THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

PRESIDENT’S OFFICE
REGIONAL ADMINISTRATION AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT
FORM SIX EXAMINATION SERIES #1
CHEMISTRY PAPER 1
Time 3:00 Hrs YEAR: 2023

Instructions

1. This paper consists of sections A and B with a total of ten(10) questions.

2. Answer ALL questions in section A and two(2) questions from section B.

3. Mathematical tables and non-programable calculators may be used.

4. Cellular phones and any unauthorized materials are not allowed in the
examination room.

5. Write your Examination Number on every page of your answer booklet(s).

6. The following information may be used.

(a) Universal gas constant, R=8.314JK−1mol−1 or 0.0821atmdm3mol−1.

(b) Rydberg constant RH = 1.09678×107m−1

(c) standard pressure =1 atm=760mmHg=1.0× 105N/m2
(d) 1 Mass of electron= 9.11×10−31kg
(e) GMV=22.4dm3
(f) Velocity of light, C= 3.0×108m/s
(g) Kf of water= 1.86◦Cmol−1kg−1

(h) Freezing point of water= 0◦C

(i) Planks constant, h= 6.63×10−34Js
(e) Atomic masses
H=1, C=12, O=16, N=14, Cl=35.5, Ca=40, Na=23.

1
 SECTION A (70 MARKS)
Answer all questions in this section.

1. (a) Using Dalton’s atomic theory, explain the fact that potassium sulphate
from Tanzania and that from Australia has the same mass percentages of the
contained elements. (02 marks)
(b) Copper has two isotopes, 63Cu and 65Cu. the isotope 63Cu has a relative
isotopic mass of 62.9, and 65Cu has a relative isotopic mass of 64.9. If the
naturally occurring copper has a relative atomic mass of 63.55, what will be
the percentage abundance of each isotopes? (02 marks)
(c) Calculate the uncertainty in the velocity of a bullet whose mass is 10g and
its position is know with an accuracy of ±0.1nm (03 marks)
(d) Calculate the wavelength of a second spectra line in the pfund series.
(03 marks)

2. (a) Hydrogen bond have several impacts on physical and chemical properties
of a compound. Give three impacts of hydrogen bond. (03 marks)
(b) Differentiate between sigma bond and pi bond. (03 marks) (c) Use the
VSEPR model to predict the geometry of
(i) AsH3
(ii) CCl3F
(iii) NO2
(04 marks)
3. (a) State
(i) Graham’s law of effusion.
(ii) Dalton’s law of partial pressure. (02 marks)
(b) Hydrogen diffused 7.94 times faster than a gaseous fluoride of
phosphorous (under the same conditions). Calculate the molar mass of the
fluoride and suggest its formula. (02 marks)
(c) Given that 3.50moles of ammonia occupy 5.20L at 47◦C, calculate the
pressure of the gas using
(i) Ideal gas equation
(ii) Van der Waal equation. (03 marks)
4. (a) Explain
2
 (i) Ebullioscopic constant (ii)
Cryoscopic constant.
(iii) Boiling point elevation. (03 marks)
(b) Ethylene glycol (CH2OHCH2OH) is a common auto-mobile antifreeze. It is
water soluble and fairly non-volatile (b.p 197◦C). Calculate the freezing
point of a solution containing 65.1g of ethylene glycol in 2505g of water.
Can you advice a person to keep ethylene glycol in his car radiator during
the summer?
(04 marks)
(c) A solution is prepared by dissolving 35.0g of haemoglobin (Hb) in enough
water to make up 1L in volume. if the osmotic pressure of the solution is
found to be 10.0mmHg at 25◦, calculate the molar mass of haemoglobin.
(03 marks)

5. (a) Classify the following metal oxides CaO, Na2O, CO2, ZnO, PbO and SO2
according to basic oxides, acidic oxides and amphoteric oxides. (03 marks)
(b) (i) Explain why Al2(CO3)2 and Fe2(CO3)3 do not exist. (01 marks)
(ii) Explain the uses of MgO and CaO in agriculture. (02 marks)
(c) The degree of heating required to decompose the metal carbonates varies
from one metal to another. Complete the following chemical reactions
Heat
(i) Na2CO3(s) −−−→

