Complex Variables, Laplace and Z-transformations (Mid-Summer ‘23-24)

Syllabus for Midterm exam – Laplace transformation; Inverse Laplace transformation;

Application of Laplace Transformation; System of ODE using Laplace transformation;
Complex number; Complex function and its differentiation (Cauchy-Riemann equations).

Advanced Engineering Mathematics – Erwin Kreyszig - 10th edition.

Topics Sub topics and Example Exercise

Definition (P-203) P-210 Ex # 1 -6
Derivation of formula: Example P-210 Ex # 9-16 (Using
# 1- 4 definition)
Laplace Table-6.1 (P-207) P-251 Ex # 11-13,17,19
Transformation
(Chapter- 6) Linearity of Laplace
transform (P-206), First Shifting
Theorem (P- 208) P- 211 Ex # 33-36
P-208 Example # 5
P- 211 Ex # 25-32
(Using formula and partial
Inverse fraction)
Laplace Definition (P-205)
Transformation P- 211 Ex # 37-41,
Theorem 2 (P-208) Example #5
43,44
(Chapter- 6)
P-251 Ex # 20,22-
25,27,28
Application of Derivative formula of
P- 216 Ex # 1-11,16,17
Laplace Laplace transformation (P-211)
P-251 Ex # 29,30
Transformation P-214 Example # 4,5
(Chapter- 6) Some Physical Problem Notes will be provided
Unit Step Function (P-217) P-223 Ex # 2-17
Unit Step Time Shifting (3,4,4*) (P- P-230 Ex # 3-8,11,12
Function 219) P-220
P-251 Ex # 14-16,21,26
(Chapter 6) Example # 1,2
Dirac’s Delta Function (P-225) P-252 Ex # 31-33

System of
ODE using P- 246 Ex #
Laplace P-242 Example # 1,3 3,6,8,9,11,12
Transformation P-252 Ex # 34-36
(Chapter- 6)
Complex Analysis with Applications – Dennis G. Zill.

Topics Subtopics and Example Exercise

Complex numbers and their

Complex Numbers properties (P-2) P-7 Ex # 1,2,3-16
(Chapter- 1) Conjugate (P-4) P-8 Ex # 21, 25, 27-34, 48
(P-4) Example # 1,2,3

Complex Plane (P-10)

Complex Plane Modulus (P-10), Properties (P-11),
Distance (P-11), Inequalities (P- P- 14 Ex # 6(a), 9-12, 27-29
(Chapter- 1) 12)
(P-11) Example # 2
Polar Form (P-16), Principal
Arguments (P-17), Arguments,
Multiplication and Division (P-
Polar Form of 18), P- 21 Ex # 1-8, 23
Complex Numbers Integer Power of z,
(Chapter- 1) De Moivre’s Formula (P- 20)
P-17 Example # 1,2,3,4

Roots (P-24),
Powers and Roots P-8 Ex# 35,36
Principal n-th Roots (P-25)
(Chapter-1) P-26 Ex # 1,2,7-10,17
(P-24) Example # 1,2
Derivatives (P-142)
Analytic Functions (P-145)
Cauchy-Reimann Equations (C-R)
Verify C-R Equations and
(P-152) find 𝑓 ′ (𝑧):
Differentiability ′ (𝑧)
and Analyticity Theorem-3.4, Formula of 𝑓 P-157 Ex#1-12,15,16,25,
(P-152)
(Chapter- 3) 𝑓(𝑧) =
(P-153) Example # 1,2 5 1
𝑧 , 𝑧 7,2𝑒 𝑧 ,𝑒 3𝑧 ,𝑒 −𝑧 ,2𝑧 3 + 6𝑧
Theorem-3.5 (P-154)
(P-155) Example # 3
Polar Coordinates (P-156)
Mappings Linear Mappings (2.3)
(Page-76,77) Ex # 7-16
(Chapter- 2) (Page-69,73,74) Example # 1,4,5
Integration in the
Complex Integrals (5.2)
Complex Plane (P-254-256) Ex # 1-12,14-24
(Page-250-252) Example # 1-3
(Chapter- 5)
 Exercise 1.1
I. Find the Laplace transformation (1-6) using definition:

1. L {e at } 4. L t 2 e at 
2. L sin 2t 5. L e at f ( t )
3. L cos 3t 6. L cos at

II. Find the Laplace transformation of the following functions (7-26),

assuming a, b, ω, π as constants:
7. f ( t ) = 3t + 12 17 f ( t ) = e2t sinh t
8. f ( t ) = ( a − bt )
2
18. f ( t ) = e−t sinh 4t
9. f ( t ) = cos  t 19. f ( t ) = sinh t cos t
10. f ( t ) = cos 2  t 20. f ( t ) = 12te−3t
11. 1  21. f ( t ) = t 2e−3t
f ( t ) = sin   t 
2

2 
12. f ( t ) = 5cosh 2t − 3sinh t 22. f ( t ) = t cos t + sin t
13. f (t ) = e −t
( cos 4t − 2sin 4t ) 23. f ( t ) = e2t sinh t
14. f ( t ) = ke− at cos  t 24. f ( t ) = e−t sinh 4t
15. f ( t ) = 0.5e−4.5t sin 2 t 25. f ( t ) = et ( t 2 + sin 3t )
16. f ( t ) = t 5e2t 26. f ( t ) = e −3t ( t + 4 )
2

