CHAPTER 12

COMPLEX NUMBERS

12.1 INTRODUCTION

If a, b are natural numbers such that a>b, then the equation x + a=b is not solvable in N, the set

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of natural numbers i.e. there is no natural number satisfying the equation x + a=b.So, the set of
natural numbers is extended to form the set 1 of integers in which every equation of the form
X + a =b; a,b eN is solvable. But, equations of the form xa =b, where a,b a vt 0 are not

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solvable in I also. Therefore, the set I of integers is extended to obtain the set Q of all rational
numbers in which every equation of the form xa =b, a ^ 0, a,b ^ I is uniquely solvable. The

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equations of the form x^ =2, x^ = 3 etc. are not solvable in Q because there is no rational number

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whose square is 2. Such numbers are known as irrational numbers. The set Q of all rational
numbers is extended to obtain the set R which includes both rational and irrational numbers.
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This set is known as the set of real numbers. The equations of the form +1 = 0,
fofroF
+ 4 = 0 etc.
are not solvable in R i.e. there is no real number whose square is a negative real number. Euler
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was the first mathematician to introduce the symbol i (iota) for the square root of - 1 i.e. a solution of
+1 = 0 with the property i^ =-l. He also called this symbol as the imaginary unit.
kos o
YYouor

12.2 INTEGRAL POWERS OF IOTA (i)

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Positive integral Powersoft: We have, i =

■2
^i^xi =-i,f^ = (i^)^ = (-1)2 = 1
r

I = -L
ad
ouur

In order to compute i” for « > 4, we divide n by 4 and obtain the remainder r. Let m be the
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quotient when n is divided by 4. Then,

d

.●4m + r
= {iY i'
n
n = 4m + r, where 0 < r < 4 => i
Re

= I =
inY

Thus, the value of f for n>4isf, where r is the remainder when n is divided by 4.
FFind

Negative integral powers ofi: By the law of indices, we have

;3
,-l 1 / ::-2 1 1 i . _4 1
I
A
;3
= -L t
;2 :3 A
=1,1 1=1
-1 i●4 1
I I i i i

-n
If « > 4, then i wherer is the remainder when n is divided by 4

NOTE i is defined as 1.
The above discussion suggests the following algorithm to find integral exponents of i.
ALGORITHM

To find the value ofi” for n e Z, we may follow the following steps.
Step I Ifn = 0, then write i" = 1.
 12.2 MATHEMATtCS-XI

Step n Ifn > 0, then

1/ if n=l

-1, if « =2
I =< -I, if n = 3

1, if rt = 4
, if n>4, where r is the remainder when n is divided by i
Step in Ifn <0, then n = ~ m, where m > 0.
r .-1
I
1 if n = -l
1

.--2 1 1
= -l, if «=-2

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t
:2 -1
I

.-3
i
1 l
if n = -3
i
;3 ;4
I I

,_4 1

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j if n = -4
:4

e
I

.--m 1 1
ty/iere r is ffie remainder when m is divided by 4, if n < -4.

ere
i
.-m
l

FFr
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
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BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC) orr
sfo
EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate the following:
kks
.-999 4n+ 3
(i) i
:135
(ii) i”^^ (iii) i (iv) (-7=1) ,h€N
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oooo

;135 .■3
SOLUTION (i) 135 leaves remainder as 3 when it is divided by 4. Therefore, r = i
eBB

(ii) The remainder is 3 when 19 is divided by 4. Therefore, i

.-999
(iii) We have, = 1/1 . On dividing 999 by 4, we obtain 3 as the remainder. Therefore,
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.-999 -999 1 1 i i
= Hence,
ad

I 1.
:3 1
YYo

.●999 I .4
I I
4»+ 3 4n+ 3 ;3
(iv) We have, (- yf-.l) = (-0 -I I
dd

EXAMPLE 2 Show that:

Re
inn

:17 IN34]^ 2 = 2i
(i) + = - 4 (ii) 1 i
F

'nI/ V /

n ,2413
(iii) ( i
;18 + = 0 (iv) i" + i;H+ 1 +1
. jn+ 2 ^,J«+ 3 = 0,foralln eN.
VI/

1 ,251 ^
2
11^ :312
I

SOLUTION (i) \ i^^ + VI/ = -l3+i = ( -1 +

.●25 I ;4
I I

= [-i + ,-3]2=(-,-,-)2=4l2=-4.
^x34] ^
N 2
;17 .●17 11^ . 11"
^ =(! + l)^
(ii) ●^ I I
.-34 ●2
=( i -
I l (-1)

= i2+2/ + l=-l + 2i + l=2i

COMPLEX NUMBERS 12.3

241 ^
(iii) r
.●18
+
n\ .■18
r +
1 1 ^ (-2r + -if (-1 + 1)^=0
I :24 1
i

;/I+ 1 . -H+ 2 . ●«+ 3

/" + i" X i + f" XI^ + i" X i:3
.-n
(iv) r' +1 +1 + 2

= l” (1 + / + 2^ + 2 ^) = 2" (1 + 2 -1 -2) = 2" (0) =0

BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS)

13
;J1 + 1
EXAMPLES Evaluate S (2” + 2 ), where 21 e N. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
«=1

13 13 13
SOLUTION Z (2”+2"-"^)= H Z= 1 (2 + l)2"=(2 + l) «=1
Z r={i + l){i + i^+i^+...+ P)

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n = 1

fA3
2 -1 fi-l
= (2 + l)x2 +0 = (-1 + 0 [V P =2]

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2-1 Vi-l

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EXAMPLE 4 Evaluate 1 + 2^ + +...+ P.

SOLUTION Let S =1+2^+2^+2^+...+2^.Then

F
S =1 + 2^ + (r^)2 + (,-2)3+
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ur
fofr oF
1
2%n+l1 — (1 -1) = 0, if 22 is odd
l_(j-2jH-2l
I {1
l-(2") 2
ks
S = ll
1-2-2
^ (1 +1) = 1, if 2 is even
1+1
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o
kso

1^”
eeBBoo

EXAMPLES Forapositiveintegern,findthevalueof{l-i)’^ 1—72 . [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

r

1 'f 1
SOLUTION (1-"2)" 1-42 =(l--2)"(l+2)
n
ouru
ad

2
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= {{1 -2) (1 + -2)|” = (1 -/2)" = (1 +1)" = 2 n

EXERCISE 12.1
d
Re
iYn

BASIC
FFind

1. Evaluate the foUowing:

:457 528 1 1
(i)^ (ii) i (iii) (iv) P +
.58 .■67
2 2

(V) P +
1 f
:257
(vi) (2^ + P + 2 ;87 +/414j3 (vii) 2^° + P + P
2

(Viii) -249 +2^ +2-89+2-110

2. Show that 1 + P + P + P is a real number.

3. Find the values of the foUowing expressions:

(0 -249+2-68 +.--89
2 +.--no
2 (ii) 2
:30 . .-80
+ 2
. .120
+ 2
 12.4 MATHEMATICS-Xl

■A .●15
(iii) i + f^ -f +1 + z

.592 +1
I . 390 +1
. .588 ^ y586 ^ ^584 .●20
(v) .582 580 :578 576 574
(vi) 1 + +1® +... -I- i
I + r -f j +1 + i

(vu) (1-fO^+d-O^ INCERT EXEMPLARl

ANSWERS

l.(i) i (ii) 1 (iii) -1 (iv) 2 i (v) 0 (vi) -8 (vii) 1 (viii) 2 i

3.(i) 2/ (ii) 1 (iii) 0 (iv) -1 (v) -1 (Vi) 1 (vii) -2-10/

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12.3 IMAGINARY QUANTITIES

The square root of a negative real number is called an imaginary quantity or an imaginary
number.

For example, 3, y[^f yj- 9/4 etc. are imaginary quantities.

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THEOREM If a, b are positive real numbers, then x

ree
rFl
Fre
PROOF We have.

rr F
f-lx a = .y-fa =i 4a and, - yj-1 yb = y 4b =i 4b
X = (/ 4a) (i 4b) =/^ (Vfl X 4b) = -1 (4^) = - 4ab
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sfoo
NOTE 1 For any two real numbers 4a y 4b -4^ is true only when at least one of a and b is either
kks

positive or zero. In other words, 4a y 4b = 4^ is not valid if a and b both are negative.
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oooo

NOTE 2 For any positive real number a, we have .J y 4a -i 4a.

X a
eBB

ILLUSTRATION 1 Compute the following:

(i) (iii) ,f^+3.f^ + 2^
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SOLUTION
(i) 7-144 =7-1 X 144 =7^x 4lU =12/
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(ii) = 3/^=-3
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(iii) 7^+ 3 7^ + 2T^=5i+6/+6/ = 17/

Re
iinn

ILLUSTRATION 2 A student writes the formula 4^ = 4a4b. Thenhe substitutes a = ~1 and b = -l

F

and finds 1 = -1. Explain where is he wrong?

SOLUTION Since a and b both are negaHve. Therefore, 4ab cannot be written as 4a 4b. In fact,
for a and b both negative, we have 4a 4b = - 4^.
ILLUSTRATION 3 Is the following computation correct? If not give the correct computation:
[TRy.^/Ts)] = V(-2)-(-3) = VI
SOLUTION The said computation is not correct, because - 2 and - 3 both are negative and
4^ = 4a 4b is true when at least one of a and b is positive or zero. The correct computation is
= (iV2)(iV3) = ,2 VI = - VI
12.4 COMPLEX NUMBERS

COMPLEX NUMBER If a, b are two real numbers, then a number of the form a + ib is called a complex
number.
COMPLEX NUMBERS 12.5

For example, 7 + 21, -1 + z, 3 - 2 z, 0 + 2 /, 1 + 0 z etc. are complex numbers.

