NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN MARCOS

FACULTY OF ACCOUNTING SCIENCES

COURSE: Inferential Statistics TOPIC: Discrete Distributions
SESSION: N o 1 DIRECTED PRACTICE : No. 1
I.- BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION

1 .- The president of the board of directors of a financial entity carried out an

investigation, where 1,000 clients are served daily in said entity. The survey results
found that 33% of customers have their own credit card.
a) In a sample of six customers, what is the probability that two have their
own credit card?
X: NUMBER OF CUSTOMERS WHO HAVE THEIR OWN CREDIT CARD
n=6 p=0.33 q=0.67 x=2 , , 61 , a P ( X =2 ) = 6 ∗0.33 ∗0.67 =0.3292 ! 2 4

2 !(6-2)!

b) In a sample of eight customers, what is the probability that at least two have
their own credit card?
X: NUMBER OF CUSTOMERS WHO HAVE THEIR OWN CREDIT CARD n=8
p=0.33 q= 0.67

P ( X≥ 2 ) = P ( X =2 ) + P ( X =3 ) + …. + P ( X =8 )
P ( X≥2 ) =1-[ P ( X =0 ) + P ( X =1 ) ]

P ( X≥ 2 ) =1-
8!
∗0.33 ∗0.67 +
0 8
8!
∗0.33 ∗0.67 =1-[0.0406+0.1600]=0.7994
1 7

0!(8-0)! 1!(8-1)!

c) In a sample of 10 customers, what is the probability that none of them have

their own credit card?
X: NUMBER OF CUSTOMERS WHO HAVE THEIR OWN CREDIT CARD
n=10 p=0.33 q=0.67 x=0
P ( X =0 ) = 10 !
∗0.33 ∗0.67 =0.0182
0 10

0!(10-0)!

d) How many customers are expected to have their own credit card?
X: NUMBER OF CUSTOMERS WHO HAVE THEIR OWN CREDIT CARD
E(X) = np = 1000(0.33) = 330

e) What is the standard deviation?

X: NUMBER OF CUSTOMERS WHO HAVE THEIR OWN CREDIT CARD
V(X)=n p q= 330(0 .67)=221.1
S X = √ npq = √ 221.1 =14.87
2 .- Banco Santander has announced the sale of its main properties in Madrid, the operation

constitutes an exchange of assets for land owned by another company to carry out an ambitious

real estate development that would include the construction of headquarters for its various

services, in the north of Madrid. The manager of Banco Santander reports that 30% of the bank's

shareholders have used a financial broker. In a

random sample of nine shareholders:

a) What is the probability that exactly four shareholders have used a financial broker?
Binomial Distribution
to)
X: SHAREHOLDERS WHO HAVE EMPLOYED A FINANCIAL BROKER

126
n=9 91
p=0.30 PLX = 4) = —---------------— * 0.304 * 0.705 = 0.1715
4: (5 — 4 J.
q=0.60
x=4

b) What is the probability that no shareholder has used a financial broker?

b)
X: SHAREHOLDERS WHO HAVE EMPLOYED A FINANCIAL BROKER

1
n=9 9!
p=0.30 P{X = 0) = 01(9—01* 0.30° * 0.709 = 0.0404
q=0.60 ' '
x=D

c) What is the probability that at most two shareholders have used a financial broker?
c)
X: SHAREHOLDERS WHO HAVE EMPLOYED A FINANCIAL BROKER

n=9
1
p=0.30 P(X < 2) = P{X = 0) + P{X = 1) + P(X = 2) 9
q=0.60 91 91 36
1 a
x<=2 P(X < 2) = —- --------- * 0.30° * 0.70% + —- ---------- » 0.30 * 0.70 + ———— * 0.30 2 * 0.707 = 2! (9
- 2)!
0!(9 —0)! 1!(9- 1)!