Additional problem to solve

1. 𝑓(𝑡) = (𝑡 2 + 1)2 24
Ans: 𝑠5 + 𝑠3 + 𝑠
4 1

2. 𝑓(𝑡) = e−3𝑡 + 5 cosh 𝑡 1

Ans: 𝑠+3 + 𝑠2 −1
5𝑠

3. 𝑓(𝑡) = (sin 𝑡 − cos 𝑡)2 + cos 2 3𝑡 3 2

Ans: 2𝑠 − 𝑠2 +4 + 2 (𝑠2 +36)
1 𝑠

4. 𝑓(𝑡) = 3 − e−𝑡 cos 2𝑡 + 𝑡 sinh 3𝑡 3 𝑠+1

Ans: 𝑠 − 𝑠2 +2𝑠+5 + (𝑠2 −9)2
6𝑠

5. 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 cos 𝑡 − e−3𝑡 sin 2𝑡 + 𝑡 7 e5𝑡 1−𝑠2 2 5040

Ans:− (𝑠2 +1)2 − (𝑠+3)2+4 + (𝑠−5)8
6. 𝑓(𝑡) = e2𝑡 𝑡 + e𝑡 cosh 3𝑡 Ans:
1 𝑠−1
+ 𝑠2 −2𝑠−8
(𝑠−2)2
2𝑎𝑠
7. 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 sin 𝑎𝑡 Ans: (𝑠2 +𝑎2 )2
8. 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 cos 𝑎𝑡 𝑎2 −𝑠2
Ans:
(𝑠2 +𝑎2 )2
2𝑡 𝑠−2
9. 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑒 cos 3𝑡 Ans: (𝑠−2)2 + 9
4𝑠
10. 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 sin 2𝑡 Ans: − (𝑠2 +4)2
 11. 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡10 𝑒 −7𝑡 Ans:
10 !
(𝑠+7)11
12. 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 cos 𝑏𝑡 2 𝑠2 1
Ans: (𝑏 + 𝑠2 )2
2
− 𝑏2 + 𝑠2

III. Defined the function f ( t ) and find the Laplace transformation of f ( t ) (27-
34) by using definition:

27. 28. 29. 30.

32. 33.
31. 34.

IV. Convert 𝒇(𝒕) (35-47) to Unit step function and find the Laplace
transformations of 𝒇(𝒕):

 3
35. f (t ) = t ( 0  t  2) 42. f (t ) = t 2  t  
 2
36. f (t ) = t − 2 (t  2) 43. f ( t ) = sinh t ( 0  t  2 )
 
37. f ( t ) = cos 4t ( 0  t   ) 44. f ( t ) = sin t   t   
2 
   1
38. f ( t ) = et  0  t   45. f ( t ) = 16t 2u  t − 
 2  4
39. f ( t ) = sin  t ( 2  t  4 ) 46. f ( t ) = e u ( t − 3)
t 2

40. f ( t ) = e − t ( 2  t  4 ) 47. f ( t ) = u ( t − 2 ) sin t

f ( t ) = t 2 (1  t  2 )
41.
Additional problem to solve
1. 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 𝑢(𝑡 − 3) 2
Ans: 𝑒 −3𝑠 [𝑠3 + 6 𝑠2 + 9 𝑠 ]
1 1

2. 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑢𝜋 (𝑡) Ans: 𝑒 −𝜋(𝑠+2) 𝑠+2

1

3. 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 𝑢2 (𝑡) 2 1
Ans: 𝑒 −2𝑠 (𝑠 + 𝑠2 )
4. 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 𝑢(𝑡 − 1) 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑒 −𝑠
Ans: +
𝑠 𝑠2
5. 𝑓(𝑡) = (𝑡 − 1) 𝑢(𝑡 − 1) 𝑒 −𝑠
Ans: 𝑠2
6. 2
𝑓(𝑡) = (𝑡 − 1) 𝑢(𝑡 − 1) 2 𝑒 −𝑠
Ans: 𝑠3
−2𝑡 𝑒 −6 𝑒 −3𝑠
7. 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑢(𝑡 − 3) Ans: 𝑠+2
8. 𝑓(𝑡) = 4 cos 𝑡 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝜋) 4𝑠 𝑒 −𝜋𝑠
Ans: − .
𝑠2 + 1

V. Obtain Laplace transformation (48,49) by 1st and 2nd order differentiation:

48. t cos 4𝑡 49. 𝑡2 𝑒−3𝑡
 Exercise Set 1.2

I. Find the inverse Laplace transformation of the following functions (1-22)

assuming a,b,L,n as constants:
0.2𝑠+1.8 3𝑠+4 3
1. 12. 23.
𝑠 2 +3.24 𝑠 2 +4𝑠+5 𝑠 2 +𝑠/4
5 𝑠+1 3𝑠 20
2. 13. 24.
𝑠 2 −25 𝑠 2 −2𝑠+2 𝑠 3 −2𝜋𝑠 2
𝑠 𝜔 cos 𝜃+𝑠 sin 𝜃 1
3. 14. 25.
𝐿2 𝑠 2 +𝑛2 𝜋2 𝑠 2 +𝜔2 𝑠(𝑠 2 +𝜔2 )
1 6(𝑠+1) 1
4. 15. 26.
(𝑠+√2)(𝑠−√3) 𝑠4 𝑠 4 −𝑠 2