Real and imaginary parts of a complex number: Ifz = a + ib is a complex number, then 'a' is called the real
part of z and 'b' is known as the imaginary part ofz. The real part ofz is denoted by Re (z) and the
imaginary part by Im (z).
If z = 3 - 4 z, then Re (z) = 3 and Im (z) = - 4.
Purely real and purely imaginary complex numbers: A complex number z is purely real if its imaginary
part is zero i.e. Im (z) = 0 and purely imaginary if its real part is zero i.e. Re (z) = 0.
Set of complex numbers: The set of all complex numbers is denoted byC i.e. C = {a + ib:a,b € R}.
Since a real number 'a' can be written as + 01. Therefore, every real number is a complex
number. Hence, R c C, where R is the set of all real numbers.

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12.5 EQUALITY OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

DEFINITION Two complex numbers Zi=ai+ i cfj and Z2 = + * ^2 if ~ ^2-

i.e. Re (zj) = Re (22) and Im (zj) = Im (22).

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Thus, Zj =22 <=> Re(Z|) = Re(z2) andim (zj) =Im (22).

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ILLUSTRATION 1 Ifzi=2-iyandz2=x+3iareequal,findxa?idy.

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SOLUTION We have,

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2i =Z2 => 2 -zy =:c + 3z ^ 2 = x and - y = 3 ^ x - 2 and y = - 3.
ILLUSTRATION 2 If (a + b)-i (3a + 2b) =5 + 2i, find a and b.
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SOLUTION We have,
foor
(fl + fj) -z (3fl + 2b) = 5 + 2z => a + b = 5 and -(3z7 + 2b) =2 => zz =-12, b = 17
ks s
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ooook

12.6 ADDITION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

DEFINITION Let Zj = zz;j + z bj and Z2 “ ^2 ^ ^2 complex numbers. Then their sum Zj + 22 is

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defined as the complex number (a-^ + ZI2) + /(bj + b2).

It follows from this definition that the sum z^ + Z2 is a complex number such that
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Re (zj + Z2) = Re (z^) + Re (22) and, Im (zj + 22) =Im {z;^) + Im (Z2)
ad

For example, Ifzj = 2 + 3 z and 22 = 3 - 2z, thenzj +22 =(2 + 3) +{3 -2) z = 5 + z
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dY

12.6.1 PROPERTIES OF ADDITION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

(i) Addition is Commutative: For any two complex numbers z^ and Z2

Re
innd

2-j + 22 = 22 + 2|
FFi

PROOF Letzj =zz^ + z bj,Z2 =zi2 + ib2, where a^, a2 and b^, b2 are real numbers. Then,
2i + Z2 = (zzi + af) + i (bi + b2) [By definition of addition]
= (^2 + «i) + i (b2 + bi) [By commutativity of addition of real numbers]
= 22+2^ [By definition of addition]
Thus, 21+Z2 = Z2+Z1 for all 2^,22 eC.
Hence, addition of complex number is commutative.
(ii) Addition is Associative: For any three complex numberszi, Z2,
(21+22)+23=21+ (22+23)
PROOF LetZi =zzi + iby Z2 =02 + ib2 andz3 =«3 + z b-^, where <Zi, z?2, <^3 and b-[,b2, b^ are real
numbers. Then,
(zi + 22) + 23 — [(z^i + z?2) i (bi + b2)] + (<^3 + ibf) [ By definition of addition]
= [((?! + £?2) + ^*3] + ' [(^’l + ^2) + [By definition of addition]
= [(«?! + (z?2 + a^)] + zlbi + (b2 + b3)] [By associativity of addition on R]
12.6 MATHEMATICS-XI

= (f?2 + i bj) + [(^2 + ^3) + ^ i^2 ^3)1 [By definition of addition]

= Zj +(22 +23) [By definition of addition]
Thus, (zj +Z2) +23 =2^ + (Z2 +Z3) for all2^,22,23 eC.
Hence, addition of complex numbers is associative.
(Hi) Existence of Additive Identity: The complex number 0 = 0 + i Ois the identity element for addition
i.e.z + 0 =z = 0 + zforallz eC.
PROOF Let 2 = <i + f b be an arbitrary complex number. Then,
2 + 0 = (fl + i b) + (0 + / 0) = (fl + 0) +1 (b + 0) = a+ ih =2
and. 0 + 2 = (0 + j 0) + (fl + /b) = (0 + fl) +1(0 + b) = a + ih = 2
Thus, 2+0 =2 = 0 + 2 for all 2 e C

Hence, the complex number 0 = 0 + / 0 is the identity element for addition.

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(iv) Existence of Additive Inverse: For any complex number z = a + ib, there exists -z={-a) +i(-b)
such that z + (-z) = 0 =(-2) + 2.

Flo
PROOF Let 2 = fl + f b be an arbitrary complex number. Then, - z = (- a) +1 (- b) is also a complex
number such that

reeee
z + (-2) = (fl+f b) + {(-fl) + i{-b)l = {fl + +i {b + {-b)l = O + iO =0

FFr
and (-2) + 2 = ((-fl) + /(-b)l + (ff + ib)={{-a) + a} +i [(-b) + b) = 0 + ;0 = 0 .
Thus, for each complex numberz = + ;b, there exists a complex number-z = (-<7) + i (-b) such
for
thatz + (-z) =0=(-2) +2.
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The complex number -z is called the additive inverse ofz.
kkss

12.7 SUBTRACTION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

Yo
oo

DEFINITION Letz^ =a-i + i bi andz2 =02+ *^2 complex numbers. Then the subtraction ofz2from
Zj is denoted byz^ -22 and is defined as the addition ofz^ and-Z2-
eB

Thus, zj - Z2 = 2j + (-22) = (flj + ibi) + (- ^2 “ * ^2) = (^1 “ ^2) * (^1 “ ^2)

For example. If Z| = - 2 + 3i and 22 = 4 + 5i, then
r
ou
ad

21-22 = (-2+30+{-4-50 =(-2-4)+!(3-5)=-6-2(

YY

12.8 MULTIPLICATION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

Let Zi = «! + / bi and Z2=a2+ i b2 be two complex numbers. Then the multiplication ofz^ with Z2 is
ndd
Re

denoted by Zi 22 and is defined as the complex number (a^ ^2 ~ ^2) + ^ (^l ^2 ^2 ^l)-
Fi

Thus, zi 22 = (fli +1 bi) (^2 +' ^2)

~ (i?! ^2 ^2) ^ ^2 ^2
= [Re(zi) Re(z2) -Im(2i) Im(22)] + i [Refzj) Im(22) + Re(22) Im(zi)]
For example. If Zi = 3 + 2i and 22 = 2-3i, then
2i 22 = (3 + 20 (2 - 3 0 = (3 X 2 - 2 X (- 3)) + i(3 X - 3 + 2 X 2) =12 -5(
NOTE The product Zi Z2 can also be obtained if we actually carry out the multiplication
(«! + i bi) (^2 + i b2) as given below:
●9
(fll + i bi) (^2 ^ bf) — ^1 ^2 ^ ^1 ^^2 ^ ^2 ^ ^1 ^2
:2
~ (f?! ^2 “^1 ^2) '^(^1 ^2 ^2 ^1^ [v r=-i]

12.8.1 PROPERTIES OF MULTIPLICATION

(i) Multiplication is commutative: For any two complex numbers Zi and 22

2i Z2 — 22 2i
COMPLEX NUMBERS 12.7

PROOF Let Zj = + i b-^ and 22=^2+ ‘ ^2' where a^, ^2, and bi, ^2 ^re real numbers. Then,
Z^ Z2 — (flj *!■ i t’j) (^2 ^ ^2) “ ^2 ~ ^2^ ^ ^2 ^2 ^1)
and, 22 2^ = (^2 * ^2) '*’ ^1) “ (^2 ^1 ~ ^2 ^1^ ^ ^^2 ^1 ^1 ^2)
~ (^1 ^2 “ ^1 ^2) ■●■ ^ ^2 ■*■ ^2 ^1) t®y commutativity of mult, of real numbers]
Zj 22 = 22 2l
Thus, 2^ 22 = 22^1 forallzi,22 eC.
Hence, the multiplication of complex numbers is commutative on C.
(ii) Multiplication is associative: For any three complex numbers Zj, 22,23
(2-122) 23=21(2223)
PROOF Letzi =fli +/bi,Z2 =«2 ■*■ ^^2 and 23 =^3 + ib^ beany three complex numbers. Then,

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{z-y Z2) 23 = {(fll + i iJi) (fl2 + *^2)! (^3 '^3)
= {((?! (?2 - by b2) + i (ay &2 + fl2 ^l)J (^3 ‘ ^3)

Flo
= {(<7i <72 - by b2) a^ -(ay &2 + «2 ^1) ^3} ■*■' ^2 “^1 h)^3 h + ^2 ^l)
= {<7i (<?2 <73 ~ 1^2 I73) —by (<72 1*3 + <73 1*2)} ^ {^1 (^2 ^3 ~^2 ^3) ^^3 ^2 ^2 ^3^^

ee
= (<7i + iby) ((<72 <73 -1*2 ^3) ■*■ ‘ (^2 ^3 ■*■ ®3 ^2)1

Fr
= 2l (22 23)
Thus, (2122) 23 = 2i (2223) for all Zi, 22,23 e C. for
ur
Hence, multiplication is associative on C.
(Hi) Existence of identity element for multiplication: The complex number 1 =1 + i0 is the identity
s
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element for multiplication i.e. for every complex number z, 2 -1 =2 =1 - 2.

