both A and R are true and R is the (b.) Both A and R are true but R is not the
correct explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

(c.) A is true but R is false. (d.) Both A and R are false.

(46.)Which of the following properties does not belong to the d‐block elements ? [Page: sl]

(a.) They exhibit specific oxidation states. (b.) They are all metals.

(c.) They are mostly formed of coloured ions. (d.) They are often used as catalyst.

(47.)Consider the two oxygen containing compounds and . The order of

electronegativity of the three elements involved in these compounds is[Page: 88]

(a.) (b.)

(c.) (d.)

(48.)Which of the given element has highest electronegativity value as per Pauling
scale?[Page: 89]

(a.) Si (b.) S

(c.) Be (d.) Mg

(49.)Gadolinium belongs to 4f series. Its atomic number is 64. Which of the following is the
correct electronic configuration of gadolinium [Re‐AIPMT‐2015, Page: 81]

(a.) (b.)

(c.) (d.)

(50.)Assertion: Henry Moseley observed regularities in the characteristic ‐ray spectra of

element. A plot of ( against atomic number (Z) gave a straight line.

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Reason: Henry Moseley showed thar the atomic number is a more fundamental property
of an element than its atomic mass. [Page: 75]

(a.) Both A and are true and is the (b.) Both A and are true but is not the
correct explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

(c.) A is true but is false. (d.) Both A and are false.

TOPIC WISE NEET PRACTICE

TOPIC 1: Mendeleev and Modern Periodic Table

1. The molecular formula of chloride of Eka‐Aluminium and Eka‐Silicon respectively are
1) GaCl3 and SiO4 2) GaCl3 and AlCl3 3) AlCl3 and SiCl4 4) GaCl3 and GeCl4
2. Representative elements belong to
1) s‐ and p‐blocks 2) p‐ and d‐blocks 3) f‐block only 4) d‐ and f‐blocks
3. The tenth element in the periodic table resembles the element with atomic number
1) 2 and 30 2) 8 and 18 3) 2 and 54 4) 8 and 54
4. The elements with atomic numbers 9, 17, 35, 53 and 85 belong to
1) alkali metals 2) alkaline earth metals
3) halogens 4) noble gases
5. The element Z = 114 has been discovered recently. It will belong to which of the following family
group and electronic configuration?
1) Halogen family [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p5 2) Carbon family [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p2
3) Oxygen family [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p4 4) Nitrogen family [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p3
6. The most abundant element in the universe is thought to be
1) carbon 2) oxygen 3) hydrogen 4) nitrogen
7. Element with atomic number 47 belongs to the period ..........and the group ...........
1) 4th, 12th 2) 4th, 11th 3) 5th, 12th 4) 5th, 11th
8. Which of the following is the atomic number of a metal–
1) 32 2) 34 3) 36 4) 38
9. What is the IUPAC name of the element with atomic number 114 ?
1) Unununnium 2) Unnilquadium 3) Ununquadium 4) Unnilennium.
10. The element with atomic number 118, will be
1) alkali 2) noble gas 3) lanthanide 4) transition element
11. If the atomic number of an element is 33, it will be placed in the periodic table in the
1) first group 2) third group 3) fifth group 4) seventh group.
12. The long form of periodic table consists of
1) Seven periods and eight groups 2) seven periods and eighteen groups
3) Eight periods and eighteen groups 4) eighteen periods and eight groups

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13. Elements of which group form anions most readily?
1) Oxygen family 2) Nitrogen family 3) Halogens 4) Alkali metals
14. Element with electronic configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p3 belongs to the
following group of the periodic table
1) 2nd 2) 5th 3) 3rd 4) 7th
15. Element having atomic no. of 56 belongs to which of the following block of periodic table?
1) p‐ block 2) d‐block 3) f‐ block 4) s‐block
16. Which of the following pairs has both members from the same period of the periodic table.
1) Na – Ca 2) Na – Cl 3) Ca – Cl 4) Cl – Br
17. Which group of the periodic table contains coinage metal ?
1) IIA 2) IB 3) IA 4) None of these
18. Which of the following period contain most of the manmade radioactive elements?
1) Seventh 2) Fifth 3) Sixth 4) Both 1) and 3)
19. Element X forms a chloride with the formula XCl2, which is a solid with a high melting point. X would
most likely be in the same group of the periodic table as –
1) Na 2) Mg 3) Al 4) Si
20. An element has electronic configuration 1s22s22p63s23p4.
1) Period = 3rd, block = p, group = 16 2) Period = 5th, block = s, group = 1
3) Period = 3rd, block = p, group = 10 4) Period = 4th, block = d, group = 12
21. Which of the following is the artificial element in the periodic table ?
1) Tc 2) Te 3) Ru 4) Os