(ii) CaCO3(s) −−−Heat→

(iii) ZnCO3(s) −−−Heat→

(iv) MgCO3(s) −−−Heat→ (04 marks)

6. (a) Give the meaning of the following

(i) Standard enthalpy of combustion.
(ii) Standard enthalpy of hydrogenation.
(iii) Enthalpy of vaporization. (03 marks)
(b) Calculate the standard enthalpy change of the reaction
OH (CH3)2C
O(g)+HCN(g) −→(CH3)2 C
3
 CN(g)
Mean standard bond enthalpies/kJmol−1 are C O, C H, C O, C C, and H
O are 743, 412, 360, 348, and 463 respectively. (03 marks) (c) Calculate the
lattice energy of sodium chloride from the following data and draw the Born
Haber cycle. The standard enthalpy of formation of sodium chloride is -
411kJ/mole, standard enthalpy of atomization of Na and chloride are
respectively +108 and 121kJ/mole of gaseous atoms, the ionization energy
of sodium is +493kJ/mole and the electron affinity of chlorine is -
364kJ/mole.
(04 marks)

7. (a) By giving examples if possible explain the meaning of;

(i) Reversible reaction.
(ii) Law of mass action
(iii) Heterogenous chemical equilibrium (03 marks)
(b) When 1.00mole hydrogen and 1.00 mole iodine are allowed to reach
equilibrium in a 1.00dm3 flask at 450◦C and 1.01×105Nm−2, the amount of
hydrogen Iodide at equilibrium is 1.56mol. Calculate Kp at 450◦
(03 marks)
(c) A molar mass determination gave a value of 82.5g/mole for dinitrogen
tetraoxide, N2O4 at 25◦C. Calculate the degree of dissociation at this
temperature.
(03 marks)

SECTION B (30 MARKS)

Answer any two (02) questions in this section

8. (a) Name the following organic compounds according to IUPAC rules

CH3 CH3

CHC2H5
CH3

CH2CH2 CH CH3

4
 (iii) CH3 CH2CH2 CH2CH3
CH3 CH2CH3 CH3

(iv) CH3CH2 CH
CH3 CH3
NH2

(v)(05 marks)
CHO
(b) Write all possipbe isomers for the following organic compounds and its
IUPAC names
(i) CH3CH2CH2CH3 (Butane)
O

(ii) CH3 C OH (Ethanoic acid.) (05 marks)

(c) Write the structural formulae of the following
(i) Cyclo ocat 1, 3, 5, 7 - tetraene.
(ii) 2, 2 - dimethyl-3, 4-diethylheptane.
(iii) 2-Hydroxyl benzoic acid (iv) Butane 1, 2, 3, triol.
(v) Phenylethanone. (05 marks)

9. (a) Determine whether the following molecules are aromatic or not

5
 CH2CH3
(02 marks)
(b) Write equations to show how you would prepare each of the following
compounds and organic reagents.
(i) Bromobenzene.
(ii) Benzoic acid.
(iii) Ethylbenzene
(iv) Nitrobenzene
(v) Benzenesulphonic acid.
(vi) Phenylethanone. (06 marks)
(c) Two isomeric hydrocarbons P and Q have the molecular formula C9H12. On
oxidation, P gives a monocarboxylic acid which when heated with excess
sodalime yields benzene. Q is oxidised to give a tricarboxylic acid, which can
then undergo nitration to give a mononitro derivatives
(i) Deduce the structural formula of P and Q
(ii) rite chemical equations to show the reactions which have been
described.
(06 marks)
10. (a) Identify one isomer from alkanes with molecular formula C 5H12 which on
photochemical chlorination yields.
(i) A single monochloride.
(ii) Three isomeric monochlorides
(iii) Four isomeric monochlorides (06 marks)
(b) Using reaction equation, explain the products formed when but-tene reacts
with hydrogen halide.
(i) In the presence of organic peroxides.
6
 (ii) In the absence of organic peroxides. (04 marks)
(c) A chloro derivative of hydrocarbon J when treated with zinc copper couple
gives a hydrocarbon with five carbon atoms. When J is dissolved in ether
and treated with sodium a compound K(2, 2, 5, 5-tetramethyl hexane) is
formed. What is the formula of compound J?
(05 marks)