Yo
Bo

PROOF Let2=<7 + il*. Then,

2 ● 1 = (<7 + fb) (1 + <0) = (<7 X 1 - X 0) + 7 (<7 X 0 + 1 X ft) = (7 + ib.
re

Similarly, we obtain 1 -z =z
Thus, z-l=z=l-z, forallzeC.
ou
ad

Hence, 1 = 1 + Oi is the multiplicative identity in C.

Y

(iv) Existence of multiplicative mverse: Corresponding to every non-zero complex number z = a + ib

nd

there exists a complex number Zy=x + iy such that Z'Zy=l=ZyZ.

Re

PROOF Clearly,
Fi

2 ● Zi =1
=> (<7 + <i*) (x + ly) =1 + lO ^ (<7a:-fcy) + j (<7y + l;x) =1 + <0 => ax-by = l and <7y + bx=0.
a b
Solving these two equations, we obtain: x = / y=- [■: a^0,b ^0]
<72+1,2 <7^ +i»^

Thus, every non-zero complex number z=a + ib possesses multiplicative inverse given by
a -b
+ t
' <72+1,2 <7„2 _,_l2
+ b

NOTE The multiplicative inverse of z is denoted by z"^ or, -

ILLUSTRATION Find the multiplicative inverse o/z = 3 - 2 i.
SOLUTION Using the above formula, we obtain
12.8 MATHEMATICS-XI

3 3 2 .
2-1 = — 4* — I
13 13
3^ +(~2f 3^ +{-2f
(v) Multiplication of complex numbers is distributive over addition of complex numbers : For any three
complex numbers z-[, 22' ^3
(i) Zi(Z2+Z3)=2i 22+^1 23 (Left distributivity)
(ii) (22 +23)21 =22 2j +2321 (Right distributivity)
PROOF
Let 2i = «! + i bi,Z2 = «2 * ^2 ^3 = ^ ^3- Then,
Zi (22 + Z3) = (fli + ibf) 1(^2 + ^^3) + i (i’2 ^3)!
= {fli (il2 + <13) -&1 (b2 + ^3)! + i 1^1 (&2 ^3)) (*^2
= [(<Jifl2 ^1^2) ^ (*^1^2 [{^1*^3 ~ ^1^3) + ^ (^1^3 "t *^3^1)]

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= 2i22 + 2123
Similarly, it can be established that (22 + 23) Zi =2221 + 2321-

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12.9 DIVISION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

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The division of a complex number Zi by a non-zero complex number Z2 is defined as the multiplication ofz\

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by the multiplicative inverse 0/22 and is denoted by
22
2l 1 for
Thus, = 21^2^
ur
= 2i
22
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Let 2i = fli + i &i and Z2 = ^2 ^ ^2- Then,
Yo

: (~h) 1 H-l’)
^ = (fli + /■ bf) ■ ai a
oo

+1 z=a + ib ^ — =
22 ^2 ^2 ^2 ^2 2 a^+b^ a^+b^
eB

2l ^2 ^1 ^2 ,● ^2 ^1 ~ h
+ 2
[By definition of multiplication]
22 +^2 -02+bl
r
ou
ad

For example. If Zi = 2 + 3 i and 22 = 1 + 2 /, then

YY

h. 1 2 2 6 4 3^1 8 1.
=Zi X — =(2 + 3i) X —-— = (2+30---! = —+ — +i — + — — I

22 1 -
22 l + 2i 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
ndd
Re

12.10 CONJUGATE OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

Fi

DEFINITION Letz = a + ib be a complex number. Then the conjugate of z is denoted by z and is equal to
a-ib.
Thus, z = a + ib => z=a-ib
It follows from this definition that the conjugate of a complex number is obtained by replacing i
by - i. For example, if z = 3 + 4 f, then 2 = 3 - 4 i.
12.10.1 PROPERTIES OF CONJUGATE

THEOREM Ifz, Zi, Z2 are complex numbers, then

(2) =2 (ii) 2 + 2 =2 Re(2) (Hi) 2-2 =2ilm(2)
(iv) 2 = 2 <=> z is purely real (i?) 2 + 2 = 0 => 2 is purely imaginary
(vi) 2 2 = {Re (z)l^ + {Im {z)P (vii) 2i + 22 = 2i + 22 (viii) 2i -22 =2i -22
Zl _2l
(ix) Z1Z2 =ZiZ2 (x) Z2^0.
[^2 22
COMPLEX NUMBERS 12.9

PROOF Letz = i7 + ib,z-[ =a^+ andz2 =^2 +

(i) z=a+ib z- a-ih =>{z) = {a~ih)=a-\-ih =>(z) = z.
(ii) z+z = {a + ib) + {a- ib) = 2a = 2 Re(z)
(iii) z -z - {a + ib) - {a - ib) = 2ib =2ilm (z)
(iv) z=z a + ib ~a -ib o2/b=0 b =0 Im(z) =0 => zis purely real
(v) z + z = 0 o (fl +1+ (fl - /!>) = 0 2fl = 0 <:> rt = 0 «● Re (z) = 0 z is purely imaginary
(vi) z z = {a + ib) (a - ib) =a^ +b'^ = {Re (z)}^ + (Im (z)}^
(vii) We have, Zj + Z2 = + ^2) + * (^1 + ^2)
Zi + Z2 = (^1 + ^2) “ ^ (^1 + ^2) = (^1 “ + (^2 “ ^^2) = ("1 ^^1) + (^1 + '^2) = + 22-

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(viii) We have, 2^-22 = (aj-^2) + (^1 “^2)
Zj^-22 = (i3|-^2) (^1 “^2) = («i -(^2 “'^2) = (^1 ■*■*^1) “(^2+'^2) = ^1 “^2
(ix) We have, Zi z^ = {a^ + ib-{) (<72 + ^^2) “ (^1 ^2 “ ^2) ^ * (®l ^2 + ^^2 ^1)
Zj 22 = (aj ^2 “ ^2) “ ’ ^2 ^2 ^1)

Flo (^1 “ '^^1) (^2 “ '^^2) = ^

ee
rere
(X) Wehave,a =-ali?i- «1 “ilMz +1
. <?2 ^2

r FF
22 ^2 + ib2 «2 + ^2 ^2 ^2
uurr
/ \ foor
2l ^1 ^2 ^1 ^2 ● ^2 ^2 ...(i)
9 7 ^ 9 9
\^2J ^2 1^2 y ^2 ^2
ks s
Yoo

2l 1 «2 : ^2 i?! i?2 ^2 ; ^2 ^2
oook

Now, z x—={ai-ib-y) 9 9
+1
9 9
-i ... (ii)
22 22 i?2 "i“ 1^2 ^2 ^2 / V fl2 +&2 fl2 +^'2
eBB

(z ] ^
From (i) and (ii), we obtain: -1- - 1
22 22
uurr
ad

12.11 MODULUS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

Yo

DEFINITION The modulus of a complex number z = a + ib is denoted | z | and is defined as

dY

2
-J|Re(z)}^+{Im(z)P
Re
innd

Clearly, | 21 > 0 for all 2 e C.

FFi

For example. If Zj = 3-4i,Z2 =-5 + 2/andz3 =1 + V^, then

|zi| = ^3^ +(-4)2 =5, |z2|=-J(-5)2+2^=V29and, 123 | =|1 + r VS| + (VS)^ = 2.
REMARK In the set C of all complex numbers, the order relation is not defined. As such Zj > Z2 or,
Zj <22 has no meaning but] Zj^ | >| 22 |or,| z^ | <[ 22 |^asgo^ As meaning as\ Zi \and\ 22 \ are real numbers.
12.11.1 PROPERTIES OF MODULUS

THEOREM Ifz,Zi,Z2 eC, then

(i) I z I = 0 z = 0 i.e. Re (z) = Im (z) = 0 (ii) |2|=|Z|=|-2|
(iii) -121 < Re (2) < j 21; -1 z | < Im (2) < | z (iv) zz =12|^

(v) |2iZ2|=|zi||Z2| (vi) Jjll. Z2 # 0

22I 122 I'
(vii) |zi+Z2|^ =|zi|^+|z2|^+2Re(2iZ2) (viii) |zi-Z2[^ =|2ii^+|z2|^-2Re{ziZ2)
 12.10 MATHEMATICS-XI

(ix) 1 Zj + z-^ +1 zj -Z2|^ =2 I Zj 1^ +1 Z2 i ^

(x)\azi~bz2\^+\bzi +az2\^ ={a^+ b'^) |z2[^+|z2|^ , wherea,b ^R.

[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
PROOF Letz = +/b. Then,
(i) Iz[ = 0 o +b^ = 0*» fl^+b^=0 <=> a = 0 and b = 0 o Re(z) = Im(z) = 0
(ii) Letz=a + ib. Then, z = a - ib and -z = -a -ib.