TOPIC 2: Atomic Radii, Ionic Radii and Ionization Energy

22. The correct order of radii is

1) N < Be < B 2) F‐ < O2‐ < N3‐ 3) N < Li < K 4) Fe3+ < Fe2+ < Fe4+
23. When an electron is removed from an atom, its energy
1) increases 2) decreases 3) remains the same 4) none of these
24. In the ions , and , the increasing order of size is
1) 2) , , 3) , , 4) , ,
25. Ionisation energy decreases down the group due to
1) increase in charge 2) increase in atomic size
3) decrease in size 4) decrease in shielding effect
26. Which one has least ionisation potential?
1) Ne 2) N 3) O 4) F
27. Covalent radii of atoms varies in range of 72 pm to 133 pm from F to I while that of noble gases He to
Xe varies from 120pm to 220pm. This is because in case of noble gases
1) covalent radius is very large 2) van der Waal radius is considered
3) metallic radii is considered 4) None of these
28. Ionic radii are
1) inversely proportional to effective nuclear charge
2) inversely proportional to square of effective nuclear charge
3) directly proportional to effective nuclear charge
4) directly proportional to square of effective nuclear charge
29. Which one of the following ions has the highest value of ionic radius ?
1) 2) 3) 4)
30. Atomic radii of fluorine and neon in Angstorm units are respectively given by
1) 0.72, 1.60 2) 1.60, 1.60 3) 0.72, 0.72 4) None of these values
31. The screening effect of inner electrons of the nucleus causes
1) decrease in the ionization energy 2) increase in the ionization energy

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3) no effect on the ionization energy 4) increases the attraction of the nucleus for the electrons
32. The second ionization potential is
1) less than the first ionization potential. 2) equal to the first ionization potential.
3) greater than the first ionization potential. 4) none of these
33. The pair of elements having approximately equal ionisation potential is
1) Al, Ga 2) Al, Si 3) Al, Mg 4) Al, B
34. Which of the following option is incorrect with respect to ionic radii ?
1) 2) 3) 4)
35. Which of the following element has maximum, first ionisation potential –
1) V 2) Ti 3) Cr 4) Mn

36. The van der Waal and covalent radii of fluorine atom respectively from the following figure are.

1) 219 pm, 72 pm 2) 75 pm, 72 pm 3) 147 pm, 72 pm 4) 147 pm, 144 pm

37. Which of the following has same size?
1) Fe2+ , Ni2+ 2) Zr4+, Ti4+ 3) Zr4+, Hf 4+ 4) Zn2+, Hf 4+
38. The correct decreasing order of first ionisation enthalpies of five elements of the second period is
1) Be > B > C > N > F 2) N > F > C > B > Be 3) F > N > C > Be > B 4) N > F > B > C > Be
39. Which is the correct order of second ionization potential of C, N, O and F in the following ?
1) O > N > F > C 2) O > F > N > C 3) F > O > N > C 4) C > N > O > F
40. Which of the following statements is wrong ?
1) van der Waal’s radius of iodine is more than its covalent radius
2) All isoelectronic ions belong to same period of the periodic table
3) I.E.1 of N is higher than that of O while I.E.2 of O is higher than that of N
4) The electron gain enthalpy of N is almost zero while that of P is 74.3 kJ mol‐1
41. The atomic sizes are not significantly different for the series of elements
1) Bi, Na, K, Rb 2) Na, Mg, Al, Si 3) O, S, Sc, Te 4) Cr, Mn,Fe,Co
42. The correct sequence of the ionic radii of the following is
1) > > > > 2) > > > >
3) > > > > 4) none of these
43. Ionization potentials of the following elements are in the order
1) Al > Ga > In > Tl 2) Al > Ga > Tl > In 3) Al » Ga > In > Tl 4) Al » Ga > Tl > In
44. Electron affinity is maximum for
1) Cl 2) F 3) Br 4) I
45. Consider the following four elements, which are represented according to long form of periodic table

