y

3. INDICES, SURDS _AND LOGARITHMS

REVIEW OF FACTS
LOGARITHMS
pJCf:S
I~ wthat, Let there be a number a > 0, -:f- l.
1ve k11° · a (m times) : a, m c n A number pis called the logarithm ofa number
aa ·····
,( : : a. i~ called base and x to the base a if aP = x and is written_as
~ere a.,poncnt, index. or power p = log.x.
the C, Obviously x must be positive.
~ 's of Indices
a'" +n Ex: 23. 24 = 23+4 = 21 Note:
t,aW
1,
_
(f . d' -
.
1. If x < 0, log1x is imaginary and
2. If x = 0, logax does not exist.
111
a _ ,.,,,.,n where m > n
2· -l -'4
3. log x exists if and only if x, a > 0 and a f- 1 -
0

~
Ex: (1) 24
6
=26-4 = 22 Properties of Logarithms
· 1. alog:=x.wherea*0,± 1,x _>0

3. (d"Y' = d"" . . 2. alogi, = ·xloc. a>O, b>0,-:11,x>O

Ex: (1) (23)6 = 23 "6 = 211,
3. log: = l, log.I= 0·7a >·O, -:I l'
4. (a.b)'" = d" - bm
Ex: (1) (2.3)4 = 24. 34 4. log~ = ~ = x, a > 0, i: l
log.r x
1
- ~ ·ab> 0,-:/= l,
6 6

s. [bal"' = a"'
b"' Ex: (321 2
= J6 S. log0x = logbx.logi- log: · · •

x>O
6, a0 = 1 where a "# 0
Ex: (1) 20 = 1 6. Form, n >,O, a> 0 and.#: 1.
(2) 5° = 1 (a) _log" (m.n) = logo m + logan . .
(3) 100° = 1 (b) lo_gt) = lgg.m - log,,n.
l
7. er"'. = --;;
Cl a ..J.
1'"
0 (c) logJnr) =x logam

1
7. For x > 0, a> 0, 1 *
Ex: (l) 2-3 = i3 • l
(a) log 0. (x) =;; logo.
8, d"==a"=a=O, 1 or-1 whenm and n are
even or m = n
9. ~ = ✓
-
a ✓b is· at least one 0
.
fa and bis (b) log,.(x•) = l: )tog,.

positive.
 12 10. If a> 1, then
0 < X < l,
·tr > 1 a> I or ' . (a) logo X > p :::) X > (11
8. (a) log"x > 0, I x '
(b) o < Iog"x < p O < x < d'
O<a< 1. I O<x< 1,
11 . If O < a < I, then
(b) log"x<O,iffx> I,0> or
a> 1. Iogax > p
9. Forx> y> 0 o < log0 x<p
(a) log" x > log"y if a> l
(b) Iog11x < log)' if< a< l

~: ~f■JRIIS~:~

yx= ✓6 + ✓6+ ✓6 ...... tooo thenx= -L (0.5)" = I000, then .!. -.!. •
yry- X y

(a) 3 (b) 6
(a) 1 (b) .!.
(c) -2 (d)· 0 2
~ e Yalue of (2s-10.JJt-(1+iflf½ = l
(c) - (d) .!_
3 4
(a) 3 (b) 2
(c) 0 (d) 1 14
r e value _o f (17 + Jiss)' will be
y-x = JsJs-2
+ [ •·+ x•1) is =
, then x
2 (a) 1+Jz (b) 1- ✓2

(a) 3,01,826 (b) 1,03,682 (c) 2 +./2 (d) 2- ✓2

(c) 8,02,613 (d) 2,08,136 ·
)rif (s+2.J6)',:i-l) +(s-2./6(- 3
=IO ~ a"" =(a•)", then the value ofmin td
ofn is
thenx=
(a) ± 3 or ±"3 (b) ± 50() ..rs ' (a) n (b) (n-1)½
(c) ±400 ../4 1
(d) ±2 or Ji (c)-- (d) None of these
m+n-1

