Types of catalogs to archive

a) BY ITS EXTENSION:
* Collective catalogues, are those that collect bibliographic records belonging to several
libraries, which have common interests
* General catalogues, are those that collect all the bibliographic entries of the documents
that make up the collection of a library.
* Special catalogs are those that collect records of a single type of material, such as records,
slides, etc.
b) FOR ITS USE:
* Public catalogs are intended to satisfy the information needs of library users
* Internal catalogs are those used by the librarian to carry out their work or for the
administration of the library; A clear example is the topographic catalogue.
c) BY ITS FUNCTION:
* Alphabetical catalogs of authors and anonymous works allow users to know if a work
exists in a library for which the author or title is known, how many works there are by an
author or what editions a library has of a certain work.
* Alphabetical catalogs of subjects are made up of bibliographic records whose access
points reflect the content of the book; With them, the user can locate the works that a
library has on a specific subject.
* Systematic catalogs of subjects fulfill the same function as alphabetical catalogs of
subjects, but while the alphabetical catalog disperses the related subjects throughout the
entire alphabetical sequence, the systematic catalog groups them according to a logical
system that represents human knowledge.
* Topographic catalogs are those that organize their records according to the order of the
documents on the shelves, which can be by subject, by currens number, etc.
Carmen Ramos Fajardo , for her part, makes the following division:
a) CONVENTIONAL CATALOGS,
* Alphabetical catalog of authors and anonymous works
* Alphabetical catalog of titles
* Alphabetical catalog of subjects
* Dictionary catalog, which is the one formed by the union of the other three
* Systematic catalog of subjects
* Topographic catalog
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b) CATALOG ACCORDING TO THE NEEDS OF THE CENTERS,
* Catalog of periodical publications, which includes the titles of the periodical publications
received at the center.
* Series catalog, bibliographic entries are ordered by the title of the series.
* Catalog of special collections, maps, videos, manuscripts, etc.
* Geographic catalog, which organizes the funds divided by continents, countries, etc.
* Chronological catalog, organizes the funds according to the date of the documents.
Another classification that can be made of catalogs, and to which we are going to dedicate
special attention, is the one that divides them into manual or traditional catalogs and
automated catalogs.

TRADITIONAL CATALOGS
* CATALOG ON FILES, this catalog reflects the bibliographic information on cards,
currently in almost all libraries that maintain it, standardized cards (75 x 125 mm) are used,
on white cardboard, with a perforation at the bottom that allows inserting a transverse rod
to prevent, as far as possible, the dislocation of the chips. The basic structure of the
information within the record is as follows: heading, bibliographic description, record of
secondary entries, call number. Other data that appears reflected in the sheet are the
notations of the systematic classification and the indexing terms by subject. The main seats
are headed by the access point considered the main one; The secondary entries contain the
same information as the main ones, but the headings considered appropriate by the
cataloger are superimposed on them to offer more possibilities of locating the same
document. We will have in the catalog a set of cards made up of the main one and the
secondary ones. . The reference sheets refer us from the forms not accepted as headings to
the accepted forms; At this point, it is necessary to remember the difference between access
point , which is the name or term by which the bibliographic entry can be searched and
identified, and the heading , which is the form of expression accepted as correct for this
access point. which can be represented in many different ways. Ex. Access point : Antonio
de Nebrija, Antonio de Nebrixa, Antonio Martínez Cala y Jaraba; Heading : Nebrija,
Antonio de. In alphabetical catalogs we also find reference cards of the “ see also ” type,
which refer us from an accepted heading to another related one. The main advantage of this
type of catalogues, compared to other traditional ones, lies in the ease of updating them,
since it is only necessary to remove the rod, insert the new card in its corresponding place
and replace the rod. Another notable drawback is the existence of only one copy of this
catalogue, since its physical volume makes it impossible to think about duplication; This
means that it can only be consulted in the library that creates it, and that the number of
users who can consult it at the same time is very limited, since a section, of the several that
usually make up a file, can only be used by one person. the time. It is also not a catalog that
facilitates interlibrary cooperation and requires a high cost of personnel for its maintenance.
Despite all these disadvantages, the card catalog is the most traditional and widespread
form of the catalog and is or has been present in practically all libraries.