Here W, Y and Z are left, up and right elements with respect to the element 'X' and 'X' belongs to 16th
group and 3rd period. Then according to given information the incorrect statement regarding given
elements is:
1) Maximum electronegativity : Y 2) Maximum catenation property : X
3) Maximum electron affinity : Z 4) Y exhibits variable covalency
46. The electron affinity for the inert gases is

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1) zero 2) high 3) negative 4) positive
47. An atom with high electronegativity has
1) large size 2) high ionisation potential
3) low electron affinity 4) low ionisation potential
48. The stability of + 1 oxidation state increases in the sequence:
1) Tl < In < Ga < Al 2) In < Tl < Ga < Al
3) Ga < In < Al < Tl 4) Al < Ga < In < Tl
49. Halogens and chalcogens family have highly ...P.. electron gain enthalpy. Here, P refers to
1) negative 2) positive 3) zero 4) infinity
50. Which one of these is basic ?
1) SiO2 2) SO2 3) CO2 4) Na2O
51. Which of the following sequence correctly represents the decreasing acidic nature of oxides?
1) > BeO > > CO2 > 2) > CO2 > > BeO >
3) CO2 > > > BeO > 4) > CO2 > > > BeO

52. Which one of the following is an amphoteric oxide ?

1) Na2O 2) SO2 3) B2O3 4) ZnO
53. An element X occurs in short period having configuration ns np . The formula and nature of its oxide is
2 1

1) XO3, basic 2) XO3 acidic

3) X2O3, amphoteric 4) X2O3 basic
54. Which is chemically most active non‐metal ?
1) S 2) O 3) F 4) N
55. Which is not the correct order for the stated property.
1) Ba > Sr > Mg ; atomic radius 2) F > O > N ; first ionization enthalpy
3) Cl > F > I ; electron affinity 4) O > Se > Te ; electronegativity
56. The correct order of acidic strength :
1) Cl2O7 > SO2 > P4O10 2) K2O > CaO > MgO
3) CO2 > N2O5 > SO3 4) Na2O > MgO > Al2O3
57. The elements with zero electron affinity are
1) Boron and Carbon 2) Beryllium and Helium
3) Lithium and Sodium 4) Fluorine and Chlorine
58. Which is true about the electronegativity order of the following elements?
1) P > Si 2) C > N 3) Br > Cl 4) Sr > Ca
59. The element having very high ionization energy but zero electron affinity is
1) H 2) F 3) He 4) B
60. In the process, is
1) positive 2) negative 3) zero 4) unpredictable

NEET PREVIOUS YEARS

1. Magnesium reacts with an element (X) to form an ionic compound. If the ground state electronic
configuration of (X) is 1s2 2s2 2p3, the simplest formula for this compound is (2018)
1) 2) 3) 4)

2. The element Z = 114 has been discovered recently. It will belong to which of the following
family/group and electronic configuration ? [2017]

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CHEMISTRY BY DR INDERDEEP SINGH 9780310725
1) Carbon family, [Rn] 2) Oxygen family, [Rn]
3) Nitrogen family, [Rn] 4) Halogen family, [Rn]
3. In which of the following options the order of arrangement does not agree with the variation of property
indicated against it? [2016]
1) Al3+ < Mg2+ < Na+ < F– (increasing ionic size)
2) B < C < N < O (increasing first ionisation enthalpy)
3) I < Br < Cl < F (increasing electron gain enthalpy)
4) Li < Na < K < Rb (increasing metallic radius)
4. The formation of the oxide ion O2–(g), from oxygen atom requires first an exothermic and then an
endothermic step as shown below : [2015]