121 = + b^,12 I = + (-b)^ = + b^ and, | -z| = + (-b)^ -■Ja'^ +b^

Clearly, I z[ =\z \ =\-z\

ww
(iii) Letz = a + ib. Then, |z| = +b^-
Clearly, --Ja^ + b^ < a < + b^ and --Ja^ +b^ <b ^+b^
^ -121 < Re (z) < I z I

FF loo
and -1 z [ < Im (z) < | z |

ee
(iv) Let z = a + ib. Then, z = a - ib.

r
zz -{a + ib){a-ib) = a^-P'b'^ = +b^ ~ +b^

reFe
oroFr
rur
(v) Letzj + /b| andz2 -(^2 where flj, ^2 andb^/ ^2 numbers. Then,
s ff
Zi Z2 = (n^ + 'jbj) (^2 "t '^^2) = <?2 ^2) ^ ^^1 ^2 ^2
I Z-y Z2 j — CI2 —bj 1^2} + (flj 1^2 "t ^1^ ~ ^2 "t bj &2 "t ^2 + (^2
k
YYouo
okso

= +^2) =
BBoo

= I Zl lh2 I
r ee

(Vi) Let Zj = fli + ibj and 22 = ^2 + ^^2' where a-]^, ^2 3nd b^, b2 are real numbers. Then,
2l : (-^2) ^2 ^2 + I. 02 b-i - ai b2
ad
ouur

-^ = Zix — = (ai + ibi) + I

1^02+^2 4'^4yi , 4^4 . 4+^2

Yo

22 22

/ n2 ^2
fli 02 ■*” b2 ^2 ”* ^1 ^2 (^1 ^2 ^2) ^ (^2 ^1 ” ^2)
d
Re
idnY

111 4+4 ,
+
-

22 fl2 +bj 'll (4 + ^2)

FFin

l4 4 ^2 4 4+4 4 {4 + 4) i4+4) _ 4+4

1 (4+44 ]j (4+4) \o2 +b2
= 44+4 ^ i2ii
■^4+4 ^ ^
(vii) Clearly,
|2l +22!^ = (Zj +Z2HZ1 +Z2) ■: zz~

- (Zj + Z2) (Zj +22) [ ●.' 2| + 22 -Zj + 22]

— Zj Zj + Z2 22 + Zj 22 + 22 Zj [By distributivity of multiplication]
= 1 2j 1^ + j 22 1^ + Zj Z2 + (z-^ Z2) [v (zi^)=^(z2)=ziz2 =Z2^]
= [zj 1^ +|z2 1^ + 2 Re (2^22) [●.● 2 + 2 = 2 Re (2)]
COMPLEX NUMBERS 12.11

(viii) Clearly,
l^l -22!^ = (21 -22) (zi -Z2) V 2 2

1= (21 -Z2) (2l-22) [V 2;i+22 = Z1-22I

= 2i2i +22 22 -Zi22 -Z22i [By distributivity of multiplication]
= |Zi|^ +|22l^ “2iZ2 -{Z1Z2) [v (2122) = 21(22) = Z1Z2]

= |zil^+|z2l^-2Re(2i^)
(ix) Using (vii) and (viii), we get
|2i+22[^+|2l-22|^= |2i|2+|22|^ + 2Re(2i^) + | Zj |^ + |22 |^ - 2 Re(Zj ^)
= 2(|21|2+|Z2|2)

ww
(x) I fl 2i -221 = (a Zi ~b Z2) (azi~b 22)

FF loo
= (a Zi ~ b Z2) (a Zi ~ b Z2)
= Zi Zi - (a 2i) (b 22) - (b 22) (fl Zi) + b^ 22 22

ee
= \zif- -ab (2i 22 + 2122) + 1221^

r
= fl2|Zi|^-fll7(Zi^ + (Zi^))+b2|Z2|^

reFe
oroFr
rur
= |zi 1^ -ab [2 Re(zi22)l + b^\z2 [v 2iZ2+(ziZ2)=2Re(2i22]
s ff
a
^ I Zi 1^ - 2 flb Re (zj Z2) + IZ21^
k
YYouo

Similarly, we obtain
okso

I cfzi + flZ2 1^ = |zi 1^ + |Z2 1^ + 2 ab Re(zi Z2)

BBoo
r ee

I a Zj - b Z21 +1 & Zi + fl 22 1
= 12j 1^ - 2 ab Re (zi 22) + | Z2 ]^ + 12j |^ + a^ ] 22 |^ + 2 ab Re (zj 22)
ad
ouur

= |zi|2(a2+fc2)+|z2p(62+a2)
Yo

= {a^+b^) |zi|2+|z2|2
d
Re
idnY
FFin

12.12 RECIPROCAL OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

Let 2 = a + ib be a non-zero complex number. Then,

1 _ 1 _ ^ a - ib Multiplying numerator and denominator
2 a + ib a + ib a - ib by conjugate of denominator
1 a-ib a-ib a i{~b)
+
2 a^-i^b^ +b^ a^ + b^ a^ +b^
a - ib 2
Clearly, - is equal to the multiplicative inverse of z. Also, - = _
2 z a^ + b^

Thus, the multiplicative inverse of a non-zero complex number zis same as its reciprocal and is given by
Re (2) +. ,(-Im(2))
I
2

Z|2
 12.12 MATHEMATICS-XI

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)

Type 1 EXPRESSING A COMPLEX NUMBER IN THE STANDARD FORM 3+ \b

In order to express a complex number in the standard form, we may follow the following
algorithm.
ALGORITHM
a + ib
Step I Write the complex number in the form c + id
by using fundamental operations of addition.

subtraction and multiplication.

Multiply the numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the denominator.

ww
Step II
EXAMPLE 1 Express the following in the form a + ib :
n (' 1
(i) (-50
8
i [NCERT] (ii)(-0(2z) -4/
8
[NCERT]

Flo
3 A

e
(iii) (50 --1 [NCERT]

eree
V O
39
(V) I [NCERT] (Vi) (1 -0^ [NCERT]

FFr
ri 5 -1,55^.
uurr
SOLUTION (i) (-50 i -X =- =- + Oi
8 8 8 8

orr 8
sfo
(ii) (-0(20 = -2f^ X - — = 0 + — i
8 j 512 256 256 256 256
kks
Yoo
oooo

3
(iii) (50 \ -ji = -3z^=~3x-l = 3 = 3 + 0i
5
eBB

(iv)
●9
r +1^
19
= (i^fi + (i^fi^ =i + i^ =i-i = 0=0 + 0i
39
= (i^)
-10
urr

(v) i i =j =0 + U
ad

(l-0^ = |(i-<)2|
YYo

(Vi) = (1 -Ti + -Pf- =(1 -2/-l)^ =(-20^ =4i^ =-4=-4 + 0/

dd

EXAMPLE 2 Express each of the follozving in the form a + ib:

Re
inn

(i) 3(7 + 70 + i(7+70 [NCERT] (ii) (l-z)-(-l + 60 [NCERT]

fl 2 \ 7 -W, 1 ■
F

^1
--3 + i]) [NCERT]
5
(iii) i + - ● i 4 + z [NCERT] (iv) h — i+ 4 + — I
V
V5 5 y V 2 ; V3 3 3 ;

SOLUTION (i) 3 (7 + 70 + / (7 + 70 = 21 + 21 i + 7i + 7i^ = 21 + 21 / + 7i - 7 = 14 + 28 i

(ii) (1 -0 -(-1 + 60 =1 -i + 1 -6/ = 2 -7i
1 2V ^ _ 5/ 19 21 .
(iii) - + - i- 4.iz 1-4
5 5 2 j 5 5 2 5 10

n 7 .'i , 1. . n— -f7— 1\ 4 .
(iv) — + z + 4 +1 + — — + i
[3 3 / V 3 J 3 ^3 3 3 3

fl3
— + — i
8 +
4
1
.

3 3 . 3

(13
—
4W8
+ —+
,1 .
1=— +
..
17 5 .
I
3 3j U 3 3
COMPLEX NUMBERS 12.13

EXAMPLE 3 Express each of the following in the form a + ib:

\ ^3 1
+ 3i [NCERT] (ii) -2-i/ o
[NCERT]

(iii) (5-31)3 [NCERT] (iv) (-V3 + V=2)(2V3-0

SOLUTION (i)
fl
- + 3/ - +{3iy + 3x-
■? 1
X 3i
.n
+ 3/ — + 27 i^ + 3i(-+ 3i
3 3J 3 3 27

1 242
— + 27i^ + i + 9i^ = - 27/ + / - 9 = - -26/

oww
27 27 27

(ii) 2-i.f = (-2)'+ 1

+ 3x-2x
1
1
.
2--i
1
=-8
1 ^
1^+2/ -2--/
f 1 ^
3 J V 3 3 ^ 3 ; 27 3 J
1
= -8 + — /-4/--
●2 2 =
= - 8 + — / - 4f + — _^_107 i .

e
i

FFrlo
27 3 27 3 3 27

re
(iii) (5 - 3/)^ =5^ + (- 30^ + 3 X 25 X - 3/ + 3 X 5 X (- 30^= 125 + 27/ -225/-135 = -10 -198 /

Free
(iv) (-VI+ /^) (2^3-0 = (-V3+/V2)(2VI-0=-6 + V3/ + 2V6/-V2/2

rF
= - 6 + (VI + 2V6) / + VI = (V2 - 6) + (VI + 2V6) /
ffsoor
ouur
EXAMPLE 4 Express each one of the following in the standard form a + ib.
1 5 + 4/ (1 + 0^
kosk
(i) (ii) (iii)
3-4/ 4+5/ 3-/
Yo