* PRINTED CATALOG, the records that make up this catalog are presented in the form of
a printed book; This allows a large number of copies of the same catalog to be made. The
great drawback of this catalog is that it quickly becomes outdated and the only way to
update it is by editing supplements or completely reprinting it. Furthermore, producing a
printed catalog is a slow process: the catalog would be out of date when it leaves the press.
These problems can be solved, in part, with the use of computers, which allow the printing
of updated lists quickly and at a not very high cost, but of very low quality.
* MICROFICHE CATALOG, this catalog uses standardized film sheets as support, where
images of bibliographic records are produced by means of microfilming cameras. The
storage capacity of microfiche is very high, they take up very little space, they are easily
transported and you can obtain a paper copy of the desired image. The advantage of
microfiche is the possibility of being generated by computer systems. They are called COM
(Computer Output Microfilm) that allow the information contained in a library's databases
to be recorded on microfiche. Like the printed catalogue, it favors the dissemination of the
library collection and the exchange of information; but they also have the same drawback:
they quickly become outdated

* ORDERING SYSTEMS, there are two ways of organizing the same catalogue: the main
sequence can be systematic and within it, and under each notation, there may be an
alphabetical sequence, for example. The possible ordering systems are:

a) Topographic, the records are ordered by the signature that indicates their placement
within the library, regardless of the system used to assign it.

b) Alphabetical, the records are ordered in alphabetical sequence and, depending on the
element chosen to alphabetize (title, author, subject) we will obtain a wide variety of
catalogs.

Globalization in Guatemala

Globalization is a continuous process of great interdependence between

countries and citizens. The topic of globalization is complex and multifaceted.
Some problems that critics point out are economic and others are non-economic,
but not of minor importance. Other problems come from the global integration
process and others do not.

One of the biggest economic challenges is poverty and the surest route to
sustainably reduce it is economic growth. Empirical evidence strongly supports the
conclusion that economic growth requires economic policies oriented toward
integration of the world economy. For this, the participation of those responsible for
the functioning of the international economy is necessary, among whom are:

 The governments of developed countries

 Those who determine the intellectual climate, including the Government and
Non-Governmental Organizations
 The governments of developing countries, which are responsible for
economic policy in their countries.

Economic globalization is reflected in the increase in the amount of external

trade in goods and services, the increase in the volume of international financial
flow and the increase in labor flow. Economic globalization began to prosper before
1
1914, but was delayed by two world wars and the Great Depression of the 1930s.
The international financial order, which was established at the end of World War II,
sought to restore the volume of world trade. In 1973, world trade as a percentage
of world GDP reached 1913 levels and has continued to grow almost every year
since.
 The founders of the Bretton Woods system saw the restoration of trade in
goods and services as essential to the recovery of the global economy, but they
did not have the same vision about capital flows. However, capital flows between
industrialized countries recovered in the 1950s and intensified in the 1960s. As a
result, the exchange rate began to be determined by the relationship of one
currency to another (currency peg) , which provided flexibility to the exchange rate
between the most developed countries.

Capital flows into developing countries grew more slowly. In the late 1970s
and early 1980s they consisted mainly of bank loans. In the 1990s, capital flows
consisted mainly of foreign direct investment and securities trading. Because the
volume of international capital flows increased in emerging market countries, a
series of crises arose which caused these countries to be forced to float their
currencies.

Currently, the gross volume of international capital flows in relation to world

GDP markedly exceeds the levels reached shortly before 1913, although net flows
of foreign direct investment have not yet reached the extraordinary levels of the
decade before the First World War. World War.

The belief that there is less globalization in migration and worker flows today
than a century ago is not very clear. In 1911, about 15 percent of the population of
the United States of America were foreigners. While as of today, the number is
probably a little over 10 percent. The rates of emigration from Europe, especially
from Ireland and Italy, were impressive. However, whether or not migration and
labor flows are greater today than a century ago, there is now greater globalization
in the sense that migration rates have increased in a potentially significant way,
primarily from less developed countries to more developed countries.

Asynchronous technology

It takes place when the synchronization process between sender and receiver is carried out
in each transmitted code word. This synchronization is carried out through special bits that
define the environment of each code.
An asynchronous relationship is also said to be established when there is no temporal
relationship between the transmitting station and the receiving station. That is, the rate of
presentation of information to the destination does not have to coincide with the rate of
presentation of information by the source. In these situations it is not necessary to guarantee
a specific bandwidth, providing only what is available at that moment. It is a typical type of
relationship for data transmission.