2
yff X = 3 +J7 , then (x - 3)2 ::
(a) 1 (b) 3
(c) 6 (d) 7
(a) P
(b) q these
(c) P +q (d) None of
 g arn.11111.:.
di ,11 d LO .
S"' . . 13
l' ,z½+2:,; , thent-& 2+6x-2 is

r
(a) 1
-r
(b) 2
(d) 3
15 is
~

(a) 0.
valueof~is

(b) I
(c) 0 (c) 2 (d) 3
v.tu +✓
✓ 10 +-'20
/. va}ue of ~ 40 - ✓5 - ✓so .
~i

[s(s+Ji)
I~
/ · ,f x =
f+ifJ
7_ 4J3, then x2(x-14)2 =
(a)
{b) l
r;(2+ ✓2) (a) 0
M✓ J (c) 2 (d) 3
(c) ✓ J
G(l +Ji.)

d) [5(3+ ✓2)
p;=2+ .Jj andxy=I,then
( .
X + y is ~
~ +J; ✓2 -~.[y

~ evalue of 3+ .Js _2✓2

. 12 with a rational
(a) ✓2 (b) ✓3
denominator 1s (c) 41 (d) None of these
(a) l+.[5 - ✓2 + ✓10 I 1
. + -
/ value of 1s log," log, ir
~) 1-ls+ ✓2-Jio
(a) greater than 2 (b) less than 2
(c) l-fs + ✓2 + ✓10
(c) equalto .!_ (d) equal to,o
2
(d) lt ✓S + ✓2-Jfo
~ . a log,b log,c = 0
(d) 3
,~ · ✓af2h+.Ja-2btlienbr-ax+b= (a) 1 (b) 2 (c)
f· LI x:: ✓a+ 2b ~ .Ja- 2b
"~g x3 . log/. log_/=
,,,_ I~ Y (b) 4
(1ll (b) 2 (a) 9
(c)o (d) 3 (c) 27 -1 (d) 16
1
)K~ 3+ ✓6 = /
-.1/4
.u logam =xthen
log; -m =
5
l3-2m-m + ✓50
(a) O (b) ✓1 (a) X (b) -x

(d) ✓3 (c) -;
1 (d) -,½
(c) fi
 14

?,~~. 3" +(tog,x)' -10=..x!,. - thenx ~

r f/(a ) = log
I+ a 2a
t-=-;. then/ [ l+ l l :: (a) 3 (b) 9
(c) 27 (d) None of these
(a) 0 (b) l 3(1-Aog,o tan l + log,o tan 2 + ..... ····· +lo
(c) /{a) (d) 2/{a) / tan 89° =

7 21
~{ x1 + 3.x 2 + 3x +1} = J> 0 (b) 1 (c) 2
g
(d) l .
Iog(.x2+2x+1)

l
;<: If a1-•. bs, = aP5 • b3' then X log(;) s

(a) 2 (b) l
(a) log a (b) a
b

A
3 (d) logb
( c) -
, 2 (d) 3_

rl
3 e number of zeros that are between
e decimal point and the first significani
+lo g;) log.;,, = figure in (0.5) 1°'\ if log (0.5) = 1.6990 is
(a) 30 (b)' 20
(a) lognx (b) log,.,x ·
(c) 10 (d) 40
(c) log~m (d) log_p
~ he number of solutions of lo~ (x -1)=
26. If log" =·1og1, = log" ' then . 2log2 (x - 3)
/ h-c c - a a-b .
_?: 2.5
(a) 0 (b) 1
r· (b) 5 (c) 2
(d) I
U lo&i2 = m, then log 28 is equal to
49
i+2 m .
(c) a+ b + c (d) None of these (a} 2 (l + 2m) (b)
2
lY. log .x.log6:x _
0
(c) l +2m
2
/ log x+log,,x -
0
(d) I +m
(a) log: (b) log!, 3S:J lie value of x obt
ained from equation
(c) log:,, (d) log~
/ (4)log! :+-(a)log~ = (I0)log!3 will be

27 /The value of (yz)log y ~ log z x (zx) (a) 10 (b) 100 (c) 5 (d) 2
7 log z- log xx (xy) log x- logy is 36. A( log .[~ ]= .!.(log"+ 10,l) then th
(a) 2 (b) 1
/' - 2t 2 e
(c) 4 (c) 3 er Oi, '

1 1 .
-+ - + l
logXY - = I log.~x
relation between a and b wiH
log.ry
XYl
yz

(a) 0 (b) l (a) a= b b

(c) 2 (d) logxxyz
(b) a== z
(c) 2a = b b
(d) a==
3
 • and Logarithms
SU rd
,~.di°''' .