3 V3 + 4/
oo

(3-20(2+30 1 1
Y

(iv) (V) (Vi)

BB

(1 + 20(2-0 2 + V^ 1-2/ 1+/

/ \
2-4/

(3 +/VI) (3-/VI)
re

1
(vii) (viii) [NCERT]
1 - cos 0 + 2/ sin 0 (VI + V20-(VI-/V2)
uur
oY
ad

SOLUTION (i)
1 1
X
3 + 4/ 3 + 4/ _ 3 + 4/ _ 3 4 .
3-4/ 3-4/ 3 + 4/ 9-16/2 ~ 9+16 ~
dY

5 + 4/ 5 + 4/ 4-5/ (20 + 20) + /(16 -25) 40-9/ 40 9

(ii)
.
innd

41 41 ^
Re

4 + 5/ 4+5/ 4 - 5/ 16 - 25/2 41
Fi

(1 + 0^ _ 1 + 2/ + /2 _ 6/ + 2/2 _ - 2 + 6/
F

1 3 .
(iii) — + — I
3-i 3-1 ~ 3-/~ 3-/'3 + / ~ 9-/2 ~ 10 5 5

(iv)
(3-20(2+ 30 _ (6+6)+/(-4 + 9)_ 12 + 5/_12 + 5/ 4-3/
(1 + 20(2-0 ~ (2 + 2) + /(4-l) " 4+3/" 4+3/4-3/
(48 +15) + / (-3 6 + 20) 63 16 i .
16-9 /2 25 25

(v)
1
_ 1 _ 1 -2-/VI ^-2-/VI 2 VI,
-2 + 7^ ~ -2 + /VI ” -2 + /VI^ -2-/VI~ 4-3/2 ~ 7 7
1

1 3 V3 + 4/ 1 + / + 3 - 6/ 3 + 4/ _ 4 -5/ 3 + 4/ _ (12 + 20) + / (16 -15)

(Vi)
1-2/ 1+/ 2-4/ (l + 2)+/(-2 + l)'' 2-4/ " 3-i 2-4/ " (6-4)+/(-2-12)
32+/ 32 + /
X
2 + 14/ (64-14) + /(2+ 448) 50 + 450/ 1
= —+ —1
9.
2-14/ 2-14/ 2 + 14/ 4-196/2 200 4 4
 12.14 MATHEMATICS-XI

1 1 1 - cos 0 - 2i sin 0
(vii) X

1 - cos 0 + 2i sin 0 1 - cos 0 + 2i sin 6 1 - cos 0 - 2i sin 0

1 - cos 0 - 2z sin 0 1 - cos 0 - 2i sin 0

(1 - cos 0)^ -4i^ sin^ 0 (1 - cos 0)^ + 4 sin^ 6

1 - cos 0 - 2i sin 0 1 - cos 0 - 2i sin 0

1-2 cos 0 + cos^ 0 + 4 sin^ 0 2 - 2 cos 0 + 3 sin^ 0

1 - cos 0 - 2 sin 0
+1
2 -2 cos 9+3 sin^ 0 2-2 cos 0+3 sin^ 0
(3 + zVS)(3-iV5) (9 - Vs X - Vs) +1 (3 X - Vs + sVs)
(viii)
(V3+V20-(V3-iV2) Vs + V2 i — -J~3 + V2 i

ww
(9 + S) + f X 0 _ 14 _ 7 _-7 i■ = 0- 7 t
.

2y/2i 2V2z"V^~V2' V2

Flo
EXAMPLE 5 Prove that the following complex numbers are purely real:

e
■\ r
2+ 3i 2-3i 3 + 2f 3-2i

eree
(i) (ii) +
3 + 4i 3-4i 2-3i 2+ 3i
7 V

FFr
(2+30(2-3Q_ 4-9i^ 13
A/ A
2+3/ 2-3/
SOLUTION (i) oorr = —, which is purely real.
uur r
3 + 4/ 7 V
3-4/ (3 + 40(3-40 "9-16|2
sf
A / A
3 + 2/ 3-2/ 3 + 2/ 2+3/ 3-2/ 2-3/ (3+2/)(2+3/) (3-2/)(2-3/)
(ii) + X + X +
4 - 9/2 4 - 9/2
sk

2-3/ 2+ 3/ 2-3/ 2+3/ 2 + 3/ 2 - 3/

Yoo
oook

= 0, which is purely real.

eBB

13 13

EXAMPLE 6 Express (1 - 2/) in the standard form a + ib.

uurr

1 1 1 1
SOLUTION (1 - 2iy^ =
ad

(l-2i)^ 1 - 8/^ - 6/ +12/2 1 + 8/-6/-12 -11 + 2/

Yo

1
X
-11-2/ -11-2/
-11-2/ ^ i
dY

-11 + 2/ -11-2/ 125 125 125

Re
innd

EXAMPLE 7 Perform the suitable operations to express the result in the form a + ib.
2-p25 3-pi6
FFi

(i) (ii)
1-V^ 1 -V^
SOLUTION We have,
2-V^ 2-5/ 2-5/ 1 + 4/ (2 + 20) + /(8 -5) _ 22 + 3/ _ ^ _3_.
(i)
1-4^ 1 - 4/ 1-4/ 1 + 4/ 1 -16/2 17 17 17 *

u
3-^/=16 3-4/ 3-4/ 1 + 3/ X
(3 + 12) + / {-4 + 9) 15
1
5
I
. 3
— + — i
1.

1- 4^ ~ 1-3/ 1 - 3/ 1 + 3/ 1 - 9/2 10 10 2 2

2i 22
EXAMPLES lfzi,Z2 arel -i, - 2 + 4/, respectively,findlm
2l

SOLUTION
21^2 _ (l-/)(-2 + 4Q (-2 + 4)+/(2 + 4) _ 2 + 6/
2l (1-0 1+/ 1 + /
 12.15
COMPLEX NUMBERS

2 + 6i,,l^ (2 + 6) + /(6-2)
X = 4 + 2/
1 +i 1 -i 1+1

Im
21^2 = 2
I 2l
Type II ON EQUALITY OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
Recall that two complex numbers Zj and 22 are equal iff Re izf) = Re (22) and Im(22) = Im(z2)-
EXAMPLE 9 Find the real values of x and y, if
(i) (3x -7) + liy = -5y + (5 + :t) / (ii) (1 -i) X + (1 + 0 y =1 ■" 3/
x-1 ^y-1 =1.
(iii) {x + iy) (2 - 3i) = 4 + i (iv)
3 + / 3-1

SOLUTION (i) We have

ww
{3x -7) + 2iy =-5y + {5 + x) i
3x-7 =-5y and 2y =5 + 3x + 5y =7 and x-2y=-5 => x =-l, y = 2.
(ii) We have,
(l-/)x + (l + 0y=l-3i

Flo
e
(a: + y) + / (- X + y) = 1 - 3/ => x + y = 1 and - x + y = -3=> x = 2, y = -l

eree
(iii) We have.

FFr
{x + iy) (2 - 30 = 4 + i
14
oorr
uur r
(2x + 3y) +i(- 3x + 2y) = 4 + i=> 2x + 3y = 4 and -3x + 2y = l=> X = :~,y
13
= —
13
sf
(iv) We have,
x-1
+ ^y-1 =i ●
sk
Yoo

3 +1 3 —i
oook

(X-l)(3-0+(y-l)(3 + 0 ^ ^ (3x + 3y-6) +/(y-x) _ ,

eBB

(3+0(3-0 9-i^
3x + 3y - 6' . y-x 3x+3y-6
^
-
= 0 and
, y-x = 1
+1 = 0 + / =>
uurr

10 10 10 10
ad

X + y-2 = 0 andy-x=10=> x = -4, y = 6.

Yo

EXAMPLE 10 Find real values of x and yfor which the following equalities hold:
dY

(i) (i + 0y^+(6 + 0=(2 + 0^ (ii) (x^ + 2x0 -(3x^ + iy) = (3 ~5i) + (1 + 2iy)
Re
innd

SOLUTION (i) We have,

(1 + 0 y^ + (6 + 0 =(2 + 0 ^ (y^ + 6) + i(y^ + 1) = 2x + ix
FFi

y^ + 6 = 2x and. y^ +1 = X ...(ii)

From (i) and (ii), we get

y^+6 = 2(y^+l) =>y^=4=>y = ±2
Substituting y = ± 2 in (ii), we get x = 5. Thus, x = 5 and y = 2 or, x = 5 and y = - 2
(ii) We have.
(x^ + 2x0 -(3x^ + iy) = (3 - 50 + (1 + 2iy)
(x^ - 3x^) + i(2x - y) = 4 + i(2y -5)
x^-3x^ = 4 and, 2x-y = 2y-5 [On equating real and imaginary parts]
x^-3x^-4 =0, 2x-3y + 5 =0
Now, x"^ - 3x^ -4 = 0 => (x^ ~4)(x^ +1) = 0 => x^ -4 = 0=> x = ±2
Putting X = ± 2 in 2x - 3y + 5 = 0, we get
 12.16 MATHEMATICS-XI

y = 3 when x = 2 and y = 1/3 when x = -2

Thus, a: = 2 and y = 3 or, x=~2 and y = 1/3.
2c
EXAMPLEli If a + ib ,where c is real, prove that: +b^ =1 and - =
c-i a

SOLUTION We have.