0.4628

d) How many shareholders are expected to have employed a financial broker?

d)
X: SHAREHOLDERS WHO HAVE EMPLOYED A FINANCIAL BROKER

E(X}=np= 9(0.30)= 2.7 9 shareholders

30% used a financial broker
ANSWER: The expected value is 2.7

e) What is the standard deviation?

and)
V(X)=npq= 9(0.30)(0.70)= 1.89

S x = (V(X) = 1.37

3 .- A recent study carried out by an association of accountants showed that 23% of accounting
students choose the branch of public accounting. A sample of 15 students is selected.
a) What is the probability that three have selected public accounting?
X: NUMBER OF STUDENTS WHO CHOOSE THE BRANCH OF PUBLIC ACCOUNTING n= 15
p= 0.23 q=0.77 x=3
P ( X =3 ) = 15 !
0.23 ∗0.77 =0.2405
3 12

3!(15-3)!.

b) What is the probability that at most two have selected public accounting?
X: NUMBER OF STUDENTS WHO CHOOSE THE BRANCH OF PUBLIC TADURIA
n= 15 p= 0.23 q=0.77 x=0, 1, 2
P ( X≤ 2 ) = P ( X =0 ) + P ( X =1 ) + P ( X =2 ) = 15
0.23 ∗0.77 +
! 0 15 15!

0.23 ∗0.77 + 1 15 14 !

0!(15-0)!. 1!(15-1)!. 2!(15-

 c) How many students are expected to have selected public accounting?
X: NUMBER OF STUDENTS WHO CHOOSE THE BRANCH OF PUBLIC ACCOUNTING
E(X)=np=15*0.23=3.45 STUDENTS WHO CHOOSE THE BRANCH OF PUBLIC
ACCOUNTING

d) What is the standard deviation?

X: NUMBER OF STUDENTS WHO CHOOSE THE BRANCH OF PUBLIC ACCOUNTING
V ( X ) = np q = 15∗0.23∗0.77 =2.6565
S X = √ npq = √ 15 ∗ 0.23 ∗ 0.77 = 1.6299 students

4 .- A telemarketing company makes six phone calls per hour, and is capable of making a sale in
30% of these contacts. For the next two hours determine:
a) The probability of making exactly 4 sales b) The probability of not making a single sale

c) The probability of achieving at least 2 sales d) The average number of sales in the two-hour period

5 .- The speed with which a telephone company can resolve its customers' service problems is very important. A

telephone company claims that, in 70% of cases, it can solve the service problems indicated by its customers, the same

day they report them. Assume that the 15 problems reported today are representative of all complaints.

a) How many of these problems are expected to be solved b) What is the standard deviation?

today?
 c) What is the probability that 10 of these problems will be solved today?

d) What is the probability that more than 13 of these problems will be solved this day?

6 .- 75% of the merchandise that a merchant receives from manufacturer A is of exceptional quality, while 80% of the

merchandise that he receives from manufacturer B is of exceptional quality. 60% of the total merchandise is acquired from

A and the rest from B. If 4 units of merchandise are randomly selected.

What is the probability that 2 units will be found that are of exceptional quality?

Rpta: p=0.77, x~B(4, p) P(x=2)=0.188

7 .- In a company where the employees are 80% auditors and 20% accountants, 10% of accountants and 10% of

auditors are really eligible to retire. Of five applications submitted to retire.

What is the probability that at least two are actually fit to retire?
Rpta: p=0.10, x~B(5, 0.1), P(x≥2)=0.0815
8 .- A home seller buys 10 units of a product daily at $2 each. For each product you earn $13 if you sell it or lose $1 in

addition to the cost if you don't sell it on the day. If the probability of selling each unit is 0.2 and if the sales are

independent.

a) Obtain the probability distribution of the number of units b) Calculate the seller's expected profit Rpta: 2

sold Rpta: B(10, 0.2)

9 .- An aptitude test consists of 12 questions with 4 alternatives each, of which only one is correct. If you answer all

questions randomly and independently.

a) Obtain the probability model of the number of correct

b) Calculate its mean and standard deviation?
answers Answer: B(12, 0.25) Rpta: E(x)=3, S=1.5

II.- POISSON DISTRIBUTION

10.- The municipality of a district reports; that the number of informal sellers per
day follows an approximately Poisson distribution, with an average of 1.5 informal
sellers per day.
a) Find the probability that there b) Find the probability that there is at least one
are three informal sellers per informal seller per day
day

X: number of informal sellers per day λ=1.5

X: number of informal sellers per sellers per day e=2.72
day λ=1.5 sellers per day e=2.72 x=1,2,3,………….
 ∗
P ( x ≥ 1 ) =1- P ( X =0 ) =1- 1.5 0
0
2.
!
72 - 1.5
=1-0.2229=0.777
x=3
P ( x =3 ) = 1.5 ∗ 2. 72 =0.1254
3
3 !
- 1.5

11.- A safety supervisor in a company believes that the expected number of workplace
accidents per month is 3.4
a) What is the probability that exactly two accidents will occur next month?