7
 THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA
PRESIDENT’S OFFICE
REGIONAL ADMINISTRATION AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT
FORM SIX EXAMINATION SERIES #2
CHEMISTRY PAPER 1
Time 3:00 Hrs YEAR: 2023

INSTRUCTIONS:
1. This paper consists of sections A and B with a total of ten (10) questions.
2. Answer ALL questions in section A and any two questions from section B
3. Section A carries seventy (70) marks and section B carries thirty (30) marks
4. Marks allocation has been indicated on each section
5. Cellular phones and any other unauthorized materials are not allowed in an
examination room
6. Write your examination number on every page of your answer sheet
7. For calculation use the following

i. 𝑅 = 8.31𝐽𝑀𝑜𝑙 −1 𝐾 −1 𝑜𝑟 0.0821𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑀𝑜𝑙−1 𝐾 −1 𝑑𝑚−3

ii. 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 273𝐾
iii. 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 760𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 = 1𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 1.05 × 105 𝑃𝑎
iv. 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑐 = 3.0 × 108 𝑚𝑠 −1
v. 𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠: 𝑁 = 14, 𝐻 = 1, 𝐶 = 12, 𝑂 = 16, 𝑁𝑎 = 23, 𝐶𝑙 =
35.5

Page 1 of 7
 SECTION A (70 Marks)

Answer all questions in this section. Each question carries ten (10) marks

1. a) When Rutherford’s coworkers bombarded gold foil with alpha particles they
result that
overturned the existing (Thomson) model of the atom explain (02 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠)

b) Two isotopes of potassium with significant abundance in nature are 39𝐾

(isotopic mass 39.96 𝑎. 𝑚. 𝑢, 93.258 %) and 41𝐾(isotopic mass
40.96 𝑎. 𝑚. 𝑢, 6.730%).Flourine has only one naturally occurring isotope
19
𝐹 (isotopic mass 18.998 𝑎. 𝑚. 𝑢).Calculate the formula mass of Potassium
fluoride. (02 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠)

c) An FM radio station broadcast at 99.5 MHz, calculate the wavelength of the

corresponding radio waves. (02 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠)

d) Identify the shell/subshell (orbits) that each of the following sets of quantum
number refers to;
1
i. 𝑛 = 2, 𝑙 = 1, 𝑀𝑙 = 1, 𝑀𝑠 = +
2
1
ii. 𝑛 = 3, 𝑙 = 2, 𝑀𝑙 = 2, 𝑀𝑠 = +
2
1
iii. 𝑛 = 4, 𝑙 = 1, 𝑀𝐿 = −1, 𝑀𝑆 = −
2
1
iv. 𝑛 = 5, 𝑙 = 0, 𝑀𝐿 = 0, 𝑀𝑆 = + (04 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠)
2

2. a) Define the following terms

i. Enthalpy of formation (01 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘)
ii. Enthalpy of reaction (01 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘)
iii. Enthalpy of combustion (01 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘)
iv. Enthalpy of transition (01 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘)

b) In an experiment, 2g of methanol was burned completely in air the enthalpy

changes of formation are as follows
∆𝑓𝐻/𝐾𝐽𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1

𝐶𝐻3 𝑂𝐻(𝑙) -234

𝐶𝑂2 (𝑔) -394
𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) -286

Page 2 of 7
 i. Write an equation for the combustion of methanol (01 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘)

ii. Using your equation and data given above calculate ∆𝐶𝐻(Standard
1
enthalpy change of combustion) for methanol. (00 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘)
2

iii. Comment on whether this reaction is endothermic or exothermic?

c) Given 𝐶𝐻8 + 5𝑂2 → 3𝐶𝑂2 + 𝐻2 𝑂

Bond C-H C-C O=O C=0 O-H

Mean bond +413 +347 +498 +743 +464
enthalpy
𝐾𝐽𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1

i) Using the bond enthalpies and equations shown above ,calculate ∆𝐻

1
for the combustion of pentane (01 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠)
2

ii) Draw on energy diagram for the forward reaction labeling the
reactants, products, ∆𝐻 and stating whether it is an exothermic or
endothermic reaction.