a + ib =
c +1
=> a + ib =
(c + 0 (C + i)
=> a + ib =
{c^i? + 2ic + p-
c -i
{c~i){c + i) -i
Y => a + ib = -i
●2

■u
a + ib = -
^ 2-1 i2c c2-l 2c
=> + => a and b =

ooww
+1 c2 + 1 c2+l c2+l

a^+b^^
rc2-if 4c2 j b 2c 1
+ and, -
c2+l a c^ +1 / \
c2+l

ee
i|2 + Jj2 _ (c2 + 1)2 = 1 and, —
2c

(c2+l)2 c2-l

er
rFl a

Fre
1/3
EXAMPLE 12 Ifix + iy) = <7 + ib, x,y,ab eR. Show that

rrF
(i)^a + ^=4(fl2
b
-b^) (ii) ^-l=-2{a^+b^) INCERT EXEMPLAR]
a b
sffoo
ouur
SOLUTION We have,
kosk
1/3
(at + iy) = a+ib
Yo

(x + iy) = (a + ib)^ [On cubing both sides]

oo
Y
BB

x + iy = + Z(P ib+ 3a P b^ +P b^
rre

x + iy = (a^ - 3ab^) +i[3a'^ b -b^)

ouu

X ~ a^ - 3ab^ and y = 3fl2 b -b^

Y
ad

— = _ 3J,2 y - 3fl2 _^2

dY

=>
a b

1+y
innd

2 - 3&2 + 3a^ -&2 = 4(fl2 g^d a =(fl2 _ 3^,2) -(3^2 ^ _2(^2 ^^2j
Re

-a
a b b
Fi
F

Type 111 ON CONJUGATE OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

EXAMPLE 13 Multiply 3 “ 2i by its conjugate.
SOLUTION The conjugate of 3 - 2/ is 3 + 2i.
Required product = (3 - 2z) (3 + 2i) - 9 - 4/2 = 9 + 4 = 13

ALITER Let z = 3-2/. Then, z = 3 + 2/. Therefore, zz = |2|2 zz = 32 + (- 2)2 = 13

1
EXAMPLE 14 Find the conjugate of 3 + 4/

SOLUTION Let 2 = 1 -ru

— . Then, z =
1 1 3-4/ 3-4/ 3 __4_.
3 + 4/ 3 + 4/ 3 + 4/ 3 - 4/ 9 + 16 25 25
3 4 .
2 — + — i.
25 25
COMPLEX NUMBERS 12.17

EXAMPLE 15 Express the following complex numbers in the standard form. Also,find their conjugate:
1 -i {i+if
(i) (ii)
1 +i 3-1

(2+30^ (iv)
V5 + 121+V5-12/
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
(iii)
2-f V5 + 12i-V^12f

SOLUTION (i) We have,

(1-0^ l-2;+(^ l-2i~l = 0-»
TiT~ l+i^ 1-i
Z =
;2
l2 -I 1-/2 1 + 1

2=0 + 1

ww
(ii) We have.
, _ (1+0^ 1 + 2/ + /2 3 +/ 2i X
3 +i —
6i + 2/2
—
6/ - 2 1
— + —i
3.

3-i 3-/ 3 +/ 3-i 3+/ 9-/2 10 5 5

Flo
1 3.
5 5^
2

e
ere
(iii) We have,
, (2+3Q2 4 + 12/ + 9/2 4 + 12/-9 2+/ -5+12i' 2+/ -22 + 19/

FFr
X X

2-/ 2-/ 2-/ 2+/ 2-i 2+/ 4-/2 5 5

uurr
^ _19 .
orr
2
sfo
5 5
V5+12/ + V5-12/
kks
(iv) Let . Then,
Yoo

V5 + l^-^/5^^
oooo

■JS + Ui + V5-12/
eBB

VS+I^ + V5-12/,. V5 +12/ + V5-12/

VS+T^ + VS^ (5 + 120-(5-12'i)
urr

2 -
5 +12/ + 5 -12/ + 2 ^5 + 12/ VS -12/ 10 + 2V25 + 144 _ 3 _ 3._q_3.
~2i 1 1
ad

5 + 12/-5 + 12J' 24/

YYo

2 =0 + -/
2
dd

EXAMPLE 16 Find real values ofx and yfor which the complex numbers-3 + ix yandx +y + 4iare
Re
inn

conjugate of each other.

F

SOLUTION Since - 3 + / x2 y and x^ + y + 4/ are complex conjugates.

- 3 + / x2 y = x2 + y + 4/
- 3 + / x2 y = x2 + y - 4/
- 3 = x2 + y and. x2 y - - 4 ...(ii)

-3 = x2-A [Putting y=-4/x'^ from (ii) in (i)j

x2
+ 3x2-4 = 0

(x2+4)(x2-l) = 0=> x2-1 = 0 => X = ±1 [●.● x2 + 4 0 for any real x]

From (ii), y = -4, when x =± 1. Hence, x - l,y = -4 or, x = -l,y = -4
EXAMPLE 17 Find the real numbers x and y, if{x - iy) (3 + 50 'S the conjugate of- 6 - 24/.
[iNCERTi
12.18 MATHEMATICS-XI

SOLUTION We have, {x - iy) (3 + 5i) = (3;c + 5y) + i {5x - 3y)

It is given that {x - jy) (3 + 5i) is the conjugate of - 6 - 24/.
- ly) (3 + 5/) = - 6 - 24/
(3x + 5y) + / - 3y) = - 6 + 24/ => 3:t + 5y = - 6 and 5x - 3y = 24
Solving these equations, we get ;>: = 3, y = - 3.
Type IV ON FINDING THE MULTIPLICATIVE INVERSE OR RECIPROCAL OF A NON-ZERO COMPLEX
NUMBER

EXAMPLE 18 Find the multiplicative inverse of the following complex numbers:

(i) 3 + 2/ [NCERT] (ii) (2 + V3 0^
SOLUTION (i) Letz = 3 + 2i. Then,
1 1 3-2/
3-2/ ^

w
2
3 + 2/ (3 + 2i)(3-20 9-4/2' 13 13^
ALITER Let 2 = 3 + 2i. Then, - = -^ 3-2/^ 3 2/

Flo
^ 14' 9 + 4 "l3 13’

(ii) Letz = (2 + V3/)2. Then,

ee
2 = 4 + 3/2 + 4V3/ = 4-3 + 4V3/ = 1 + 4V3/

Fr
1 -4V3/
1 1
^ ^ 1 -4V3/ ^ 1 4V3/
2 4 + V3/ (1+4V30(1-4V30 ” 1+48 for "49 49
ur
BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS)
ks
Yo

Type V PROBLEMS BASED UPON CONJUGATE AND MODULUS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

oo

a + ib a -ib .2+fc2 2 2
EXAMPLE 19 // = x + iy, prove that = x~iy and
eB

=^ +y ●
c + id c -id

SOLUTION We have,
ur

a + ib
ad

= x + iy
c + id
Yo

a + ib
= x + ty [Taking Conjugate of both sides]
nd

c + id
Re

a + ib r \ -
Fi

= x + iy h. -£i
c + id 1.22
a-ib
= x-iy
c -id

a + ib a - ib
Thus, we have = x + iy and = x-iy
c + id c -id
a + ib a- ib (a + ib) {a - ib)
c + id
X

c - id
= (x + iy) (x-iy) => = {x + iy) (x-iy)
(c +id) (c -id)
a^+b^ 2 2
= x^ + r
A

c2+rf2 [Using: zz =|z| ]

(a + i)^ (fl^+l)2
EXAMPLE 20 If = p + iq, show that: p^ + q^ =
{2a-i) (4fl2 +!)■
COMPLEX NUMBERS 12.19

SOLUTION We have,
{a + if -(i)
= (p + iq)
{2a-1}

{a + 0^ [Taking conjugate of both sides]

■ = (p + iq)
' (2a-i)
(a + if (a-f
= (p + iq) => =

(2a-i) (2a+ i)
Multiplying (i) and (ii), we obtain;
(a + if (a^f
= (p + /9)(p-ii/)
(2a ~i) (2a+ i)

w
(fl2+l)2 2 2
= (p + i(i){p-iq) => = pUq^ [Using : zz =|z| ]
+1

Flo
(x + if 0 9
[NCERT]
EXAMPLE 21 If a + ih = , prove that a +b =

e
(2x^+1)^’

reee
2x^+1

FFr
SOLUTION We have,

a + ib =
(:^ + 0^
2x^+1 for
ur
(x + f
a + ib = ■ [Taking conjugate of both sides]
kkss
2x^+1
Yo
oo

a + ib =
(x + if => a-ib=^
(x-lf
(2x^+1) 2x^+1
eB

Multiplying (i) and (ii), we get

(x + {)^ {x-lf
ur

(a + ib) (a - ib) =
(2x^ +1) (2x^ + 1)
ad
YYo

(x^ +1)^ (x + 0 (x -i)=x^ - = x^ +1

(2x^ +1)^
d
Re

+b^
in

a + ib
EXAMPLE 22 Z/x + ly = prove that: (x^ + y^)^ = [NCERT]
\ c + id '
F

SOLUTION We have.
a + ib a - ib
[Taking conjugate of both sides]
x + iy =
'^c - id
^ X - ly =
■y c + id
a+ ib a- ib a + ib a- ib
(x + iy)(x-iy) = X = X
c - id
y c + id y c - id y c + id
2
x^ + y^ =
2
(x^ + y^)^
c2 + d2
1 + i
EXAMPLE23 Findtheleastpositivevaliieofn, if = 1. [NCERT]
1 -i

SOLUTION We have.
 12.20 MATHEMATICS-XI

1 + i 1 + i 1+i
. __ X — =
(1 + 0^ l + 2i + f^ 1 + 2Z-1 = l
.
l-I 1-7 1+7 1+1

.\n
1 +7
= 1 => 7 = 1 => 77 is a multiple of 4 => The smallest positive value of n is 4.
1 -i

BASED ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS)

3 + 2i sin 0
EXAMPLE 24 Find real Q such that is purely real. [NCERT]
1 - 2 7 sin 9

SOLUTION Clearly,
3 + 27 sin 0 _ {3 + 2/ s'n 0) (1 + 2 7 sin 0)
1 - 2 7 sin 0 (1 - 27 sin 0) (1 + 2i sin 0)

ww
(3-4 sin^ 0) + 7 (6 sin 0 + 2 sin 0)
l + 4sin^0

Flo
(3-4 sin^ 0) + 7 (6 sin 0 + 2 sin 0) 3-4sin^ 0 7 8 sin 0
+

e
1 + 4 sin ^ 0 1 + 4sin^ 0 1 + 4sin^ 0

eree
3 + 2 sin 0
It is given that is purely real. Therefore, its imaginary part is zero.