Thus process of formation of O2– in gas phase is unfavourable even though O2– is isoelectronic with
neon. It is due to the fact that
1) Electron repulsion outweighs the stability gained by achieving noble gas configuration
2) O– ion has comparatively smaller size than oxygen atom
3) Oxygen is more electronegative
4) Addition of electron in oxygen results in larger size of the ion.
5. The species Ar, K+ and Ca2+ contain the same number of electrons. In which order do their radii
increase? [2015]
1) Ca 2+ < Ar < K+ 2) Ca 2+ < K + < Ar 3) K + < Ar < Ca2+ 4) Ar < K + < Ca2+
6. Which of the following orders of ionic radii is correctly represented? [2014]
1) H– > H+ > H 2) Na+ > F– > O2– 3) F– > O2– > Na+ 4) Al3+ > Mg2+ > N3–
7. For the second period elements the correct increasing order of first ionisation enthalpy is :‐ [2019]
(1) Li < Be < B < C < N < O < F < Ne (2) Li < B < Be < C < O < N < F < Ne
(3) Li < B < Be < C < N < O < F < Ne (4) Li < Be < B < C < O < N < F < Ne
8. Match the oxide given in column A with its property given in column B: [NEET‐2019‐ODISSA]
Column‐A Column‐B
(i) Na2O (a) Neutral
(ii) Al2O3 (b) Basic
(iii) N2O (c) Acidic
(iv) Cl2O7 (d) Amphoteric
Which of the following options has all correct pairs?
(1) (i)‐(b), (ii)‐(a), (iii)‐(d), (iv)‐(c) (2) (i)‐(c), (ii)‐(b), (iii)‐(a), (iv)‐(d)
(3) (i)‐(a), (ii)‐(d), (iii)‐(b), (iv)‐(c) (4) (i)‐(b), (ii)‐(d), (iii)‐(a), (iv)‐(c)
9. Match the element in column I with that in column II. [NEET‐2020‐COVID‐19]
Column‐I Column‐II
(a) Copper (i) Non‐metal
(b) Fluorine (ii) Transition metal
(c) Silicon (iii) Lanthanoid
(d) Cerium (iv) Metalloid
Identify the correct match :
(1) (a)‐(ii), (b)‐(iv), (c)‐(i), (d)‐(iii) (2) (a)‐(ii), (b)‐(i), (c)‐(iv), (d)‐(iii)
(3) (a)‐(iv), (b)‐(iii), (c)‐(i), (d)‐(ii) (4) (a)‐(i), (b)‐(ii), (c)‐(iii), (d)‐(iv)

10. Identify the incorrect match [NEET ‐ 2020]

Named IUPAC official Name
a) Urnilunium i) Mendelevium
b) Unnibrium ii) Lawrencium

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c) Unnihexium iii) Seaborgium
d) Unununnium iv) Darmstadtium
1) d, iv 2) a, i 3) b, ii 4) c, iii
11. Zr (Z=40) and Hf(Z=72) have similar atomic and ionic radii because of [NEET‐2021]
1) diagonal relationship 2) lanthanoid contraction
3) having similar chemical properties 4) belonging to same group
12. The IUPAC name of an element with atomic number 119 is [NEET‐2022]
1) Ununennium 2) Unnilennium
3) Unununnium 4) ununoctium

NCERT LINE BY LINE QUESTIONS – ANSWERS

(1.) d (2.) d (3.) b (4.) a (5.) d
(6.) c (7.) a (8.) d (9.) d (10.) b
(11.) c (12.) a (13.) a (14.) b (15.) a
(16.) c (17.) c (18.) c (19.) d (20.) c
(21.) c (22.) b (23.) d (24.) a (25.) c
(26.) a (27.) b (28.) b (29.) c (30.) d
(31.) b (32.) c (33.) d (34.) d (35.) b
(36.) b (37.) a (38.) b (39.) b (40.) b

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(41.) a (42.) a (43.) b (44.) a (45.) b
(46.) a (47.) b (48.) b (49.) a (50.) a

TOPIC WISE PRACTICE QUESTIONS - ANSWERS

1) 4 2) 1 3) 3 4) 3 5) 2 6) 3 7) 4 8) 4 9) 3 10) 2
11) 3 12) 2 13) 3 14) 2 15) 4 16) 2 17) 2 18) 1 19) 2 20) 1
21) 1 22) 2 23) 1 24) 1 25) 2 26) 3 27) 2 28) 1 29) 1 30) 1
31) 1 32) 3 33) 1 34) 4 35) 4 36) 3 37) 3 38) 3 39) 2 40) 2
41) 4 42) 2 43) 4 44) 1 45) 4 46) 1 47) 2 48) 4 49) 1 50) 4
51) 2 52) 4 53) 3 54) 3 55) 2 56) 1 57) 2 58) 1 59) 3 60) 2