(03 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠)

3. a) State the following gas laws and provide their mathematical expression.
i. Charles law
ii. Avogadro’s Law
iii. Dalton’s law of partial pressure (03 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠)

b) i) Why bakery products(bread) becomes fluffy

ii) Why a basketball shrinks when left in a cold surface overnight.
(02 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠)

c) Automobile air bags respond to a collision of a present strength by

electrically triggering the explosive decomposition of sodium azide (𝑁𝑎𝑁3 )
to its elements. In an industrial lab simulation,15.3𝑐𝑚3 of nitrogen gas

Page 3 of 7
 collected over water at 25°𝐶 and 755𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔.How many grams of azide
1
decomposed. (02 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠)
2

d) Two perfumes are released at the same time from their container and you
standing 7.5 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠 away from both of them. Molecules of perfumes A
have mass of 275 𝑎. 𝑚. 𝑢 and those of B has mass of 205𝑎. 𝑚. 𝑢 .
i. Which perfume will smell first and why?
ii. If you smell the first perfume in 15 seconds, how long will it take for
1
you to smell the second perfume? (02 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠)
2

4. a) Write an equation to show the;

i. Burning of sodium in air
ii. Decomposition of metal carbonates by heat
iii. Dissolving of sodium oxide in dilute HCl (03 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠)

b) i) Explain the importance of storing hydroxides in containers which are

tightly closed.
ii) Give two (2) examples of water soluble and insoluble hydroxides.
iii) Describe using Chemical equation(s), a chemical test that can be used to
identify sulphates in solutions.
iv) When lead carbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid, why the
reaction stops after a short while? (05 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠)

c) Briefly explain four (4) uses of metal carbonates. (02 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠)

5. a) Arrange the following in order of increasing ionic character
i. 𝐿𝑖𝐹 , 𝐾2 𝑂 , 𝑁2 , 𝑆𝑂2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝑙𝐹3 (01 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘)
ii. 𝐶 − 𝐻 , 𝐹 − 𝐻 , 𝐵𝑟 − 𝐻 , 𝑁𝑎 − 𝐼 , 𝐾 − 𝐹 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿𝑖 − 𝐶𝑙 (01 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘)

b) i) Explain why the bond angle of 𝐻2 𝑂 is 104° while that of 𝐹2 𝑂 is 102°

(01 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘)

ii) Which of the following molecules 𝐶𝑆2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂𝐶𝑆 will have higher dipole
moment? Explain your answer. (01 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘)

c) i) Describe the change in hybridization of aluminium atom during the

reaction
𝐴𝑙𝐶𝑙3 + 𝐶𝑙 − → 𝐴𝑙𝐶𝑙4 − (02 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠)
ii) On the bases of VSEPR theory discuss the geometry of 𝐶𝐻4 molecule.
(02 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠)

Page 4 of 7
 d) Which hybrid orbital are used by carbon atoms in the following molecules.
i. 𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐶𝐻 = 𝐶𝐻2
ii. 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻𝑂 (02 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠)

6. a) Draw the structural formula for the following molecules

i. 3 − 𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑦𝑙 − 2 − 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑦𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒
ii. 3 − 𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑦𝑙 − 2, 2 − 𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑦𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑛𝑒
iii. 2 ,3 ,4 ,5 ,6 ,7 − ℎ𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑦𝑙 𝑜𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒
iv. 2 − 𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑦𝑙 − 2 − 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑦𝑙 𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒 (04 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠)

b) How would;
i. Ethyl chloride distinguished with vinyl chloride
ii. Chloroform distinguished with carbon tetrachloride (04 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠)

c) Show how to prepare

i. Acetylene from ethylene
ii. 1 − 𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑦𝑛𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑎 𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑦𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑒. (02 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠)

7. a) Define
i. Cation exchange
ii. Cation exchange capacity
iii. Ion exchange (03 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠)

b) Give four advantages of adding manure to the soil. (04 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠)

c) The specialist wants to determine the quality of limes so that to advise

farmers and other stakeholders on the best liming material. Show how he can
go about in calculation the neutralizing value of calcium
hydroxide (𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 ). (02 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠)

SECTION B (30 Marks)

Answer two (2) questions in this section. Each question carries fifteen (15) marks

8. a) Briefly explain the following phases, giving one example for each,
i. Reversible reaction
ii. Heterogeneous equilibrium

b) i) State equilibrium law and provide the corresponding expression.

ii) List four characteristics of chemical equilibrium.