12 228 𝜋 𝑠+1
5. − 16.
(𝑠+𝜋)2
27.
𝑠 4 +9𝑠 2
𝑠4 𝑠6
4𝑠+32 6 3𝑠+4
6. 17. 28.
𝑠 2 −16 (𝑠+1)3 𝑠 4 +𝑘 2 𝑠 2
𝑠+10 21 1
7. 18. 29.
𝑠 2 −𝑠−2 (𝑠+√2)4 𝑠 3 +𝑎𝑠 2
1 4 2𝑠+1
8. 19. 30.
(𝑠+𝑎)(𝑠+𝑏) 𝑠 2 −2𝑠−3 (𝑠 2 +1) (𝑠−2)

7.5 𝜋 𝑠+1
9. 20. 31.
𝑠 2 −2𝑠−8 𝑠 2 +10𝜋𝑠+24𝜋2 𝑠2 (𝑠−3)
1 2𝑠−1
16 21.
10. 1 𝑠 2 −6𝑠+18
𝑠 2 +𝑠+
2
𝑠 2 −6.25 𝑎(𝑠+𝑘)+𝑏𝜋
11. 22.
𝑠 2 −6.25 (𝑠+𝑘)2 +𝜋2

Additional problem to solve

1. 𝑠2 +1 𝑡2
𝑠3
Ans: 1 + 2
2. 1 1 5𝑡
Ans: 𝑒2
2𝑠 − 5 2
3. 1 1
Ans: 4 sinh 4𝑡
𝑠2 −16
2𝑠
4. Ans: 2cosh 3𝑡
𝑠2 −9
4 𝑠 4
5. − 𝑠2 −16 + 𝑠2 −4 Ans: 4𝑒 2𝑡 − cosh 4𝑡 + 2 sinh 2𝑡
𝑠−2
6. 5 3𝑠 2 Ans: 5 − 3 cos 4𝑡 + sin 2𝑡
− 𝑠2 +16 + 𝑠2 +4
𝑠
7. 10 10
(𝑠+3)4
Ans: 𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑡 3
6
1 2𝑡
8. , Ans: 𝑒 sin 𝑡
(𝑠−2)2 +1
9. 𝑠−1
, Ans: 𝑒 𝑡 cos 2𝑡.
(𝑠−1)2 +4
 𝑠+2
10. , Ans: 𝑒 −2𝑡 cosh 5𝑡
(𝑠+2)2 −25
11. 1 1
, Ans: 2 𝑒 −3𝑡 sinh 2𝑡
(𝑠+3)2 −4
𝑠 2
12. , Ans: 𝑒 −2𝑡 cos 3𝑡 − 3 𝑒 −2𝑡 sin 3𝑡
𝑠2 +4𝑠+13
2𝑠+1
13. Ans:2𝑒 −2𝑡 cos 3𝑡 − 𝑒 −2𝑡 sin 3𝑡.
𝑠2 +4𝑠+13
1
14. Ans: 𝑒 3𝑡 − 𝑒 2𝑡
𝑠2 −5𝑠+6
15. 3𝑠+1
Ans: −𝑒 −𝑡 + cos 𝑡 + 2 sin 𝑡.
(𝑠+1)(𝑠2 +1)
16. 4𝑠+5 1 1
Ans: 3 𝑒 𝑡 + 3𝑡 𝑒 𝑡 − 3 𝑒 −2𝑡
(𝑠−1)2 (𝑠+2)
17. 3𝑠2 +13𝑠+26 Ans: 2 + 𝑒 −2𝑡 cos 3𝑡 + 𝑒 −2𝑡 sin 3𝑡
𝑠(𝑠2 +4𝑠+13)
18. 𝑠3 −5𝑠2 +6 Ans: 𝑡 3 − 5𝑡 + 1
𝑠4
19. 2+4𝑠 2
Ans: 4 cos 5𝑡 + sin 5𝑡.
𝑠2 +25 5
3
20. Ans: 𝑒 −2𝑡 sin 3𝑡
(𝑠+2)2 + 9
21. 5𝑠 − 7 Ans: 5 𝑒 3𝑡 (cos 4𝑡 +
2
sin 4𝑡)
2 5
𝑠 − 6𝑠 + 25
22. 𝑠 Ans: 𝑒 3𝑡 (cos 𝑡 + 3 sin 𝑡)
2
𝑠 − 6𝑠 + 10
23. 𝑠+1 3 𝑒 2𝑡 2 𝑒 −3𝑡 1
𝑠 (𝑠 − 2) (𝑠+3) Ans: 10 − 15 − 6
6
24. Ans: 𝑒 4𝑡 − 𝑒 −2𝑡
(𝑠+2) (𝑠 −4)
6 𝑠 −17
25. Ans: 5 𝑒 2𝑡 + 𝑒 3𝑡
𝑠2 − 5𝑠 +6
26. 𝑠 Ans: 𝑒 −𝑡 − 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑡
(𝑠 + 1)2
27. 7 𝑠2 +14 𝑠−9 Ans: − 40 𝑒 𝑡 − 12 𝑡 𝑒 𝑡 + 47 𝑒 2𝑡
(𝑠−1)2 (𝑠−2)