FFr
1 - 2i sin 0

oorr
uur r
8 sin 0
i.e. = 0=> sin0 = O:=> 0=77 71, 77eZ
1 + 4 sin^ 0
sf
EXAMPLE 25 The sum and product of two complex numbers are real if and only if they are conjugate of
sk
Yoo

each other.
ooko

SOLUTION First, let the two complex numbers be conjugate of each other. Let complex numbers
eBB

be Zi = (7 + ib and Z'i=a~ ib. Then,

2i + 22 = {a + ib) +{a- ib) = 2a, which is real.
Zj 22 = (77 + 7 b) (a -ib) = a^ - i^ b^ =a^ + b~, which is
uurr

And, also real.

ad

Thus, if 2| and 22 are conjugate of each other. Then, Their sum Zj + 22 and product 2;^Z2 both are
Yo

real.
dY

Conversely, let Zj and 22 be two complex numbers such that their sum Zj + Z2 and product z-^
Re

both are real. Then, we have to prove that z-y and z^ are conjugate of each other.
innd

Let Zj = 77^ + / bi and 22 = 7?2 + i &2- Then,

FFi

Z]^ + 22 = (tij + 7?2) + i{b-^ + ^2) and Zj Z2 = (t?^ 772 ~b-^ b^) + i(77j &2 ^2 ^l)
Now, Zj + Z2 and 2^ 22 are real
(t7i + 772) + 7(foj + ii2) and, (uj 772 -bi &2) + ^2 ^2 ^l)
bi +b2 =0 and &2 + ^2 ^1 = ^ [●.● z is real <=> Im (2) = 0]
=j>
&2 = -bi and aj &2 + 7^2 ^1 “ ^
^2 = -bi and -77^ + 7?2 = 0
&2 = -bi and (772 - bj = 0 “^1 ^2 “ ^ ^2 = “ ^2 ~
22 = 772 + * ^2 = - i ^1 => ^2 = Zj => Zi and Z2 are conjugate of each other
EXAMPLE 26 If(l + 7) (1 + 2i) (1 + 3i) ... (1 + 777) = (x + iy), show that: 2.5.10 ... (1 + 77^) = + y^.
SOLUTION We have,
(1 +?)(! + 2i) (1 + 37) ... (1 + 777) = X + iy
(1 + 7) (1 + 27)...(1 + 777) 1 = |x + zy[ [Taking modulus of both sides]
COMPLEX NUMBERS 12.21

=>
1 +i\ 11 + 2zl...|l +ni\ = I AT + iyl [v|2i22...2„|=[2i||Z2|...|2^|]
●\/l + 1 -Jl + 4t... -<jl + =
25.10... {1 +n^) = {x'^+y'^) [On squaring both sides]
EXAMPLE 27 If {a + ib) {c + id) {e + if)(g + ih) =A+ iB, prove that
{a^ + b^) {c^ + d^) (e^ +f^)ig^ + h^)=A^ +
SOLUTION We have,
{a + ib) (c + id) {e + if){g-^ ih) =A+iB
=> |(<7 +ib) (c + id) {e + if){g + 2li)| =| + /B| [Taking modulus of both sides]
=> \a + ib\ \ c + id\ \e + if\ \g + ih\=\A+iB\ [Using:|2iZ2...2,,|=|2i| |22|...|2^|]

ww
=> +b'^ -Jc^ + d^ ^g +h^ =^Ia^ + B^
=> {a^ + b^) (c^ + d^) + / ^ ) ig^ + h^) =A^ + B^ [On squaring both sides]

EXAMPLE 28 If Zi, Z2 are complex numbers such that

FF loo is purely imaginary number, then

e
322

e re
Z1-Z2
find

FrFe
2i + Z2
oor r
rur
2^1
SOLUTION It is given that is purely imaginary. Therefore,
s ff
322
2zi
k

= Xi for some XeR => — = — i

YYoou

322 22 2
ookos

?1-1
BBo

I-2+ 3^i| _ ^4 + 9)?

- Xi-1
Z1-Z2 Z2 2
= 1
2j 3A. .
Now,
re

Zi +22
22
+ 1 -Xi + 1
2
|2+3W|
^4 + 9)? ^2 2
ouur
ad

Type VI ON FINDING THE VALUE OF A POLYNOMIAL FOR A GIVEN COMPLEX VALUE OF THE
Yo

VARIABLE

EXAMPLE 29 If x =-5 ■¥ 2.J^,find the value of x^ + 9x^ + 35x^ - x + 4.

dY
Re
idn

SOLUTION We have, x = -5 + 2,f^

FFin

X + 5 = 4z => {x + 5)^ = 16i^ => x^ + lOx + 25 = -16 => x^ + lOx + 41 = 0

+ 9x^ + 35x^ -X + 4 = x^(x^ + lOx + 41) - x(x^ + lOx + 41) + 4(x^ + lOx + 41) -160
= x^(0) -x(0) + 4(0) -160 = -160 [*.● x^ + lOx + 41 = 0]
+ 2y[^ is -160.
Thus, the value of the given polynomial for x = -5
EXAMPLE 30 Find the value of x^ +7x^ - x +16, when x = 1 + 2i.
SOLUTION We have,
x=l + 2i=> x-l=2i => (x-l)^=4i^ => x^-2x + l=-4=> x^-2x + 5=0
x^+7x^-x+16 = x(x^-2x + 5) + 9(x^-2x + 5)+{12x-29)
= x(0) + 9(0)+12x-29 [v x^-2x+5=0]
= 12(l + 2i)-29= -17 + 241 [v x=l + 2i]
Hence, the value of the given polynomial when x = 1 + 2iis -17 + 24z.
 12.22 MATHEMATICS-XI

EXAMPLE31 Find the value of +5x^ + 7x^ - x + 41, lytei x =-2-VSi.iNCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION We have, x = -l-43i
=> x + 2=-V3/=> (x+2)^=3z^ => x^ + 4x + 4=-3 => x^+4x+7=0.
2x^+5x^+7x^-x + 41
= 2x^ {x^ + 4;c + 7) - 31 {x^ + 4;t + 7) + 5 (x^ + 4x + 7) + 6
= 2x^ x0-3xx0 + 5x0 + 6= 6 [v x^+4x + 7=0]
EXAMPLE 32 //z = 2 - 3«, show thatz^ -4z +13 = 0 and hence ifnd the value of4z^~ 3z^ +169.
SOLUTION We have,

z = 2-3( z-2 = -3/=> (2-2)^=(-3i)^ 2^-4z + 4 = 9i^ => z^-4z + 13=0

ww
4z^-3z^+169 = 42(2^-42+13)+13(2^-42 + 13)=4z(0) + 13{0)=0 [v z^-4z + 13 = 0]

Floo
Type VII MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS
EXAMPLE33 Prove that: x^ + A={x +1 +i){x + 1 -i) {x -I + i){x ~l -i).

ee
SOLUTION We have, (x + 1 + i) (x + 1 - 0 (x -1 + 0 (^ ~ 1 “ 0

eer
= {(x + l)2-/2} {(x-l)2-i'2}= {(x + l)^ + l){(x-1)^+1}= {x^ + 2x+2}{x^-2x + 2}

FFr
= {x^ + 2 + 2x}{x2 + 2-2x}= (x^ + 2)^-(2x)^= x^ + 4x^ + 4-4x^ = x^ + 4
oorr
uur r
s ff
EXAMPLE 34 If z{* 1) is a complex number such that | z | = 1, prove that -—- is purely imaginary.
z +1
sk
YYoo

What will be your conclusion ifz = l?

ooko

SOLUTION Letz = x + iy. Then,| z| =1=> -Jx^ +y^ =1=> x^ + y^ = 1

eBB

z-1 _ x + fy-1 _ (x-l) + /y (x-l)+iy (x + l)-/y

2 +1 X + I1/ + 1 (x + l) + /y (x + l) + 2t/ (x + l)-iy
uurr
ad

^ (x^-l + y^) + 'i(xy+ y-xy + y) ^ (x^ + y^-1) + 2/y

Yo

(X +1)^ + y^ (X +1)^ + y2
dY

2iy
which is purely imaginary [V x2+y2 = 1]
Re

(x + lf + y^'
ind
FFin

Now, z = l=>x + 2y = l + 2.0 ^ x = l andy = 0.