Page 5 of 7
 c) 16.0g of sample of sulphur trioxide was placed in an empty container where
it decomposed at 800K, according to the following chemical reaction
2𝑆𝑂3 (𝑔) 2𝑆𝑂2 (𝑔) + 𝑂2 (𝑔)
At equilibrium, the total pressure and the density of the gaseous mixture were
3.6𝑎𝑡𝑚 and 3.2𝑔/𝑑𝑚3 respectively. Calculate 𝐾𝑝 for this reaction.

9. a) Define the terms

i. Freezing point depression
ii. Boiling point elevation
iii. Osmotic pressure.

b) A solution is prepared by dissolving 10.6g of non-electrolyte and non-

volatile solute in 90g of water. The vapour pressure of the solution at 60℃ is
found to be 0.1867𝑎𝑡𝑚. Calculate the approximate molecular mass of the
solute if the vapour pressure of water at 60℃ is 0.1966𝑎𝑡𝑚.

c) 0.75𝑔 of acetic acid displaced the boiling point of 125g of benzene by

0.255℃. What is the molecular state of acetic acid in benzene solution and
the degree of association of acetic acid? Given 𝐾𝑓 = 5.0℃/𝑘𝑔

10.a) Give 𝐼𝑈𝑃𝐴𝐶 names of the following aromatic compounds

b) Complete the following reactions

Page 6 of 7
c) A compound 𝐶7 𝐻5 𝑂6 𝑁3 (A) undergoes oxidation with acidified dichromatic
to give a mono carboxylic acid (B)𝐶7 𝐻3 𝑂8 𝑁3 . When (B) is heated in acetic acid
solution (C) 𝐶6 𝐻3 𝑂6 𝑁3 is formed. What are names of A, B and C
(𝐼𝑈𝑃𝐴𝐶 𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑠).

Page 7 of 7
 THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA
PRESIDENT’S OFFICE
REGIONAL ADMINISTRATION AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT
FORM SIX EXAMINATION SERIES #3
CHEMISTRY PAPER 1
Time 3:00 Hrs YEAR: 2023

Instructions

1. This paper consists of sections A and B with a total of ten(10) questions.

2. Answer ALL questions in section A and two(2) questions from section B.

3. Mathematical tables and non-programable calculators may be used.

4. Cellular phones and any unauthorized materials are not allowed in the
examination room.

5. Write your Examination Number on every page of your answer booklet(s).

6. The following information may be used.

(a) Universal gas constant, R=8.314JK−1mol−1 or 0.0821atmdm3mol−1.

(b) Rydberg constant RH = 1.09678×107m−1
(c) standard pressure =1 atm=760mmHg=1.0× 105N/m2
(d) 1 Mass of electron= 9.11×10−31kg
(e) Density of water= 1g/cm3
(f) Velocity of light, C= 3.0×108m/s
(g) Avogadron’s constant =6.022×1023mol−1
(h) 1A˚ = 1.0×10−10m
(i) Planks constant, h= 6.63×10−34Js
(e) Atomic masses
H=1, C=12, O=16, N=14, Cl=35.5, Br=80, Na=23.

Page1 of 6
 SECTION A (70 MARKS)

1. (a) Differentiate
(i) Emission spectra and absorption spectra
(ii) Line spectra and continuous spectra
(iii) Atomic orbital and degenerate orbital (03 marks)
(b) What is the wavelength of a photon (in nanometers) emitted during a
transition from the fifth to second energy levels in hydrogen atom? To what
region of the spectrum does this wavelength correspond? (04 marks)
(c) Suppose that the uncertainty in determining the position of an electron
circling an atom in an orbit is 0.4A˚. What is the uncertainty in the velocity?
(03 marks)

2. (a) What do you understand by

(i) Octet rule
(ii) hybridization of atomic orbital
(iii) Orbital (03 marks)
(b) Using sketches, briefly explain three possible overlaps that can lead to
formation of a sigma bond
(c) Give two reasons for the observed difference in bond strength between sigma
and pi bonds in compounds.
(d) Predict the geometry of water, basing on the valence shell Electron pair
Repulsion (VSEPR) theory.

3. (a) What do you understand by lattice enthalpy? What is its significance?