ch is the .c~rrect .order for . a given

15
> 1 1s mcresmg· order ? 45 I
og (n - k <
ber (l . ·
then °I' . ) log)(n - k) and a > I
I JlllJog a, logla, logea , log,oa " tes tn the internal. '
(a) 2 I
fog O ; Iog 3a , ogca , log2a (a) (I<, 1'. + I) (b) (K'. K-1)
(b) 10 (c) (K K + t)
a logea , log 2a , log 3a y.f r 1 '2 (d) None of these
(c) I0g10 '
(d) log 3~ , logca , log2a , log 10a · ?&,o =- 0.30I03, then number of zeros
Whtch are between the decimal point and
f 1og35 b = log,,
52
• Which one of the
.
the first significarit digit in UJ'""' =
following is correct? (a) 103 (b) 310
(a) a < b (b) a = b (c) 301 (d) 130
(c) a> b (d) None of these• T,The Identity
f A= log2 log2 log4 256 + 2 log/;, Then A logan logbn + logbn logcn + logrn logan is

equals
(a) 2 (c) 5
(b) 3 (d) 7
4'Y."Fory = l~g"~ _to defined 'a' must be (c) lo~: (d) Noneofthese
log"hc
/ .. {a) any pos1t1ve number
(b) any number ~ square root (?f ,!ii+ ✓IS is

(c) ·~ e
(d) any positive real number butt- I.
(a) 3¼ ~-J½l (b) 3¼ J¾+~
~ ~ 103 =. 0.4 77, then the number of
d1g1trm 340 ts
(a) 18 (h) 19 (c) 20 (d) 21
~ e domain of the function J1og;,, is, .
(a) t-./0. (b) 11-.J u

(a) (1, oo) (b) (0, oo) (c) Ji_ 12 (d) None of these
(c) (0, l) (d) (0.5, 1)
SO. The value of ✓x'=-Jx~ - 4 =
~value of b if log'.,; = 3i is
(a> }ilR. +2- ✓x'- 2 l
(a) 16 (b) 41
. Jc) 32 (d) 2 (b) 12 [vx-
✓ '2 +2+ ✓x· r-zJ - £ .

r rhe equation log X + log (l + x) = 0 can

}
b
e Written as
e •
. (c) [ v x2
12
+ 2 +✓~
x' - "·

(a) x2 + x - l =0 (b) x2 + x + I = 0
(d) None of these
(c)x2 +x-e =O (d) x2+x +e=O
 ,.
16

@OLUTJONS]

J, (' , I Cf X J
= 6 + 6 -f- 6 + .... ".. JO OO
1 2 J
l = Jo+x X
2
+-.,
x•
-t X.- == 324
X

: ., :•,Jth rider, weget 2 I

X +- 2 == 322
x 2 =6+x X

x2-6-x =O l
2
(x- 3) (x + 2) = 0 x +-
X
2 =322

X = 3 X =-2
But x is essentially positive Again squaring both sides
X =3
I
2. (a) Now, (28-10✓3)2 can be written as (x' + ;, r =322

= (25 + 3 - 2.5✓3)½

4 I
Also (7+4✓3/,; =(4+ 3 + 2_2.jjf½ x + -X 4
= 2 = I' 03 ' 684

4 I
x + 4 = l, 03, 684 - 2
Hence (28 - 1o.jj)½ ~ (7 + 4.Jj)-½ X

x
4
+-;- = 1,03,682
(s- ✓i) - (2-.Ji)
X
=
4. (d) Let (s + 2.,fi,fz __ 3 = a
== 3

./s-2 th J _ -v5+2
Js
r;
We get (s-2.f6Y'2_3= -~
3. (b) Givenx== 5 + 2 , en - - -;=:--
· a
x -v5-2
·1
a+ - =10
Then x +_!_ = :!i:l:_ ✓5 +2 a
X ✓5+2+~ 2
a - lOa + I = O
' 1
x +- = 18
X a === 10 ± ✓100 - 4
2
Squaring both sides a::::::. 5 ± 2./6
 17
,,(5:1: 2✓6 )Y,' _, (assumed)
0 since lO :::: 5 X 2