II. Find the inverse Laplace transformation (32-37) associated with the unit
step function:

𝑠+1 −𝑠
32. 𝑒 −3𝑠 /(𝑠 − 1)3 34. 𝑒 −3𝑠 /𝑠 4 36. 𝑒
𝑠2

33. 6(1 − 𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 )/(𝑠 2 + 9) 35. 2(𝑒 −𝑠 − 𝑒 −3𝑠 )/ 37.

2𝑠−10
𝑒 −5𝑠
𝑠3
(𝑠 2 − 4)
Additional problem to solve
𝑒 −3𝑠 𝑒 −𝑠
01. Ans: 𝑢(𝑡 − 3) 02. Ans: (𝑡 − 1)𝑢1 (𝑡)
𝑠 𝑠2

𝑒 −𝜋𝑠
03. 𝐀𝐧𝐬: sin(𝑡 − 𝜋) 𝑢𝜋 (𝑡)
𝑠2 + 1
 Exercise Set 1.3

Solve the IVPs by the Laplace transformation:

1. 𝑦 ′ ′ − 𝑦 = 𝑡; 𝑦(0) = 1, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 1

2. 𝑦 ′ ′ + 𝑦 ′ + 9𝑦 = 0; 𝑦(0) = 0.16, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0

3. 𝑦 ′ + 5.2𝑦 = 19.4sin⁡
(2𝑡); 𝑦(0) = 0

4. 𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 0; 𝑦(0) = 1.5

5. 𝑦 ′ ′ − 𝑦 ′ − 6𝑦 = 0; 𝑦(0) = 11, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 28

6. 𝑦 ′ ′ + 9𝑦 = 10𝑒 −𝑡 ; 𝑦(0) = 0, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0

1
7. 𝑦 ′ ′ − 4 𝑦 = 0; 𝑦(0) = 12, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0

8. 𝑦 ′ ′ − 6𝑦 ′ + 5𝑦 = 29cos⁡
(2𝑡); 𝑦(0) = 3.2, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 6.2

9. 𝑦 ′ ′ + 7𝑦 ′ + 12𝑦 = 21𝑒 3𝑡 ; 𝑦(0) = 3.5, 𝑦 ′ (0) = −10

10. 𝑦 ′ ′ − 4𝑦 ′ + 4𝑦 = 0; 𝑦(0) = 8.1, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 3.9

11. 𝑦 ′ ′ − 4𝑦 ′ + 3𝑦 = 6𝑡 − 8; 𝑦(0) = 0, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0

12. 𝑦 ′ ′ + 0.04𝑦 = 0.02𝑡 2 ; 𝑦(0) = −25, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0

13. 𝑦 ′ ′ + 3𝑦 ′ + 2.25𝑦 = 9𝑡 3 + 64; 𝑦(0) = 1, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 31.5

14. 𝑦 ′ ′ + 4𝑦 ′ + 5𝑦 = 50𝑡; 𝑦(0) = 5, 𝑦 ′ (0) = −5

15. 𝑦 ′ ′ + 16𝑦 = 4𝛿(𝑡 − 𝜋); 𝑦(0) = −1, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0

16. 𝑦 ′ ′ − 𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 = 12𝑢(𝑡 − 𝜋)sin⁡𝑡); 𝑦(0) = 1, 𝑦 ′ (0) = −1

17. 𝑦 ′ ′ + 4𝑦 = 𝛿(𝑡 − 𝜋) − 𝛿(𝑡 − 2𝜋); 𝑦(0) = 1, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0

18. 𝑦 ′ ′ + 3𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 2𝑢(𝑡 − 2); 𝑦(0) = 0, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0

Additional problem to solve
𝑒𝑡 1 5
19. ÿ (t) + y(t) = et , y(0) = 1, ẏ (0) = −2 , Ans: 𝑦(𝑡) = + 2 cos𝑡 − 2 sin𝑡.
2

20. 𝑦̇ (𝑡) = 3; 𝑦(0) = 2. Ans: 𝑦(𝑡) = 3𝑡 + 2.

21. 𝑦̇ (𝑡) = 4𝑡; 𝑦(0) = 1. Ans: 𝑦(𝑡) = 2 𝑡 2 + 1.
22. 𝑦̇ (𝑡) = 2𝑡 − 1; 𝑦(0) = 3. Ans: 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑡 (𝑡 − 1) + 3.
𝑡3
23. 𝑦̇ (𝑡) = 𝑡 2 ; 𝑦(0) = 4. Ans: 𝑦(𝑡) = + 4.
3
𝑒 2𝑡 3
24. 𝑦̇ (𝑡) = 𝑒 2𝑡 ; 𝑦(0) = 2. Ans: 𝑦(𝑡) = + 2.
2

25. 𝑦̇ (𝑡) + 𝑦(𝑡) = 2 ; 𝑦(0) = 0. Ans: 𝑦(𝑡) = 2 − 2 𝑒 −𝑡 .