(02 marks)
(b) Some values of lattice enthalpies/kJ/mol are NaCl-771, KCl-707, NaF-918,
CsF-747, NaI-699, MgO-3791, BaO-3054. Comment on differences of
lattice enthalpies of
(i) NaCl and KCl
(ii) NaCl and NaF
(iii) MgOand BaO
(iv) NaCl and MgO (04 marks)

Page2 of 6
 (c) Construct a Born-Haber cycle, and use it to calculate the standard lattice
energy of cadmium (II) iodide

(04marks)

4. (a) (i) What is an ideal gas?

(ii) The pressure exerted by 12g of an ideal gas at temperature t◦C in a vessel
of volume V litres is one atmosphere. When the temperature is increases
by 10%. Calculate the temperature t and volume V. Molecular mass of
the gas = 120u (04 marks)
(b) Two flasks at the same temperature are joined by a glass tube with a
stopcock. Flask A is a 4.0L flask containing N2(g) at 2.0 atm, while flask B is
a 10.0L flask containing carbon monoxide gas at 1.4 atm. calculate the total
pressure when the stopcock is opened. (02 marks)
(c) A straight glass tube has two inlets X and Y at the two ends. The length of
the tube is 50cm. HCl gas through the inlet X and NH3 gas through the inlet
Y are allowed to enter the tube at the same time. White fumes first appear at
a point P inside the tube. Find the distance of P from X (03 marks)

5. (a) The Oxo-acids have acidity strength in the order HClO4>H2SO4>H3PO4.

Explain the trend of acidity of these oxo-acids. (03 marks)
(b) With the aid of chemical equation (s) explain how you can prepare soluble
chlorides. (04 marks)
(c) by the aid of chemical equations describe the following
(i) Basic oxides
(ii) Amphoteric oxides
(iii) Acidic oxides (03 marks)

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 6. (a) Explain the following
(i) Homogeneous catalyst
(ii) Heterogeneous equilibrium
(iii) Dynamic equilibrium (03 marks)
(b) Consider the following gas phase reaction equilibrium involving N2O4.

Reaction 1: N2O4(g) ↔ 2NO2(g) k1 = 0.115

Reaction 2: 2N2O4(g) ) ↔ 2N2O(g) k2 = 1.37×10−1

Determine the equilibrium constant of the reaction.

4NO2(g) ↔2N2O(g)+3O2(g) k3 =? (03 marks)

(c) At the start of a reaction, there are 0.249 mol N2, 3.21×10−2mol H2, and
6.42×10−4mol NH3 in a 3.50L reaction vessel at 375◦C. If the equilibrium
constant (kc) for the reaction N2(g)+3H2(g) ↔ 2NH3(g)
is 1.2 at this temperature, decide whether the system is at equilibrium. If it is
not, predict which way the net reaction will proceed to achieve equilibrium.
(04 marks)

7. (a) Distinguish sigma bond from pi bond (03 marks)

(b) Predict the shapes of the following molecules using VSEPR theory
(i) AsF5
(ii) PCl3
(iii) SF6 (03 marks)
(c) (i) Although both CO2 and H2O are triatomic molecules, the shape of H2O
molecule is bent while that of CO2 is linear. Explain this on basis of dipole
moment.
(ii) Write two significance of dipole moment. (04 marks)

SECTION B (30 MARKS)

8. (a) Account for the following

(i) Benzene undergo addition reactions under harsh conditions.
(ii) Nucleophilicity of benzene is affected by the substituent attached to it

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 (iii) Halogens are deactivators but direct the coming electrophiles to ortho
and para positions. (03 marks)
(b) Compound A, C7H14 is treated with bromine in presence dichloromethane to
give B, C7H14Br2. Compound B is treated with NaOH in presence of ethanol
followed by NaNH2 resulting in the formation of C. Compound C react with
hydrogen in presence nickel catalyst to form 2-methlyhexane. Compound C
have no reaction with ammoniacal silver nitrate. Ozonolysis of A gives
aldehyde D and ethanal . Deduce the structure formula of A, B, C and D.
Write all the chemical reactions. (05 marks)
(c) Three hydrocarbons, D, E and F, all have the molecular formula C6H12. D
decolourises an aqueous solution of bromine and shows geometric
isomerism. E also decolourises an aqueous solution of bromine but does not
show geometric isomerism. F does not decolourises an aqueous solution of
bromine. Draw the structural formula of D, E and F. Write all the chemical
reaction. (02 marks)
(d) How the following conversion can be achieved in not more than four steps.
(i) Butylchloride to But-1-yne (01 marks)
(ii) Ethene to benzene (01 marks)
(iii) But-1-ene to Butan-2-one. (01 marks)
9. (a) Explain the difference between the boiling temperatures of the following
compounds:
COMPOUND MOLAR MASS/gmol−1 BOILING POINT/◦C
C5H12 72 36
C3H7Cl 79 46
C3H8 44 -42
(01 marks)
(b) Arrange the following products according to the percentage (%) yield
obtained from the nitration of ter-butylbenzene. Justify the order.