NEET PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTIONS-ANSWERS

1) 3 2) 1 3) 3 4) 1 5) 2 6) 2 7) 2 8) 4 9) 2 10) 1
11) 2 12) 1

NCERT LINE BY LINE QUESTIONS – SOLUTIONS

(1.) (d) Beryllium is a metal, while silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony and Tellurium are
considered metalloids and they have characteristics of both metals and non‐metals. The
elements become more metallic as we go down a group, the nonmetallic character
increases as one goes from left to right across the periodic table.
(2.) (d) Among the given elements from period 2 of the periodic table, Ne has maximum first
ionization enthalpy because of closed electron shells and very stable electron
configurations.
(3.) (b) According to Dobereiner’s law of triads, the atomic weight of sodium is 23.
Assertion‐Reason Type questions
(4.) (a) The correct order of size of the given species is

(5.) (d) The sixth period contains 32 elements and successive electrons enter
and orbitals, in the order of filling up of the orbitals, it begins with
cerium and ends at lutetium to give the 4f‐ inner transition series which
is called the lanthanoid series.

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(6.) (c) The size of an anion will be larger than that of the parent atom because the addition
of one or more electrons would result in increased repulsion among the electrons and a
decrease in effective nuclear charge.
(7.) (a) is amphoteric oxide. Amphoteric oxides behave as acidic with bases and as
basic with acidic.
(8.) (d) The inner transition elements are all metals within each series, the properties of the
elements are quite similar. The chemistry of the early actinoids is more complicated
than the corresponding lanthanoids, due to the large number of oxidation states
possible for these actinoid elements.
(9.) (d) Element 106 has been named seaborgium (Sg) in his honour.
(10.) (b) Reactivity of the group 1 elements increases down the group.
(11.) (c) All the orbitals in the valence shell of the noble gases are completely filled by
electrons and it is very difficult to alter this stable arrangement by the addition or
removal of electrons. The noble gases thus exhibit very low chemical reactivity.
(12.) (a) The period number in the long form of the periodic table is equal to maximum
principal quantum number of any element of the period.
Assertion‐Reason Type Questions
(13.) 43.(a) The oxidation state of Al is 3 and the covalency is 6.
(14.) (b) IUPAC official name and symbol of the element atomic number is Meitnerium
(Mt).
(15.) (a) Basic
Amphoteric
Neutral
Acidic
Assertion‐Reason Type questions
(16.) (c) Among the given periodic trends, atomic radius increases down the group.
Remaining other trends, electronegativity, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy,
decrease down the group.
(17.) 20.(c) A quantitative measure of the tendency of an element to lose electron is given by
its ionization enthalpy. It represents the energy required to remove an electron from an
isolated gaseous atom in its ground state.
(18.) (c) The elements gallium and germanium were unknown at the time Mendeleev
published his periodic table.

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(19.) (d) The elements become more metallic as we go down a group, the non‐metallic
character increases as one goes from left to right across the periodic table.
(20.) (c) The radii can be estimated by measuring the distance between cations and anions in
ionic crystals.
(21.) (c) A qualitative measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract
shared electrons to itself is called electronegativity.
(22.) (b) In metal moving down the group metallic character increases so basic nature
increases, hence most acidic will be BeO.
(23.) (d) The order of filling up of the orbitals begins with cerium (Ce) and ends at
lutetium (Lu) to give the ‐ inner transition series which is called the
lanthanoid series.
(24.) (a) series elements started from scandium which has electronic
configuration . The orbitals are filled at zinc with electronic
configuration
(25.) (c) Electronegativity is not a measurable quantity, while ionization enthalpy and electron
gain enthalpies are measurable quantity. However, a number of numerical scales of
electronegativity of elements like Pauling scale, Mulliken‐Jaffe scale, Allred‐Rochow
scale have been developed.
(26.) (a) According to Mendeleev’s periodic table, boron has formula or
(27.) (b) In general, ionization enthalpies decrease as we descend in a group.
(28.) (b) Within a group, the reactivity increases down the group, whereas within group of
non‐metals, halogens, reactivity decreases down the group.
(29.) (c) The ‐block elements comprise with ‐block elements are called the representative
elements or main group elements.
(30.) (d) Energy is always required to remove electrons from an atom and hence ionization
enthalpies are always positive. The second ionization enthalpy will be higher than the
first ionizarion enthalpy because it is more difficult to remove an electron from a
positively charged ion than from a neutral atom.
(31.) (b) Maximum 18 elements can be accommodated in the fifth period of the periodic table.
(32.) (c) and are isoelectronic species because it consists of same number of
electrons.