~j-3±1 10 ==sx2
~ xZ == 4 or x = 2
2
k½ -- kY.' xklY
- 11

x == ± 2 or x = ± ✓2 I I
k½== k y
3 -·· -
I

2 Hence !3 -_-I -- -I
;. (d) Let x = 3 + ✓7 x y

X = 2 X 3- -./7 7. (a) (11 + ✓288)¼

3+ ✓7 3- ✓7
= (17 + 12✓2)¼
X = 2(3- ✓7)
9-7 = (9+8+3.4✓2)¼
_ t(3-./7)
X - t = [b + 2✓2)2 }¼
= (3+2✓2)½
x-3 = 3- ✓7
== (2+1+2.1✓2)½
both sides we get
(x- 3)2 = (-✓7)2 = ((1+ ✓2/]½
(x-3)2 = 7 = (1+ ✓2)
Hence (d) is answer Hence a is a~swer
6. (c) 5x = (O.S)y = 1000 = k (say) 8. (d) a'"" = a'"n
=) 5x =k => mn =mn
::) S = kY. mn
⇒ =n
(O.SY =k m

l
_21 )y .=k ⇒

=)
m"-1

m
=n

=n-
n-l
J

Hence .no one is the answer

2 = k-½
9. (c) Given
[~
p+mr~Lrpi· q
Also 103 =k
~ 10 = k½
 •• IS 3✓10 I 3/s
0 MO - 3:.f; X 3✓10 I- i/--Z
:..J.)' (f '1
[
f.i.
'i { q
I I/

C (l) •

4S ( Jio ~ ./5)
d
pq -4-1 lrl Pf ,,, {q '!!I 90 - 45
( p p
45(Jio +Is~~ J°s (./2
~ 41
(pq -+ If (M - If + IJ

rel"
1

~ q(' •l
(w + ,r (pq-:..!l - 12 ; (a) Given that, 3 + ✓5 _ 2
12
72
p' p'

12 Jt-/5 ~2:
= J + J; - 2✓2 X 3 + ✓5 .. 2 :~

12(3 + ✓5 + 2✓2 )
= 2 2
(3 + Js) - ( 2✓2 )
=> p -+-qo x
Hence c is cbe answer 12(3 + ✓5 + 2..fi.)
18. (c) x= 2 +2;(+ 2K - 6 +6✓ 5
2
.c - 2 = 2K + 2½ J,1(3 + ✓5 + 2Ji)
=
(x - 2) = 2;
1 I
+ 2i
t(1 + ✓5 )
Cubing on both sides
_ 2(3 + ✓5 + 2✓2 ) (1 - /s
(.r - 2)) :: ( ! ! )l • - X-:----
2>T 2l }+ ✓5 (1 - ..J5

= 2(3 + Js + 2✓2 )
) l I
1
C.r - 2) = 2 + 21 + J.2i _i1(i ½ + ½
2
1- 5
<:- 2)1 = 4 + 2 "' 3.2 (x - 2)
(x - 2)1 - 6+ 6 (.r _ 2) = j(3 + ✓5 + 2✓2 )(1 Js'
x' - 8 - 3 2 x (x _ 2) = 6 + ( -J2
6 X - · 2)
X J - 8 - 6r i J 2 - 6 - 6x + 12 =; Q
x 1 · 6x 1 i- 6x 2 O ;:;: 2..fi. + 2""5 - 2✓10 - 2
JI. (c) Given expression
-2
15
= Jio 1 2✓s ~ Mo ✓s 4J;
15
= 3 ✓10 - 3✓5
 = .Ja+2b+ ~ ·19
dC) x .Ja + 2b - ✓a_ ii,
IJ'
= a+ ✓a2 -4b"2
2b

:::) 2bx - a = ✓a 2 - 4b 2
Squaring both sides
(2bx- a)2 = a 2 - 4b2
:::> bx2 - ax
it (d) Given e~perss1on
+ b =0 16. (b) Now x ~ t H.[3
7-4✓3

3+ ✓6
= 7 +4✓3(7 +4✓3)
::: 5✓3 - 4✓3 - 4✓2 + 5✓2 (7 -4✓3)(7+4.[j)
3+ ✓6 .
= ✓3+ ✓2 = (7+4✓3)2
49-16(3)
3+ ✓6 ✓3 - ✓2
- --------~ X -=---=-
- ✓3+ ✓2 ✓3- ✓2 X = 7+4✓3
- (3+ ✓6)13·- ✓2 andx-14 = 7+4✓3-14
3-2 x-14 = 4✓3-7
= 3✓3-3✓2 +Jis-.J4x3 . x2 (x - 14)2 = (7 +4✓3)2 (4✓3 - 7)2