A B C (03 marks)
(c) Write complete mechanisms for the following reactions.

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 (06 marks)

(d) Give one chemical test to distinguish the following

(i) But-2-ene and butane
(ii) Benzylchloride and chlorobenzene
(iii) 1-chloropropane, 2-chloropropane and 2-chloro-2methylpropane
(04 marks)

10. (a) Define the following terms

(i) Liming
(ii) Cation exchange capacity
(iii) Percentage base saturation
(iv) macronutrients (04 marks)
(b) A soil sample was collected from certain farm for laboratory analysis. After
being analyzed the soil had the following exchangeable cations.

Ca2+ = 30meq/100g

Mg2+ = 16meq/100g

K+ = 39meq/100g

H+ = 4meq/100g

How many milligrams of these elements were in the soil and what is the percentage
base saturation of the soil sample (PBS). (07
marks)
(c) Mention four (4) factors which influence the soil acidity. (02
marks)
d) (i) What are the benefits of liming? (mention any four) (02
marks)
(ii) Not all calcium and magnesium compounds are suitable for liming. Explain
(02 marks)

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 THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA
PRESIDENT’S OFFICE
REGIONAL ADMINISTRATION AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT
FORM SIX EXAMINATION SERIES #5
CHEMISTRY PAPER I
Time 3:00 Hrs YEAR: 2023

Instructions

1. This paper consists of sections A and B with a total of ten (10) questions.
2. Answer all questions from section A and two( 02 ) questions from section B
3. Each question carries ten (10) marks in section A and fifteen (15) marks in
section B.
4. Mathematical tables and non – programmable calculators may be used
5. Cellular phones and any unauthorized materials are not allowed in the
examination room
6. Write your examination number on every page of your answer sheet(s)
7. Where necessary the following constants may be used:
C = 12, H = 1, N = 14, O = 16, Ca = 40, R = 8.314 JK – 1 mol – 1

Page 1 of 5
 SECTION A (70 Marks)
Answer all questions from this section
1. (a) Correct the following Dalton’s atomic theory according to the modern
atomic theory
(i) Matter is made up of small indivisible particles called atoms.
(ii) Atom can neither be created nor destroyed
(b)Explain the fact of each of the following phenomena for cathode rays
(i) They rotate small paddle when placed on their path
(ii) They deflect magnetic fields
(c) Draw the degenerate orbital of d – orbital when all orbitals are orienting in
the same axis.
(d) Hydrogen atom has only one electron, how it is possible that the hydrogen
spectrum has simultaneous a large number of lines?

2. (a) For the chemical bonding to be ionic bond. Explain the features of the
following factors:
(i) Cationic size
(ii) Anionic size
(iii) Ionization energy
(b)What should be done to metallic bond increase malleability of the wire.
(c) Explain the following phenomenon;

(i) Boiling point increases as molecular weight increase but the boiling point
of NH 3 is higher than that of PH3.
(ii) Hydrogen bond in NH3 is 110kJmol – 1 but in H2O is 220 kJmol – 1
(iii) NCl5 is not formed but PCl5 is formed though N and P are in the same
group.