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(33.) (d)

(34.) (d) The physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions of their
atomic numbers.
(35.) (b) The ‐block elements in the periodic table lie in the group from 3 to 12.
(36.) (b) The distribution of electrons into orbitals of an atom is called its electronic
configuration.
(37.) (a) Among the given statements option (a) is correct with respect to electronegativity,
metallic and non‐metallic character of the elements.
(38.) (b) In the English physicist Henry Moseley observed regularities in the
characteristic ‐ray spectra of the element. A plot of (where is frequency of
‐rays emitted) against atomic number (z) gave a straight line and not the plot of
vs atomic mass.
(39.) (b) The second ionization enthalpy will be higher than the first ionizaoon enthalpy
because it is more difficult to remove an electron from a positively charged ion than
from a neutral atom.
(40.) (b) Fourth period ended with element of Krypton.
(41.) (a) Among the given groups, halogen group of elements has highly negative electron
gain enthalpies and readily add one electron to attain the stable noble gas configuration.
(42.) (a) The cation with the greater positive charge will have a smaller radius because of the
greater attraction of the electrons to the nucleus. Whereas the anion with the greater
negative charge will have the larger radius.
(43.) (b) Transition elements in the periodic table started from the atomic number ,
scandium.
(44.) (a) The atomic size generally decreases across a period. It is because within the period
the outer electrons are in the same valence shell and the effective nuclear charge
increases as the atomic number increases, resulting in the increased attraction of
electrons to the nucleus.
(45.) (b) The two rows of elements at the bottom of the periodic table, called the lanthanoids
Ce (Z 58) ‐ Lu (Z 7l) and actinoids, Th (Z 90)‐Lr (Z 103) are characterized by the
outer electronic configuration . The elements after uranium are
called trans‐uranium elements.

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(46.) (a) The ‐block, transition, elements exhibit variable oxidation states.
(47.) (b) Correct order of electronegativity of the given elements is
(48.) (b)
ElementElectronegativity

value

Si

Be

Mg

(49.) (a) Electronic configuration of gadolinium (Gd) is [Xe]

(50.) (a) Henry Moseley observed regularities in the characteristic ‐ray spectra of the
elements. A plot of (where 1) is frequency of ‐rays emitted) against atomic
number (Z) gave a straight line and not the plot of vs atomic mass. He thereby
showed that the atomic number is a more fundamental property of an element than its
atomic mass.

TOPIC WISE PRACTICE QUESTIONS - SOLUTIONS

1. (4) Chloride formulas
(i) Eka‐Aluminium =
(ii) Eka‐Silicon =
Mendeleev arranged elements in horizontal rows and vertical columns of a table in order to their
increasing atomic weights.
2. (1) The s and p–block elements are collectively known as representative elements.
3. (3) The magic number is 2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 32 according to which the elements are arranged in the periodic
table. As the atomic number of the element is 10, so, it will resemble the elements with atomic number
= 10 – 8 = 2,
10 + 8 = 18, 18 + 18 = 36, 36 + 18 = 54. This element resembles the element with atomic number 2, 54.
4. (3) atomic number 9 is for F so its halogen series.
5. (2) Z = 114 belong to group 14, carbon family electronic configuration
6. (3) Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe. The order of abundance of given elements in
the universe is H > O > C > N
7. (4) Electronic configuration : ; period = 5th ;group = 10 + 1 = 11th
8. (4) 38 is the atomic no. of stronium (Sr) which is s‐block element and all the elements of s‐block are
metals.
9. (3) Digit Name
1 un