𝑡 (5𝑡+4)
26. 𝑦̈ (𝑡) = 5 ; 𝑦(0) = 1, 𝑦̇ (0) = 2. Ans: 𝑦(𝑡) = + 1.
2

27. 𝑦̈ (𝑡) − 2 𝑦̇ (𝑡) = cos 𝑡 ; 𝑦(0) = 0, 𝑦̇ (0) = 1.

7 2 1 1
Ans: 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑒 2𝑡 − (sin 𝑡 + 2 cos 𝑡) − 2.
10 5

28. 𝑦̈ (𝑡) + 3 𝑦̇ (𝑡) − 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑡 ; 𝑦(0) = 𝑦̇ (0) = 0.

−3𝑡
1 1 √13 5 √13
Ans: 𝑓(𝑡) = 3 𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑒 2 [cosh ( 𝑡) + sinh ( 𝑡)].
3 2 √13 2

29. 𝑦̈ (𝑡) − 7𝑦̇ (𝑡) + 12𝑦(𝑡) = 0, 𝑦(0) = 2, 𝑦̇ (0) = 1.

Ans: 𝑦(𝑡) = −5𝑒 4𝑡 + 7𝑒 3𝑡 .
𝑡, 0 < 𝑡 < 1
30. 𝑦̈ (𝑡) + 𝑦(𝑡) = { , 𝑦(0) = 0, 𝑦̇ (0) = 0.
0, 𝑡>1
Ans: 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑡 − sin 𝑡 if 0 < 𝑡 < 1 and cos(𝑡 − 1) + sin(𝑡 − 1) − sin 𝑡 if 𝑡 > 1.

Using the Laplace transformation, solve the system of ODEs:

19. 𝑦1′ = −𝑦1 + 4𝑦2 , 𝑦2′ = 3𝑦1 − 2𝑦2 ; 𝑦1 (0) = 3, 𝑦2 (0) = 4

20. 𝑦1′ = 5𝑦1 + 𝑦2 , 𝑦2′ = 𝑦1 + 5𝑦2 ; 𝑦1 (0) = 1, 𝑦2 (0) = −3

22. 𝑦1′ = 4𝑦1 + 𝑦2 , 𝑦2′ = −𝑦1 + 2𝑦2 ; 𝑦1 (0) = 3, 𝑦2 (0) = 1

23. 𝑦1′′ = 𝑦1 + 3𝑦2 , 𝑦2′′ = 4𝑦1 − 4𝑒 𝑡 ; 𝑦1 (0) = 2, 𝑦1′ (0) = 3, 𝑦2 (0) = 1, 𝑦2′ (0) = 2
24. 𝑦1′′ = −2𝑦1 + 2𝑦2 , 𝑦2′′ = 2𝑦1 − 5𝑦2 ; 𝑦1 (0) = 1, 𝑦1′ (0) = 0, 𝑦2 (0) = 3, 𝑦2′ (0) = 0

25. 𝑦1′ = 𝑦2 , 𝑦2′ = −4𝑦1 + 𝛿(𝑡 − 𝜋); 𝑦1 (0) = 0, 𝑦2 (0) = 0

26. 𝑦1′ = 2𝑦1 − 4𝑦2 , 𝑦2′ = 𝑦1 − 3𝑦2 ; 𝑦1 (0) = 3, 𝑦2 (0) = 0

27. 𝑦1′ = 2𝑦1 + 4𝑦2 , 𝑦2′ = 𝑦1 + 2𝑦2 ; 𝑦1 (0) = −4, 𝑦2 (0) = −4

Additional problem to solve
𝑑𝑥(𝑡)
= 2𝑥(𝑡) − 3𝑦(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
28. { 𝑑𝑦(𝑡)
subject to 𝑥(0) = 8, 𝑦(0) = 3.
= 𝑦(𝑡) − 2𝑥(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
Ans: 𝑥(𝑡) = 5𝑒 −𝑡 + 3𝑒 4𝑡
𝑦(𝑡) = 5𝑒 −𝑡 − 2𝑒 4𝑡

29. 𝑥̇ = 𝑦
𝑦̇ = 16𝑥; 𝑥(0) = 0, 𝑦(0) = 4.
Ans: x ( t ) = sinh 4t , y ( t ) = 4cosh 4t

30. 𝑥̇ = −4𝑦
𝑦̇ = 𝑥; 𝑥(0) = 2, 𝑦(0) = 0.
Ans: x ( t ) = 2cos 2t , y ( t ) = sin 2t

31. 𝑥̇ = 2𝑥 + 𝑦
𝑦̇ = 4𝑥 + 2𝑦; 𝑥(0) = 1, 𝑦(0) = 6.
Ans: x ( t ) = e2t ( cosh 2t + 3sinh 2t ) , y ( t ) = e2t ( 6cosh 2t + 2sinh 2t ) .