== 3✓3 -· )12 + ),6 - 2✓3 = l( 1 + w)(4"3- 1)l2

=: ✓3 = (48- 49)2
15· (b) Now Given
that, x2 (x- 14)2 =1
17. (a) xy= 1, x=2+ ✓3
~ ✓-✓3 + ✓4+ ✓5 + ✓17-4✓15
. 1 ,;
2- ✓3
✓-✓3 + ✓4 + .Js + Ji 2+ 5':.._2./l2 f
y---=
" ⇒ . - Z,+ ✓3

Given expression,
" f-✓:1 + ✓4+ ✓5$&- ✓5)' 2- ✓3
•

--3h
- ✓2 + ✓2+JI
+-;t:n
~ ✓-'13✓{4 + 2J31
 20 . (a) Given that log; == x, then
21
fr ,t l;) === log'"
log 1
I

- ti I
a

-I
== -log"'
-1 "
=x

f (a)= log[~]
= ✓2[~) 22. (d) Given
1-a

= Ji 2 . [ -l+_a_
:./ 2a l =log--1.t.t
l+~\
-
· 18. (a) We know that 1t < 3.2 also 12 > (3.2) 2
1- 2a
1 l
⇒-+­ l +a2
log; log: 26. (cj
= log (1 +a)2
(I-a) 2

= log~> log(3.2/ = 2log[l +al

1-- a

= 2/{a)

. log(x 3 +3x 2 +3x+l'

J9. (a) Given that = log; .log! Jog: 23 • (c) G 1ven = ·
log(x 2 + 2x +1)
3
= log(x + 1)
=
Jpt6.
w
Jpg1i Jpt6
w ·. Jpg1i
log (x +I);✓ • -

27.
=I
1
- 3~
20. (c) log;' .log( .log;
2~

3
= -2

+
l4. (a) (1 log: ).log:,,

= 27Iog; = (log:+ log; ). log:n

= 27(1) =2i = log"'"n • log,,111.. = log",,

 sordS c:111.a --: ,-• -~n ,u: s
Ji·,t''
11 . Let the base be p
t (b) 0 log" loge 21
l· log p = ---
Let -;;=; - c - a _ _. L L_
a- b-
k
(say) :::: logl"'>'..vz u)
.,,
a--plO (b - c)
. b :::= pk( c - ,,)

c--pk (a- b) ::: logl">1 )1 _..._ 2l Jyz

:. ab + . be + a c(I
C 1 b
lyZ --,, 0gl )•1 ⇒ 2
. .
29 (b) a·
: : ll(b-cl re ll(u-bl r+u l plc\ u-b) r+b · iven expression

"' b2 - c2 • c2 - a2 + u2 - h2]
:::p"" ,, I
::: p"'(O) ⇒ p° = l x~ og / + (lo gf )2 -10 = x-2
==> 2 log l (log1)2-lO = -2
log: .log~ ==> (log 3x) 2 + 2 log x -8 = O
lb, (c) log:+ log~ 3
==> Y + 2y -8 = 0 Where y = log
/
log: .log~ ==> (y - 2) (y + 4) = 0
= ⇒
l y= 2
-+ - l-- or y= -4
lqg: log: ⇒ log 3x = 2 or log l =- 4
(log: .log~) (log: .log!)
⇒ X =3 2
or X = )-4
=
log~+ log: ⇒ x= 9 l
or x= -
81
l
log:.b 30. (a) Now, log tan 89° = log cot i =-
= log tan i
: . Given expression
' =log10 tan lO +log10 tan2° + ...... log tan 89°
= logiu,,"_ t..;. .
= log tan l O + log tan2° +
10

10 10 ...... log +
n. (b) Let tan 44° + log tan 45°
k- ( ) logy- lo.; :
=0
( 1ogy - !ll;;x
- yz x zx 1, ( )log x-lo gy
x xy ,. 31. (a) Given a3-x . bsx = «+s. b3x
taking log on both sides
~ k = (xyz) 0
log (a3-x. b5x) = log (at+s. b3x)
~ k= l
18, 'c) a· (3- x) loga + sx logb· = (x+5) +
' tven expression loga 3x
logb ,
l
•
l l 3 loga - x loga + 5x log b ==· x loga. + 5
-
- -
looX-
)-:: + -+ -- -: : logxy: log~'-
c:, _.cy )'! ,., ~· loga + 3x logb _
3 loga - 2x loga + 2r /og b __5 1oga - 0
-2 loga - 2x toga + zxJogb -
- 0