In this type of network the receiver does not know precisely when they will receive a
message. Each character to be transmitted is delimited by an information bit called header
or start, and one or two bits called termination or stop.

 The boot bit has two functions of transmitter and receiver clock synchronization.
 The stop bit or bits are used to separate one character from the next.

After the transmission of the information bits, a parity bit (even or odd) is usually added.
This Bit is used to verify that the data is transferred without interruption. The receiver
checks the parity of each input data unit.

Starting from the transmission line at rest, when it has logical level 1, the sender informs
the receiver that a character is going to arrive, to do so it prepends a start bit ( Start ) with
the logical value 0. Once the Start bit reaches the receiver, it will trigger an internal clock
and will wait for the successive bits that will contain the character information transmitted
by the sender.

Once the receiver receives all the information bits, at least one stop bit of logical level 1
will be added, which will reset the data line to its initial state, thus leaving it ready for the
next transmission of the next character. It is used at modulation rates up to 1,200 baud.
Performance is based on the use of one start bit and two stop bits, in a signal that uses a 7-
bit code plus one parity bit (8 bits out of 11 transmitted) it is 72 percent.

Advantages and disadvantages of asynchronous mode:

 In the event of errors, a small number of characters are always lost, as these are
synchronized and transmitted one at a time.

 Low transmission performance, given the proportion of useful bits and

synchronization bits that must be transmitted for each character.

 It is a procedure that allows the use of cheaper equipment and less sophisticated
technology.

 It is more easily suited to applications where the transmitted flow is more irregular.
 They are especially suitable when high speeds do not need to be achieved.
 Creation of 10 technological products

1. Electric vehicles

For a few years now, electric mobility has been booming. If we live close to work or the
places we usually frequent, using an electric bicycle or an electric scooter is a perfect
option. With these vehicles we not only get to the sites sooner but we reduce greenhouse
gas (GHG) emissions into the atmosphere.

Furthermore, public transport in cities offers us alternatives for electric mobility, such as “
carsharing ”, “ motosharing ” and rental bicycles. Emov , car2go , BiciMAD , eCooltra and
Muving are just a few examples. Join up!

2. Roofs and vertical gardens

Although they have always existed, green roofs and vertical gardens are currently used as a
solution to revegetate cities, grow food ( urban gardens ) and reduce environmental
pollution. Thanks to this architectural proposal, energy savings are also achieved in
buildings, by stabilizing the temperature of the rooms.

3. 3D Printers

They've been around for a while, but new features for 3D printers are discovered every
year. We can replicate almost anything we want and they allow us to use fewer resources ,
increase the useful life of products, generate less plastics or reduce the use of polluting
elements, among other advantages.

It is worth highlighting mobile 3D printers, capable of building low-emission and energy

self-sufficient homes . An example is the home built by the company Apis Cor which, in
just 24 hours, created a 38 m 2 house with a total expense of less than €10,000.

4. Transparent solar panels

Companies like PHYSEE have created smart windows capable of converting solar energy
into electricity. Thanks to these windows, we can help the buildings in our cities become “
neutral buildings ” with respect to the source of energy they consume.

In addition, the American company Solar Window has created a liquid coating composed
of chemical elements that form organic photovoltaic cells and that can be applied to
almost any surface, such as windows.

5. Drones

Drones have come to us to stay. These unmanned flying devices are becoming an essential
element to carry out all types of tasks, some of them aimed at achieving greater
sustainability.

An example of this are the drones that are used to clean air pollution in cities and those that
can provide us with real-time images of agricultural land or facilities without the need to
use polluting vehicles. In addition, Japanese researchers are currently developing drones
inspired by bees , whose function will be to end the global pollination problem caused by
the decline of wild bees.

6. Smart Home Control

A Smart Home Control is part of what is known as home automation , that is, the set of
techniques applied to intelligent home control and automation. Lighting , air conditioning
or our comfort in general is managed efficiently through a “ user-system ” relationship.
With this system we can maintain control of our energy consumption and thus make it
easier to save .
7. Edible water bubbles

Using plastic bottles to drink water may be a thing of the past. A team of engineers in
London have developed edible water bubbles called Ooho!. These bubbles are filled with
drinking water and covered by a film made of natural algae extract.