32. 𝑥̇ = 3𝑥 + 𝑦
𝑦̇ = 4𝑥 + 3𝑦; 𝑥(0) = 3, 𝑦(0) = 2.
Ans: x ( t ) = e3t ( 3cosh 2t + sinh 2t ) , y ( t ) = e3t ( 2cosh 2t + 6sinh 2t )
System of ODEs using Laplace Transformation:

28. Tank 𝑇1 initially contains 100gal of pure water. Tank 𝑇2 initially contains 100gal of
water in which 150lb of salt are dissolved. The inflow into 𝑇1 is 2gal/min from 𝑇2 and
6gal/min containing 6lb of salt from the outside. The inflow into 𝑇2 is 8gal/min from
𝑇1 . The outflow from 𝑇2 is 2 + 6 = 8gal/min, as shown in the figure. The mixtures are
kept uniform by stirring. Find the salt contents 𝑦1 (𝑡) and 𝑦2 (𝑡) in 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 , respectively.

Figure 1: Mixing Problem

29. The mechanical system in Fig. 2 consists of two bodies of mass 1 on three springs of the
same spring constant 𝑘 and of negligibly small masses of the springs. Also damping is
assumed to be practically zero. Then the model of the physical system is

𝑦1′′ = −𝑘𝑦1 + 𝑘(𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ), 𝑦2′′ = −𝑘(𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) − 𝑘𝑦2 .

Here 𝑦1 and 𝑦2 are the displacements of the bodies from their positions of static
equilibrium. We regard downward forces as positive and upward as negative. On the
upper body, −𝑘𝑦1 is the force of the upper spring and 𝑘(𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) that of the middle
spring, 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 being the net change in spring length. On the lower body,
−𝑘(𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) is the force of the middle spring and −𝑘𝑦2 that of the lower spring.
Initial conditions: 𝑦1 (0) = 1, 𝑦2 (0) = 1, 𝑦1′ (0) = √3𝑘; 𝑦2′ (0) = −√3𝑘
 Figure 2: Mass Spring Model

30. Using the Laplace transform and showing the details, find the current i(t) in the circuit in
Fig. 3, assuming zero initial current and charge and

𝑅 = 2Ω, 𝐿 = 1𝐻, 𝐶 = 0.5𝐹, 𝑣(𝑡) = 1𝑘𝑉 if 0 < 𝑡 < 2 and 0 if 𝑡 > 2.

Figure 3: RLC Circuit

Additional problem to solve
31. A resistance R in series with inductance L is connected with e.m.f 𝐸(𝑡) = 𝑡. The current
𝑑𝑖
𝑖(𝑡) is given by 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑅𝑖 = 𝑡; 𝑖(0) = 0. Use Laplace transform to find the current
𝑖(𝑡).
𝑅
𝐿 𝑡 𝐿
Ans: 𝑖(𝑡) = − 𝑅2 + 𝑅 + 𝑅2 𝑒 − 𝐿 𝑡 .

32. An inductor of 2 henrys, a resistor of 16 ohms and a capacitor of .02 farads are connected
in series with an e.m.f. of E volts. At 𝑡 = 0 the charge on the capacitor and current in the
circuit are zero. Find the charge and current at any time 𝑡 > 0 if E= 300 (volts).
Ans: 𝑞(𝑡) = 6 − 6𝑒 −4𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑡 − 8 𝑒 −4𝑡 sin 3𝑡
𝑑𝑞
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝑑𝑡 = 50 𝑒 −4𝑡 sin 3𝑡.
0 , 0 < 𝑡 < 10
𝑑2 𝑖 𝑑𝑖
33. The current 𝑖(𝑡) in an electrical circuit is given by the DE, 𝑑𝑡 2 + 2 𝑑𝑡 = {1, 10 < 𝑡 < 20
0, 𝑡 > 20
𝑑𝑖
𝑖(0) = 𝑑𝑡 (0) = 0. Determine current 𝑖(𝑡).
(𝑡−10) 𝑒 −2(𝑡−10) 1 (𝑡−20) 𝑒 −2(𝑡−20) 1
Ans: 𝑖(𝑡) = [ + − 4] 𝑢(𝑡 − 10) − [ + − 4] 𝑢(𝑡 − 20).
2 4 2 4

0, 0 < 𝑡 < 10
(𝑡 − 10) 𝑒 −2(𝑡−10)
1
+ − , 10 < 𝑡 < 20 .
= 2 4 4
𝑒 −2(𝑡−10) 𝑒 −2(𝑡−20)
{ 5+ 4
−
4
, 𝑡 > 20
 Exercise Set 2

1. If 𝒛𝟏 = 𝟐 + 𝟒𝒊, 𝒛𝟐 = −𝟑 + 𝟖𝒊, 𝒛𝟑 = 𝟐 − 𝟑𝒊 and 𝒛𝟒 = −𝟒 − 𝟔𝒊, then find

a) Locate 𝑧1 , 𝑧2, 𝑧3 and 𝑧4 in Argand d) 𝑧1 𝑧2
Diagram

b) 𝑧1 +𝑧2 e) 𝑧3 + 𝑧1
𝑧4 𝑧2
c) 𝑧3 − 𝑧1 f) 1
+ 𝑧1
(𝑧2 )3
g) |𝑧1 𝑧̅2 − 𝑧3 |

Additional problem to solve

1. If 𝑧1 = 1 − 𝑖 , 𝑧2 = −2 − 3𝑖 and 𝑧3 = 2𝑖, then evaluate |3𝑧1 3 + 2𝑧̅2 − 5𝑧3 |.

Ans: 10√2

2. Write the given number in the form 𝒂 + 𝒊𝒃.

1 k. 𝑖(5 + 7𝑖)
a. (5 − 9𝑖) + (2 − 4𝑖) f. 3𝑖 +
2−𝑖
g. (2 − 3𝑖)(4 + 𝑖) l. 𝑖
b. 𝑖(4 − 𝑖) + 4𝑖(1 + 2𝑖)
1+𝑖