2x (lo gb - loga) --2 Ioga

 Z2
:::: log(7 ><4)
(b) ::; 2 Ioga ~
2xJogl;
l
== -2 + log 27

l
== -+ ,n 1
Hence (a) is -answer 2
,oo
32, (a) Given (0.5)'oo I+ 2rn
Consider= log (0.5) - 2
= 100 log(0.5)
(9)Iog ◄ _
JS. (a) Given (4 )Io.g! + 2- IOlogll
[log(0.5) = i.6990] I

l
= 100 ff 6990) => - l9l +(9)!og4z -- 101 og,-i1
4og
= 31.90
4½+8 I ::: IOlog'.i
= anti log (3 l. 90)
2 + 8I::: IOlog:;

'
I
Hence there are 30 zeros be

figure of the number to

from antilog table .
tween the
decimal point and the first sig
nificant
be obtained
83 = 10 logf
3
log ~ = log:iloi;
I ) Given Io~ (x-1) = 2
log (x-J) I
33. (b 2

lo~ (x~l) = log2 (x-3)2

x - I == (x _ 3)2 x1 = 10
X - I == x2 - 2x.3
+9
x=10
x---1 ==x2-6x+9
-x 2+ 7x -1 0 ==o
x2 -7 x+ 10 ==o
. en loge - -
36• ( a) G1v (a+ b) = 2I (Iogf' 10/:, u,

2
X :::: 2 5
do es no t ., J I (obi
Now, x = 2 =- og ,
x>3 satisfy equa1·ion as 2
H en ce x= Si so nl y so1Ut.ion
34. (b) Given Jog; ===
,n log, (a; b)- log , (ab !½

. log2s
· ·
.:_ log 28
49--- a+ b ==J;h
Iog49 2

(a;b r~ ab
 and Logarithms
s1.1rds ~
I J'Ges, 23
J~"I
. (a+b)2=4ab
40. (d) For y :'.: log;:

(a2-b2) = 0
a-b= O By definition any positive real
number :t l
a=b
~ 41. (c) Let x = 340
Given a.> 1 log x = 40 log3
1· (bl Also we have 10 > 3 > e
>2
= 40 (0.477)
logu > logo3 > loge,c
10
> logll2 logx= l9.08
Hence, the nwnber of digitl in x is 20.
l l 1 l
-> - . > - > - , 42. (c) The function will be real
10 g,o. logJ loge log·
0 Q Q (\

if log0_,t ~ 0
logio < 10
og3 < 10
Q
oge < 111
og2 i.e., 0 < X ::; 1
:. base = 0. 5 < 1
Which is increasing ⇒ X f. (0, })
3~ (c) b = 2log:1 43. (c) We have,
2
b = log~1 b 10
logJs =
3
a= log; · 10/
b= (.[s)n

1 2
a = log! = log~

: .log~7 > log~ .-~a> b b = 25

39. (c) A = log 2 log 2 log 444 + 21og./2
2 b= 32
·:J.
44. (a) log;-kl < loga2 (n-k)
2 l 2
= log 2 log 4 17 2
og2
⇒ (n - k)2 < n - k
72
⇒ (n -k) (n - k- 1) < O
2
= log 2 log~ +4 ⇒ k<n<k+l
⇒ n lies in (k, k + I)
=log/ + 4
J')l000
== 1 +4 46. (c) Let x.-- [-2

.r _ _ 1oOOlog2
:::.: 5 log;o -
24

= -1000 X OJ 01013 := -301.03

= 302.97

Hence, the number of zero (l )'000

s in l"i
between the decimal point
and the first
significant digit is 301. .
·
49. (a) Since= · (1- 2✓3)3

= 37-30✓3
... ~37-30 ✓3
= log:+ log:+ log~
log: log~ log: = 1-2✓3
= log~bc)
= l- ✓12.
log: log! log:
50. (a) Given
= l9g: log; log;
log"abc = ✓x2 - ✓x4 -4
48. (b) .. fn + ~ . = ✓x2 - ✓(x2 - 2)(x2 +2)
= 3✓3+ ✓15
= }i ✓(x' +2)+(x'-2)-2✓x2-2m
= .[3(3+'15)

.[3 { = "J2lN+2- ✓~-2l

= 2'2(3)+2 ✓5)