X: NUMBER OF ACCIDENTS PER MONTH

E(X)=λ=3.4 ACCIDENTS PER MONTH e=2.72 x=2
P ( X =2 ) = 3.4 ∗ 2. 72 =0.1924
2
2 !
- 3.4

b) What is the probability that three or more accidents will occur next month?
X: NUMBER OF ACCIDENTS PER MONTH
x=3,4,5……
E(X)=λ=3.4 ACCIDENTS PER MONTH e=2.72
…. P ( X =0 ) + P ( X =1 ) + P ( X =2
P ( X ≥ 3 ) = P ( X = 3 ) + P ( X = 4 ) + P ( =1- P ( X≤ 2 ) =1- ) ] =1
[
12.- Cars arrive at a supermarket parking lot at a rate of two per minute. The distribution of arrivals approximates a

poisson distribution.

a) What is the probability that no cars arrive at a specific minute?

b) What is the probability that at least one car will arrive in one minute?

c) What is the probability that in 30 seconds one car will arrive?

13.- It is estimated that 0.5% of telephone calls to the Telephone Company billing department receive a busy signal.

a) What is the probability that of the 1200 calls today, at least 3 have received this signal?
b) What is the probability that of the 1,200 calls today, at most 3 have received said signal?
14 .- Authors and book publishers work hard to minimize the number of errors in a text. However, some unintentional

errors are inevitable. Mr. J. TO. Carmen, editorial supervisor of Statistics, reports that the average number of errors per

chapter is 0.8.

What is the probability that there are fewer than 2 errors in a specific chapter?

15 .- Airline passengers arrive randomly and independently at a passenger screening point at an international airport.

The average arrival rate is 10 passengers per minute.

a) What is the probability that there are no arrivals in the 1 minute period?

b) What is the probability of 3 or fewer arrivals in a period of 1 minute?

c) What is the probability that there are no arrivals in a period of 15 seconds?

d) What is the probability of at least one arrival in a 15 second period?

16 .- The “A&H” bank is open every day from 8am to 4pm and it is known that the number of clients per day who are

going to request a loan for more than $10,000 has a Poisson distribution with an average of 3 clients per day. a) What is

the probability that by noon there has not been a loan request for more than $10,000?
b) What is the probability that on two out of four days, as of noon, there has not been a loan request for more than

$10,000?

17 .- The average number of cars that arrive at a toll booth is 120 per hour.

a) Find the probability that in any given minute no car arrives?

b) Calculate the probability that more than 5 cars arrive in the 3-minute period?
c) Yes, such a checkpoint can serve a maximum of three cars in 30 seconds. Find the probability that more cars arrive in

a given half-minute than you can handle?

18 .- The monthly demand for a certain product has a Poisson distribution. Currently its average is 3 per week. It is

estimated that after an advertising campaign, the expected value of demand will double with probability 0.8 and triple with

probability 0.2.

What is the probability that after the campaign the demand will be equal to 4?
19 .- A certain bakery has a dough with candied fruits to make 200 panettones. Add 2000
raisins to the dough and mix well. Assume that the number of raisins is a Poisson random
variable with an average of 10 raisins per panettone.
a) Find the probability that any panettone does not contain any raisins?
X: NUMBER OF RAISES X~P(10)
λ=10 e=2.72 x=0
10 ∗ 2.72
P ( X =0 ) =0 - 10
=0.00004511
0!

b) How many panettones are expected to contain six raisins?

X: NUMBER OF RAISES X~P(10)
λ=10 e=2.72 x=6
P ( X =6 ) = 10 ∗ 2.72 =0.0626
6 - 10

6!
AND: NUMBER OF PANETTONS CONTAINING SIX RAISINS
E ( Y ) =200∗ P ( X =6 ) =200∗0.0626=12.5 13 PANETTONS
III.- HYPERGEOMETRIC DISTRIBUTION

20.- In order to reject a batch of 20 items shipped by a production company, 5 items are taken one at a time without

refund. It is decided to reject the lot if the sample has more than one defective item.

What is the probability of accepting the lot if there are 4 items in it that are defective?