1 1 2 5 m. 2 − 4𝑖
c. 3(4 − 𝑖) − 3(5 + 2𝑖) h. ( − 𝑖) ( + 𝑖)
2 4 3 3 3 + 5𝑖

i. (3 − 𝑖)(2 + 3𝑖) n. 10 − 5𝑖
d. (1 + 𝑖)(1 − 2𝑖)
1+𝑖 6 + 2𝑖
(2 + 𝑖)(4 − 3𝑖)

e. (5 − 4𝑖) − (3 + 7𝑖) j. (4 + 5𝑖) + 2𝑖 3 o. (2 + 3𝑖)2

(4 + 2𝑖) + (2 − 3𝑖) (2 + 𝑖)2

Additional problem to solve

p) (1 + 𝑖)2 q) −3 + i
1−𝑖 7 − 3i
 𝑖 1
3. Find Re (z) and Im(z) of 𝑧 = ( )( ).
3−𝑖 2+3𝑖

4. Let 𝑧 = −6 − 5𝑖. Find

a) 1 e) Re (𝑖𝑧)
Re ( )
𝑧
b) Re (𝑧 2 ) f) |𝑧|
c) Im (2𝑧 + 4𝑧‾ − 4𝑖) g) (1 + i)z
d) Im (𝑧‾2 + 𝑧 2 ) h) Im (𝑖𝑧)

Additional problem to solve

i) (1−𝑖)2
Find Im{𝑧}, where 𝑧 = 1+𝑖

j) 1 + 3 i 
Re  
 1 − i 
k) 𝑧
||
𝑧
l) 𝑧
Im { }
𝑧
5. Find the modulus of the following Complex number:

a) 𝑧 = (1 − 𝑖)2 c) 2𝑖
𝑧=
3 − 4𝑖

b) 1 d) 1 − 2𝑖 2 − 𝑖
𝑧 = 𝑖(2 − 𝑖) − 4 (1 + 𝑖) 𝑧= +
4 1+𝑖 1−𝑖

6. Find the principal argument of the following Complex numbers:

a) 𝑧 =1+𝑖 c) 1−𝑖
𝑧=
(1 + 𝑖)2

b) 𝑧 = −1 + √3𝑖 d) 𝑧 = −5 + 5𝑖
Additional problem to solve

e) 𝑧 = (−1 − 𝑖)4 g) (1 + i )3
z= ,
(1 − i )

f) 𝑧 = (−2 + 2√3 𝑖)3 h) (−1 − 𝑖)12

𝑧=
(3 + √3 𝑖)6 (−2 + 2√3 𝑖)3

Convert the following Complex numbers into polar form:

a) 𝑧=2 e) 𝑧 = −√3 + 𝑖
b) 𝑧 = −1 f) 𝑧 =1+𝑖
c) 𝑧 = −3𝑖 g) 𝑧 = −2 − 2√3𝑖
d) 𝑧 =1+𝑖 h) 1+𝑖
𝑧=
(1 − 𝑖)2

Additional problem to solve

i) 𝑧 = −1 + 𝑖 k) 𝑧 = −3 − √3𝑖

(1 − 𝑖)2 l) 1 − 𝑖 18
j) 𝑧 = 𝑧=( )
1+𝑖 1+𝑖

7. Establish the given inequality:

a) If |𝑧| = 2 , then |𝑧 + 6 + 8𝑖| ≤ 13 ,

b) If |𝑧| = 1 , then 1 ≤ |𝑧 2 − 3| ≤ 4 ,
c) Find an upper bound for the modulus of 3𝑧 2 + 2𝑧 + 1 if |𝑧| ≤ 1,

d) Verify the triangle inequality |𝑧1 + 𝑧2 | ≤ |𝑧1 | + |𝑧2 | for 𝑧1 = 3 − 2𝑖 and 𝑧2 = 4 + 2𝑖.
8. For the following equations, find all values of z and also locate these values in the
complex plane:

a) 1 d) 1
z = (−1)4 z = (−1 + 𝑖)5
1 e) 1
b) z = (1 + 𝑖)5 𝑧 = (−1 + √3𝑖)2
1 f) 1
c) z = (8)3 𝑧 = (−1 − √3𝑖)4

Additional problem to solve

g) 𝑧2 + 9 = 0 l) 𝑧3 − 𝑖 = 0
h) 𝑧5 − 1 = 0 m) 𝑧3 − 1 + 𝑖 = 0
i) 𝑧 4 = −81 n) 𝑧 3 − 64 = 0
j) 𝑧 3 − √3 − 𝑖 = 0 0) 𝑧 3 + 2 − 𝑖2√3 = 0
k) 𝑧 3 = −𝑖 p) 𝑧4 − 1 = 0

9. Describe and graph the locus represented by each of the following:

a) |𝑧 + 3𝑖| > 4, b) 1< |𝑧 − 5 + 𝑖| ≤ 2,

c) |𝑧 − 1 + 2𝑖| > 5, d) |𝑧| ≤ 4.