The company, Skipping Rocks Lab , aims to replace plastic packaging with this
biodegradable material and, thus, fight against the growing generation of waste on a global
scale. Nothing is wasted!

8. Portable wind turbines

The portable wind turbine is not an invention of this last year; However, the Spanish
company Create Your Energy has recently been working on a new prototype of portable
and foldable wind turbines that seek to supply electricity to motorhomes, caravans and
small boats.

9. The “cloud”

“Cloud” storage is already known to everyone. When we use our computer or smartphone
we can store our email, calendar, images and other data on the internet .

With this type of storage, our homes and companies have replaced the use of paper and
electronic storage devices, thus achieving a reduction in the use of natural resources and
the emission of GHGs into the atmosphere.

10. Pollution collectors

Purify the air in our cities? This is possible thanks to Studio Roosegaarde (Holland) which,
through the “ Smog free Project ”, built in 2015 a collector capable of absorbing pollutants
suspended in the air at a nanometric scale. The project has had such an impact that it has
reached China, where these purifying towers aim to achieve an improvement in the air
quality of an already polluted country.

Operating costs

They are the expenses that allow us to carry out the various activities and daily operations.
Without them it would not be possible to achieve the company's purposes.

Operating expenses are considered:

 The sales ones.

 Those of administration.
 The financiers.

Source: Lara, E., Lara, L. (2009). First accounting course. Thresholds. Edition 22. Mexico.

Example:

During the year, the following expenses were incurred: warehouse rent $15,000.00;
propaganda and advertising $5,000.00; salaries of agents and clerks $25,000.00; agent and
clerk commissions $10,000.00; warehouse electricity payment $2,000.00; office rent
$15,000.00; salaries of office staff $30,000.00; stationery and office supplies $3,000.00;
office electricity payment $1,000.00; interest paid $3,000.00; exchange loss $3,500.00 and
situation expenses $600.00.
 Manufacturing expenses

The cost of manufacturing expenses applied in the production process, whether disbursable
or non-disbursable, is recorded as follows:

a) The accounts involved are:

Products in process (Asset Account)

Multiple accounts (Asset and Liability Accounts)

- Stock materials

- Wages to pay

- Others to pay

- Accumulated depreciation

- Others.

For example, if the costs incurred for manufacturing expenses were for several concepts
and amount to:
Products in process (Asset account)

The cost incurred for manufacturing expenses in the production process implies an increase
in the costs of products in process, such as when an asset account increases is debited, the
“Products in Process” account will be debited:

Multiple accounts (Asset and liability accounts)

The cost of manufacturing expenses implies a cost that must be paid or not, that is,
disbursable or non-disbursable; Asset accounts such as “materials warehouse” and
advances, complementary asset accounts such as “accumulated depreciation”, liability
accounts such as “Salaries Payable” and others are involved. Therefore, they imply a
decrease in asset accounts and an increase in liability accounts for $321,000.

The journal voucher will be recorded as follows:

This procedure is applied when the costs incurred are charged to “Products in Process”,
another procedure used is when a predetermined rate of manufacturing expenses is charged
with credit to the “Applied Manufacturing Expenses” account and at the end of the period
the respective adjustment between what was applied and what was incurred.

Sales room expenses

Selling expenses are those incurred to promote and market products or services to
customers. These expenses can include everything from advertising campaigns and in-store
displays to shipping products to customers.

Therefore, any expense associated with the sale of a product is considered a selling
expense. They are one of the three types of expenses that constitute a company's operating
expenses. The others are administration expenses and general expenses.

They can be broken down into direct and indirect expenses, associated with the sale of a
product. Direct expenses only occur when the product is sold, such as shipping supplies,
delivery charges, sales commissions, travel, and any accommodations for a sales
representative in line with a sale.

Indirect expenses are expenses that can be considered the money used to obtain sales. It is
not necessary to sell an item to incur an indirect expense. They include advertising and
marketing of products, telephone bills, travel expenses, and salaries of sales administrative
staff.

Administration expenses

Administration expenses are those incurred in the control and direction of an organization,
but not directly identifiable with financing, marketing, or production operations.
Salaries of senior executives and the costs of general services (such as accounting,
recruiting and labor relations) are included in this heading.

Administration expenses are therefore related to the organization as a whole, compared to

expenses related to the different departments.