3. (a) The graph of volume against temperature for Charles law does not pass through
origin. Why?
(b) Both diffusion and effusion involve the movement of gas molecules from the
region of high concentration to the region of low concentration. What is the
difference between the two?
(c) Duma’s method is a technique used for the determination of molecular mass of
gases but the technique uses liquid instead of gases. Why?
(d) Give the necessary condition for the compound like AlCl3 to have unexpected
molar mass during Victor Meyer’s experiment

4. (a) For each of the followings below, show the possibility of forming product for
various value of the reaction quotient (QC) and equilibrium constant (KC). Tell
whether the product will be formed if:
(i) QC>KC
(ii) QC<KC

Page 2 of 5
 (b) Give reasons for the following.
(i) Glycol and water are used in a car radiator while driving in cold countries.
(ii) Oceans do not freeze even at sub – zero temperature.
(iii)Sodium chloride or Calcium chloride is used to clear the snow on the roads.
(iv) The Osmotic pressure measurement is preferred for determining the
molecular mass of proteins.
5. (a) Classify the following metal oxides: CaO, Na2O, CO2, ZnO, PbO and SO2
according to basic oxides, acidic oxides and amphoteric oxides.
(b) With the aid of a balanced chemical equation describe the following:
(i) Any soluble metal carbonate and its method of preparation.
(ii) Any insoluble metal carbonate and its method of preparation.

(c) (i) How metal carbonate and metal hydrogen carbonate distinguished?

(ii) Use balanced chemical equation to verify your answer in C(i) above.

6. (a) Define the following terms.

(i) Standard enthalpy of formation.
(ii) Standard enthalpy of combustion.
(iii) Specific heat capacity.
(iv) Enthalpy of vaporization.

(b) Calculate the lattice energy of Sodium chloride from the following data and draw
the Born Haber cycle. The standard enthalpy of formation of Sodium chloride is
– 411 kJ/mole. Standard enthalpy of atomization of Na and chloride are +108 and
121 kJ/mole of gaseous atoms, the ionization energy of Sodium is +493 and the
electron affinity of chloride is – 364kJ/mole.

(c) Most chemical reactions are carried out at constant pressure. Is the statement
correct or not correct? Justify your answer.

7. (a) Define the following terms:

(i) Reversible reaction
(ii) Heterogeneous reaction.
(iii) Homogenous reaction
(iv) Reaction quotient

(b) (i) State two (2) applications of the equilibrium constant.

(ii) Consider the following reaction N2O4 → 2 NO2 show that Kp = KcRT .

(c) When the solid silver is added to a solution containing Ag+, Fe2+ and Fe3+ with
initial concentration of 0.4m, 0.20M and 0.60m respectively, the following
reversible reaction occurs Ag + ( aq ) + Fe3+ ( aq ) → Fe3+ + Ag ( s )

If the Kc for this reaction is 5.96 at 298K, calculate the equilibrium

concentrations of each ion in the solution.

Page 3 of 5
 SECTION B (30 Marks)

Answer any two (2) questions from this section

8. (a) You are provided with three test tubes in the laboratory and asked to identify the
organic compound present in each of the three test tubes. If test tube A has
propene, B has ethyne and C has benzene. How could you identify these
reagents?
(b) Show the organic reaction for each of the compound in 8(a) above reacting with
its tester.
(c) Give the alkene compound for which oxidation reaction acidic KMnO4 gives the
following product.
O

(i) CO2 and CH3CCH3

O O

(ii) CH3C – OH and CH3CH2C – CH3

(iii) 2CO2

9. (a) (i) Define Aromaticity

(ii) State Huckel’s rule
(b) Give the IUPAC names of the following compounds
CH2CH2OH
(i)

NO2 CH3

(ii)
SO3H

Br Br

(iii) H– C – C– H

Br Br

(iv) CH3 CH2CH2OH

(v) CH3 CH2CH = CH2

Page 4 of 5
(c) Complete the following reactions

(i) CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →

Pt , Al O
2 3
5000 C ,20 atm

OH

(ii)

⎯⎯⎯
Br2
FeBr3
→

CH3

10. (a) Define the following

(i) Water pollution
(ii) Over – liming
(iii) Manure

(b) (i) Most soils in humid tropics are acidic. Justify this statement.

(ii) Describe two roles of acid rain in environmental pollution.

(c) (i) If your soil is deficient in Nitrogen which nutrients supplement would you
prefer to use between urea and manure? Give three reasons for your choice.

(ii) You are a specialist who wants to determine the quality of lime so that you can
advice farmers and other stakeholders on the best liming material. Show how
you can go about in calculating the neutralizing value of Calcium hydroxide
[Ca(OH)2]

Page 5 of 5