Additional problem to solve

(e) |𝑧 + 2𝑖| > 4.

(f) 1 < |𝑧 − 2 + 𝑖| ≤ 3.
(g) Im{𝑧 2 } = 9.
(h) |𝑧 − 1| ≤ 1.
(i) Re{𝑧 2 } < 4.
𝜋 𝜋
(j) 6 ≤ arg 𝑧 ≤ 3 .

(k) 1 < |𝑧 + 𝑖| ≤ 2
 Exercise Set 3

1. Verify Cauchy-Riemann Equations. If possible, find 𝒇′ (𝒛):

1. 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 3 12. 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑦 − 𝑖 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑦
2. 𝑓(𝑧) = 3𝑧 2 + 5𝑧 − 6𝑖 13. 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 + 𝑖(𝑦 + cos 𝑥 sinh 𝑦)
2 −𝑦 2 2 −𝑦 2
3. 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑅𝑒(𝑧) 14. 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑖 𝑒 𝑥 sin 2𝑥𝑦
2 2
4. 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑦 + 𝑖𝑥 15. 𝑓(𝑧) = 4𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 9 + 𝑖(8𝑥𝑦 + 5𝑦 − 1)

5. 𝑓(𝑧) = 4𝑧 − 6𝑧̅ + 3 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃

16. 𝑓(𝑧) = −𝑖
𝑟 𝑟
2
6. 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧̅ 17. 𝑓(𝑧) = 5𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑟 4 cos 4𝜃 + 𝑖(5𝑟 sin 𝜃 + 𝑟 4 sin 4𝜃)
7. 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 18. 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑒 𝑧
𝑥 𝑦
8. 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 + 𝑖 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 19. 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑒 −𝑧

9. 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 5 20. 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑒 3𝑧

10. 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 7
1
21. 𝑓(𝑧) = 2𝑒 𝑧

11. 𝑓(𝑧) = 2𝑧 3 + 6𝑧

Additional problem to solve

22 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑒 𝑧
2
29 𝑓(𝑧) = 2𝑧𝑒 𝑧
23 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑒 2𝑧 30 𝑓(𝑧) = 3𝑧 3
24 𝑓(𝑧) = 2𝑧 2 31 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 2
25 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 9 32 1
𝑓(𝑧) = 9
𝑧
26 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑒 2𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑦 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑦) 33 2
𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 −3
27 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 34 3
𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 5
28 𝑓(𝑧) = 2𝑧 2 + 3𝑒 𝑧 35 1
𝑓(𝑧) = 3
𝑧
 Mapping

1. Find the image 𝑆’ of the square 𝑆 with vertices at 1 + 𝑖, 2 + 𝑖, 2 + 2𝑖, and 1 + 2𝑖 under
the linear mapping 𝑇(𝑧) = 𝑧 + 2 – 𝑖
2. Find the image of the real axis 𝑦 = 0 under the linear mapping-
1 1
𝑅(𝑧) = ( √2 + √2 𝑖 ) 𝑧
2 2
3. Find the image of the circle 𝐶 given by |𝑧| = 2 under the linear mapping 𝑀(𝑧) = 3𝑧
4. Find the image of the rectangle with vertices −1 + 𝑖, 1 + 𝑖, 1 + 2𝑖, and −1 + 2𝑖 under the
linear mapping 𝑓(𝑧) = 4𝑖 ⋅ 𝑧 + 2 + 3𝑖
5. Find the image of the triangle with vertices 0, 1, and i under the given linear mapping
𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧):

a. 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 + 3𝑖 b. 𝑓(z) = 𝑧 + 2 − 𝑖
c. 𝑓(𝑧) = 3𝑖𝑧 d. 𝑓(𝑧) = 1 + 𝑖𝑧
e. 𝑓(𝑧) = 2𝑧 − 𝑖 f. 𝑓(𝑧) = 6 − 5𝑖𝑧 + 1 − 3𝑖
𝜋
g. 𝑓(𝑧) = 3𝑖𝑧 + 4 h. 𝑓(𝑧) = 5𝑒 𝑖 5 𝑧 + 7𝑖
i. 𝑓(𝑧) = −1 2 𝑧 + 1 − √ 3𝑖 j. 𝑓(𝑧) = (3 − 2𝑖)𝑧 + 12

6. Find the image of the triangle with vertices 0, 1, and 𝑖 under the given linear mapping
𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧)

a. 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 + 2𝑖 b. 𝑓(𝑧) = 3𝑧
𝑖𝜋 1
c. 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑒 𝑧 4 d. 𝑓(𝑧) = 2 𝑖 𝑧
e. 𝑓(𝑧) = −3𝑧 + 𝑖 f. 𝑓(𝑧) = (1 – 𝑖)𝑧 − 2
Complex Integrals