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CHEMISTRY BY DR INDERDEEP SINGH 9780310725
4 quad
Using above notation IUPAC name of element 114 is Ununquadium.
10. (2) Electronic configuration of element with atomic number 118 will be . Since its
electronic configuration in the outer most orbit resemble with that of inert or noble gases,
therefore it will be noble gas element.
11. (3) Element with Z = 33
lies in fifth (or 15th ) group.
12. (2)
13. (3) Halogens are most electronegative elements i.e., they are likely to form anions most readily.
14. (2) Its valence shell has 5 electrons . It belongs to 5th group of the periodic table.
15. (4) Barium has atomic number 56. It is an alkaline earth metal i.e., found in s‐block.
16. (2) Na and Cl both belongs to III period.
17. (2) Cu, Ag and Au are coinage metals. They belong to group IB (d‐block) of periodic table
18. (1) Seventh period includes most of the man‐made radioactive elements.
19. (2)
20. (1) By observing principal quantum number (n). Orbital (s, p, d, f ) and equating no. of e–’s we are able
to find the period, block and group of element in periodic table.
21. (1) is the first artificial element.
22. (2)
23. (1) Energy is supplied in order to remove electron from atoms. So energy of atom increases when
electron is removed from atom.
24. (1)
25. (2) When we move down the group, atomic size increases, distance between nucleus and valence shell
electron increases and ionisation energy decreases.
26. (3) Ionisation potential increases while moving in a period.
Group V VI VII VIII
Element N O F Ne
Oxygen (group 6) has low ionisation potential than N (group 5) because of stable configuration of
nitrogen (half‐filled p‐orbital)
27. (2) In case of halogens covalent radius is considered this bond is formed by overlapping of electron
clouds; while noble gases remain monoatomic, in this case only way to obtain radius is through van der
Waal radii.
28. (1) Ionic radii are inversely proportional to effective nuclear charge.
Ionic radii in the nth orbit is given as

when n = principal quantum number

Z‐effective nuclear change.
29. (1) are isoelectronic. Hence have same number of shells, therefore greater the nuclear
charge smaller will be the size i.e.,
further and are isoelectronic. therefore

Hence the correct order of atomic size is.

30. (1) (i) Noble gases do not have covalent radii. They have only van der Waal’s radii.
(ii) Covalent radii is always smaller than
corresponding van der Waal’s radii

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CHEMISTRY BY DR INDERDEEP SINGH 9780310725
Atomic radius of neon being van der Waal’s radius is larger than that of fluorine which is in fact is its
covalent radius.
31. (1) Higher the screening effect, lower is the I.E.
32. (3) Greater than the first ionization energy because after removal of one , effective nuclear charge
increases.
33. (1) In case of Ga there are 10d‐electrons in the penultimate energy shell which shield the nuclear charge
less effectively, the outer electron is held firmly by nucleus. As a result, the ionisation energy remains
nearly the same as that of aluminium inspite of the fact that atomic size increases.
34. (4) has more effective nuclear charge and smaller size than .
35. (4) due to half‐filled configuration , higher energy is required to removal of electron
compared to other elements.
36. (3) Covalent radius is radius of an atom in its bound state i.e., in fluorine it is half of distance between
two covalently bonded fluorine atoms; van der Waal radii is one‐half of the distance between the nuclei
of two identical non‐bonded isolated atoms. These atoms are attracted toward each other through weak
van der Waal’s force hence van der Waal radii are very large.
37. (3) In general, the atomic and ionic radii increases on moving down in a group. But the element of
second transition series (eg., Zr, Nb, Mo etc.,) have the almost same radii as the elements of third
transition series (eg. Hf, Ta, W etc.). This is because of lanthanide contraction.
38. (3) As we move along the period, the atomic size decreases due to increase in nuclear charge. Therefore,
it is more difficult to remove electron from an atom. Hence the sequence of first ionization enthalpy in
decreasing order is
F > N > C > B > Be
But ionization enthalpy of boron is less as compared to beryllium because first electron in boron is to be
removed from p‐orbital while in beryllium, is to be removed from s‐orbital. As s‐orbital is closer to
nucleus in comparison to p‐orbital thus energy required to remove an electron from s‐orbital is greater.
39. (2) The second ionization potential means removal of electron from cation