At the accounting level, administration expenses are an expense account that is recorded in
the debit , forming part of the Income Statement, with the counterpart being an outflow of
cash or from the bank account for payment, or assumption. of a debt through a supplier
account.

Ministry of energy and mines of Guatemala

The Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM) is the Ministry of the Government of
Guatemala in charge of dealing with matters relating to the legal regime applicable to the
production, distribution and marketing of energy and hydrocarbons, and the exploitation of
mining resources.
Features

The Ministry of Energy and Mines, in accordance with article 34 of the Law of the
Executive Agency, is responsible for the following functions:

a) Study and promote the use of new and renewable sources of energy, promote their
rational use and stimulate the development and rational use of energy in its different forms
and types, seeking a national policy that tends to achieve energy self-sufficiency of the
country.

b) Coordinate the necessary actions to maintain an adequate and efficient supply of oil,
petroleum products and natural gas according to the country's demand, and in accordance
with the law of the matter.

c) Comply with and enforce legislation related to surface recognition, exploration,

exploitation, transportation and transformation of hydrocarbons; the purchase and sale or
any type of marketing of crude or reconstituted oil, natural gas and other derivatives, as
well as their derivatives.

d) Formulate the policy, propose the respective regulation and supervise the system of
exploration, exploitation and marketing of hydrocarbons and minerals.

e) Comply with the environmental standards and specifications established by the Ministry
of Environment and Natural Resources regarding non-renewable resources.

f) Issue an opinion within the scope of its competence on policies or projects of other public
institutions that affect the energy development of the country.

g) Exercise the regulatory, control and supervision functions in matters of electrical energy
assigned by law.

Organization

The Ministry of Energy and Mines of Guatemala is organized as follows:

Ministerial Office

 Minister of Energy and Mines

o Vice Minister of Mining and Hydrocarbons
o Vice Minister of Energy
o Vice Minister of Sustainable Development

Mining companies with presence in Guatemala

Montana Exploradora de Guatemala , SA

is a mining operator, a subsidiary of Goldcorp , which has operated the Marlin Mine since
2009 (Prensa Comunitaria, 2013).

In its beginnings, Montana Exploradora was a subsidiary of Glamis Gold, Co. As part of
Goldcorp, a Canadian mining company that is integrated into the most important stock
markets in the world - including the Toronto Stock, the New York Exchange and Down
Jones - (Community Press, 2013).

Explorations and Mining Exploitations of Izabal

The company EXMÍBAL -Exploraciones y Explotaciones Mineras de Izabal, SA- was a

company dedicated to the extraction of nickel, cobalt and iron. It was formed in August
1960 to investigate the potential for nickel and cobalt in laterites from Izabal , Guatemala .
The new company was owned by M.A. Hanna Company of Cleveland 20% and
International Nickel Company of Canada -INCO- 80% (Móbil, 2012).

El Escobal Mine

It is a mine located in San Rafael Las Flores , municipality of the department of Santa Rosa
, Guatemala . It belongs to the company Minera San Rafael, S. A. , subsidiary of the Tahoe
Resources group of Canada (Móbil, 2012).

The El Escobal mine is primarily silver, along with a number of secondary metals.
Royalties for the State of Guatemala will be 5% of the value of the gross sale according to
the law of the Central American country (Móbil, 2012).

In its profit projection, Minera San Rafael intends to obtain US$ 12 billion in 18
years, while it will leave 100 million dollars for Guatemala. The estimate of silver in
the mine increased 144% in five years. The company has produced 19 million
ounces of silver, whose sales value is 505 million dollars (Móbil, 2012).

The Drum Mine

It is a gold mine located between the municipalities of San José del Golfo and San Pedro
Ayampuc , in the department of Guatemala (Móbil, 2012).
In 2002, the Canadian mining company Radius Gold Inc. discovered a vein of gold in El
Tambor when drilling the area in search of deposits of said material, in 2003 it outlined a
reserve of 216 million ounces of gold and another 57,800 ounces In three large nearby
areas, in 2007 to confirm the degree of gold mineralization, other underground excavations
and cuttings were carried out. For almost a decade it has been dedicated to exploration in
search of deposits of gold and other metals. In Guatemala he has his own project and
another joint project with Kappes Cassidy and A ssociates -KCA- (Móbil, 2012).