X=number of defective items

N=20 r=4 n=5 x=0, 1

21.- The Colgate Palmolive company has just developed a honey-flavored toothpaste. They

tested this product on a group of 10 people, 6 of whom said they liked the new flavor, and 4

indicated they definitely didn't like it. Four of the ten people were chosen for a more in-depth

interview. What is the probability that two of the people chosen for this interview like it?
What is the probability that two of the people chosen for this interview like it?
X: NUMBER OF PEOPLE WHO LIKE THE HONEY FLAVOR PASTA N=10 r=6
n=4
x=2

C C 6 4

P ( X =2 ) = = 0.4285
22

C4

22.- A merchant receives for sale a certain type of object in boxes containing 10 units each.
Quality control by box consists of extracting a sample of 4 objects at random one by one without
replacement and accepting the box if the sample contains at most one defective. If the chosen
box has 3 defective objects.
a) Determine the probability distribution of the number of defective objects in the
sample.

D1 D2 D3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B10
X: NUMBER OF DEFECTIVE OBJECTS
Ω ={ B 1 B 2 B 3 B 4, B 2 B 5 B 6 B 10, ………
D 1 B 1 B 2 B 3, D 2 B 2 B 4 B 5 ,……… . .
D 1 D 2 B 1 B 2 ,D 2 D 3 B 4 B 7 ,………
D 1 D 2 D 3 B 4, D 1 D 2 D 3 B 5 …….. }
RX ={ 0 , 1 , 2 , 3}
P ( X =0 ) = = 1 ∗ 35 = 35
C 03 C 74

C 210 210
4
10

37
C C 3 3∗35 105
1
P ( X =1 ) = = =
C 140 210 210

P ( X =2 ) = C 23 C 27
= 3 ∗ 21 = 63
C 4
10
210 210
37
DC
P ( X =3 ) = = 1 ∗ 7 = 7
31

C 210 210
4
10

PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION OF NUMBER OF DEFECTIVE OBJECTS

x 0 1 2 3
pi 35 105 63 7
210 210 210 210

b) Calculate the probability of rejecting a box

X: NUMBER OF DEFECTIVE OBJECTS
N=10 r=3 n=4 x=2.3 (rejects box)
+ P ( X =3 ) = C 23 C 27
+ C 33 C 17
= 3 ∗ 21 C4 10 C 4
10 210
P ( X≥2 ) = P ( X + 1∗7 =0.3333
=2 ) 210

23.- A shipment of chemical substances arrives in 15 containers, 2 of which do not meet the
purity requirements. 3 containers are chosen at random, without replacement, to inspect the
purity of the product.
 What is the probability that at least one of the non-compliant containers
requirements is in the sample?
X: NUMBER OF CONTAINERS THAT DO NOT MEET THE PURITY REQUIREMENTS
N=15
r=2
n=3
x=1, 2,…
C 2 C 13 C 2 C 13
P ( X≥ 1 ) = P ( X = 1 ) + P (
. . .
≥
C3 15 C3 15 455 455

24.- SONY CORPORATION has just received a shipment of 10 television sets. Shortly after delivery, the manufacturer

called to report that three defective televisions had been inadvertently shipped. Mrs. Kolzak, owner of the company,

decided to test two of the 10 devices received.

What is the probability that neither of them have defects?

X: NUMBER OF DEVICES WITH DEFECTS

N= 10 r= 3 n=2 x=0
P ( X =0 ) = C 0 C 2
= 1 ∗ 21 =0.4667
C2 10 45

25 .- FLORERÍA ROSAZUL has 15 delivery trucks that are mainly used to deliver flowers and
floral arrangements. Suppose 6 of the 15 vehicles have brake problems. Five trucks were
randomly selected for testing.
What is the probability that 2 of the vehicles examined have brakes?
defective?
X: NUMBER OF VEHICLES WITH BRAKE PROBLEMS
N= 15 r=6 n=5 x=2
C C 6 9

P ( X =2 ) = = 15 ∗ 84 =0.4196
23
.
15
26 .- The Hagel & Hagel law firm is located in downtown Cincinnati. There are 10 partners in
the company; seven live in Ohio, and three in northern Kentucky. Wendy Hagel, a major
shareholder, wants to appoint a three-partner committee to examine the possibility of relocating
the firm to northern Kentucky. If the committee is selected at random from among the 10
partners.

What is the probability that at least one of them resides in the north
from Kentucky?
X: NUMBER OF PARTNERS RESIDING IN KENTUCKY
N=10 r=3 n=3
C C 1 *35
3 7

P(X≥1)=P(X=1)+P(X=2)+P ( 1∗35
=1- 0.2917=0.7083
C 3120