Therefore O > F > N > C

40. (2) In the isoelectronic species, all isoelectronic anions belong to the same period and cations to the next
period.
41. (4) The decrease in size of inner d‐subshell due to added electrons and their shielding effect on the outer
most electrons from the nuclear charge almost compensate for Cr, Mn, Fe and Co.
42. (2) Radii of anions carrying same charge decrease from left to right in a period and increase down the
group.
43. (4) Barring few exceptions, ionization potential decreases down the group.
44. (1) Electron affinity is energy released when electron is added to isolated gaseous atom. Its value
decreases down the group. So electron affinity of F should be highest among halogens but due to its
smaller size electron affinity of Cl is more than F.
Cl has highest electron affinity.
45. (4)
W : Phosphorus Y : Oxygen X : Sulphur Z : Chlorine
Electronegativity O > Cl > S > P Catenation : S > P > O > Cl
Electron Affinity : Cl > O > S > P Oxygen exhibits covalency of two only
46. (1) Zero, because of the stable electronic configuration the noble gases do not show any force of
attraction towards the incoming electron.
47. (2) An atom with high electronegativity has high IP.
48. (4) The stability of +1 oxidation state increases from aluminium to thallium i.e.
Al < Ga < In < Tl

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CHEMISTRY BY DR INDERDEEP SINGH 9780310725
49. (1) The halogen (group‐17) and the chalcogens (group‐16) are two groups of elements having highly
negative electron gain enthalpies.
50. (4) Basicity of oxides decreases in a period from left to right. Na2O is basic oxide, CO2, SiO2 and SO2
are acidic oxides. Alternatively, oxides of metals (e.g., Na2O) are basic, while oxides of non‐metals
(SO2, SiO2 and CO2) are acidic.
51. (2) On passing from left to right in a period acidic character of the normal oxides of the elements
increases with increase in electronegativity.
52. (4) Na2O (basic), SO2 and B2O3 (acidic) and ZnO is amphoteric.
53. (3) ns2 p1 is the electronic configuration of III A period.
Al2O3 is amphoteric oxide.
54. (3) F2 has highest electronegativity, so it is chemically most active non metal.
55. (2) On moving along the period, ionization enthalpy increases. In second period, the order of ionization
enthalpy should be as follows :
F > O > N.
But N has half‐filled structure, therefore, it is more stable than O. That is why its ionization enthalpy is
higher than O. Thus, the correct order of IE is
F > N > O.
56. (1) Acidic character of oxide μ Non‐metallic nature of element. Non‐metallic character increases along
the period. Hence order of acidic character is
Cl2O7 > SO2 > P4O10.
57. (2) Fully filled electronic configuration
58. (1) P > Si electronegativity increases along the period.
59. (3) He has zero EA because of its completely filled subshells (1s2).
60. (2) The process represents the first electron affinity which is always exothermic. Hence H is negative.

NEET PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTIONS-EXPLANATIONS

1. (3) Element (X) electronic configuration

So, valency of X will be 3.

Valency of Mg is 2.
Formula of compound formed by Mg and X will be .
2. (1) Z = 114 belong to Group 14, carbon family
Electronic configuration

3. (2, 3)The correct order is

B<C<O<N
Generaly ionisation energy increases across a period. But here first I.E. of O is less than the first I.E. of
N. This is due to the half‐filled 2p orbital in N which is more stable than the 2p orbital in O

(3) The correct order of electron affinity is I < Br < F < Cl

Halogens have high electron affinities which decreases on moving down the group. However, fluorine
has lower value than chlorine which is due to its small size and repulsion between the electron added
and electrons already present.
4. (1) Incoming electrons occupies the smaller n = 2 shell, also negative charge on oxygen ( ) is another
factor due to which incoming electron feel repulsion. Hence electron repulsion outweigh the stability
gained by achieving noble gas configuration.
5. (2) In isoelectronic species the radius decrease with increase in nuclear charge

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CHEMISTRY BY DR INDERDEEP SINGH 9780310725
hence increasing order of radius is
6. (N) All answers are incorrect.
7. 2)For same shell
[s1 < p1 < s2 < p2 < p4 < p3 < p5 < p6 ]
Li < B < Be < C < O < N < F < Ne
8. 4)Na2O Basic
Al2O3 Amphoteric
N2O Neutral
Cl2O7 Acidic
9. 2) Copper – Transition metal
Fluorine – Non metal
Silicon – Metalloids
erium – Lanthanoid
10. 1)Unununnium (Z= 111) is officially name as Roentgenium
11. 2)The cumulative effect of the contraction of the lanthanoid series, known as lanthanoid contraction,
causes the radii of the members of the third transition series to be very similar to those of the
corresponding members of the second series.
The almost identical radii of Zr (160 pm) and Hf (159 pm) is a consequence of the lanthanoid
12: 119‐ Ununennium

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