2-1 _ X + fy-1 _ 1+fO-l
= 0, which is purely real
2+1 x + fy + 1 1+fO + l
1 - fz
EXAMPLE 35 Ifz=x + iyandw = -, show that I w I = 1 => 2 IS purely real.
2 -I

1 -fz 11-fz
SOLUTION We have, \ w\ =1 => = 1 => — =1 ^|l-fz|=|z-f|
Z -2
2-l|
=J>
11 - f (x + f y)| = I X + f y -f) |, wherez = x + fy
=>
|l + y-fx! = |x + f(y-l)|

(1 + y)'^ + x*^ z= x^ + (y-1)^ => y = 0 =S‘ z = x+fO = x, which is purely real

COMPLEX NUMBERS 12.23

1 -ix
EXAMPLE 36 Show that a real value of x will satisfy the equation = a
-ibifa +b =1, where a,
1 + ix

h are real.

SOLUTION We have 1 - ix _a-ib

' 1 + ix ~
Applying componendo and dividendo, we obtain
(l-tx) + (l + ix) a~ib + l . 2 1 + a-ib I - a+ ib
=> 1 X

(1 “I x) -(1 +1 x) a-ib-l -2ix -(!-« + ib) 1 + a- ib

{1 - ij +1 ij) (1 + a+ ib) _ 1-a^ -b^ +2ib _ 1 - a"^ -b'^ + Tib

ooww
l X

(1 + a-ib) [1+a + ib) (i + (,)2_/2^2

lib 2b
I X , if = 1 => X = , which is real
(1 + af + b^ (1 + + b'^

ee
P - ct
EXAMPLES? If a and p are different complex numbers with\ P| = l,find

r
1 -ap

rFFl [NCERT]

Free
SOLUTION Clearly,

rF
2 \ /
^ c
P-a P-a P-a P-a P -a (P-a)(P-a)
fsfoor
ouur
1 -ap 1 - ap 1-aP 1-ap / V 1-a pj (1 - a P) (1 - a P)

pp-pa-ap+aa IPI^ -ap-ap + l a|^

kosk

1-aP -ap+apap 1-ap -ap + (aa)(pp)

Yo
oo

|a|^-ap-gp + |P|^ l^-ap-ap + 1

Y

a
BB

= 1 MPl=i]
1 -aP-aP + lal^lPI^ l-aP -aP + |al^
rre

p-a = 1.
ouu

1-aP
Y
ad

1 1 1
dY

EXAMPLE 38 7/|2j|=|22|= ... =\z„\ =1, prove that\zi + Z2+z^+...+z„\ = —

- +— +—+ ... + —
Zl Z2 23
innd

[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
Re

SOLUTION We find that

Fi
F

+?2^ + £3E3 2,^ 1^1'

|21+Z2+Z3+.... + 2„| = + ... + + ... +

h h h 2l ^2 23

1 1 1 1
[●●● |Zll=|22l=--=|2fil=l]
22 23 2fi

^1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
— + — H + ... + — h — 4 + ... + — [Vlz|=l2l]
2l 22 23 Z« 2i 22 Z3 2«

EXAMPLE39 Find non-zero integral solutions of \ 1 -f|^ =2’’^. [NCERT]

SOLUTION We have, 11 =2^

(V2)-^ = 2^ => 2^/^ = 2^ => 2^^^ = 1 => 2^/^ = 2° => I = 0 => X = 0.

Hence, the given equation has no non-zero integral solution.
 12.24 MATHEMATICS-XI

EXAMPLE 40 Find all non-zero complex numbers z satisfying z = i z^.

SOLUTION Letz = Ar + iy. Then,
:.2
z IZ

=> x-iy = i{x^ -y^ + 2/xy) x-iy = i{x^ - y^)-lxy => (x + 2xy) -i{x^ -y^ + y) = 0
=> X + 2xy = 0 and, x^-y^ + y = 0 ...(h)
Now,

X + 2xy = 0^x(l + 2y) = 0=>x=0 or, l+2y = 0=>x=0 or, y = ~i

Case I When x = 0: Putting x = 0 in (h), we obtain
-y2 + y = 0 => y(y-l) = 0 => y = 0,y = 1

ww
Thus, the pairs of values of x and y are: x = 0, y = 0;x = 0, y=l
z = 0 + i 0 = 0, 2 = 0 +1 / = /

Casell Wheny = -^: Putting y =-^in(u), we get

Flo
ee
x^-y^+y
^ = 0=^ x^“---
4 2 = 0=> x^-— = 0=> x = ± —

rere
^ 4 2

rFF
Vs -1 -Vs -1
Thus, the pairs of values of x and y are: x = —, V = — and, X = , y=—
2^2 2^2
uur r
foor
Vs 1 . -Vs 1 .
z 1,2 = 1
sks
2 2 2 2
Yoo

.Vs 1. Vs 1 .
ooko

Hence, 2 = 0, i, — --L - 1
2 2 2 2
eBB

EX.AMPLE 41 ff iz^ +z^ -z + i = 0, then show that 121 = 1-

SOLUTION We have, iz^ +z^ -z + i = 0
uurr
ad

Dividing both sides by i, we obtain

Yo

z^ -iz^ +12 +1 = 0 => z^{z~-i) + i{z-i) = 0 => (2-i)(2^ + 0 = 0 z = i or, z^ -I

dY

Now, 2 Z => 2 111 =1 and, 2^ = -I =5>|2^| =1-/| =1=>|2|^ = l=>|z| =1.

Re
innd

Hence, in either case, we obtain: | z = 1.

FFi

EXAMPLE 42 Solve the equation 2 + [ 21 = 0, wherez is a complex number.

SOLUTION Let 2 = X + iy. Then,
2^ +121 = 0 => (x + iy)^ + ~Jx^ + y^ = 0 => (x^ - y^) + ^x^ + y^ + 2i xy = 0
x^ -y^ + ^x^ + y^ = 0 and, 2xy = 0 -(ii)
Now, 2xy = 0=> xy = 0=> x = 0or, y=0
Case I When y = 0 : Putting y = 0 in (i), we get
x^ + V? = 0=> x^+|x| = 0
Clearly, x +1 x | > 0 for all x > 0. So, let x < 0. In this case, we have
x^ +1 x| = 0
x^ - X = 0 ['.● X < 0 .●. IXI = -x]
x(x-l) = 0=> X = 0,x =1
COMPLEX NUMBERS 12.25

But, X < 0. So, the equation +1 a;[ = 0 has no solution for x < 0.
Clearly, x = 0 satisfies the equation +1 x| = 0. Thus, we have a: = 0, y = 0. Therefore, 2 = 0
Case I When X = 0; Putting a: = 0 in (i), we get
+ -y^+lyl = o
lfy>0,then |y| =y.
-y^ + lyl=o => -y^ + y = o => y = o,y=i => y=i [vy>0]
Ify <0,then |y| =-y.
-y^+lyi = 0 => -y2-y=o^ y = o,-i => y=-i [V y<0]
Thus, we obtain a: = 0, y =1 or, a: = 0, y =-1. Therefore, 2 = 0+/ or, z = 0-i.
Hence, 2 = 0,/ and -/are solutions of +1 z | = 0.

ww
EXAMPLE 43 Solve the equation z^ =z. INCERT EXEMPLAR!

FF loo
SOLUTION Let z = X + / y. Then,
Z2=Z

ee
=> (x + /y)^ =x-/y => + 2/xy + (iy)^ =x-/y => (x^-y^) + 2/xy =x-/y

r
2 2
=> X -y = x
...(i) and, 2xy = -y ...(ii)

Now, 2xy = -y => (2a: +l)y = 0=^ 2x + l= 0 or y=0 =>a:=--^

reFe
oroFr
rur
or y = 0
s ff
Following cases arise:
k

Case I When y = 0: Putting y = 0 in (i), we obtain

YYouo
okoso

x^ = X => X (x -1) = 0=>x = 0or, x = l

Thus, we obtain (x = 0 and y = 0) or (x = 1 and y = 0). Therefore, z = 0 + iO = 0 or, z = 1 + lO.
eeBBo

Case I When ^ Plotting x = -^ in (i), we obtain

r

1 2 3 ^43
ad
ouur

-=>v'‘= — =>y=±
2^ 4^ 2
Yo

1 , V3 1 , Vs
Thus, we obtain x=- — and V = — or X = — and V =
2 ^ 2 2 ^ 2
d
Re
idnY

1 .Vs 1 .Vs
FFin

2 = + t or z = 1 —
2 2 2 2

Hence the values of z satisfying the given equation are

r» n 1 -n 1 ● 43 1 /Vs
2 = 0 + iO, 2 = 1 + lO, 2 = +1 andz = -
2 2 2 2

EXAMPLE 44 Solve the equation | z +11 = z + 2 (1 + 0- [NCERTEXEMPLARI

SOLUTION Letz = x + /y. Then,2 + 1 =(x + l) + /yand, 12 + 1 | = -J(x + 1)^ + y^

Given that:

I 2 + 1 1=2 +2(1+/)
+1)^ + y^ = (x + /y) + 2 (1 + /) => ^(x + 1)^ +y^ + 0/ = (x + 2) + (y + 2) /
^(x + 1)^ +y^ = X + 2 and y + 2 = 0 => (x +1)^ + y^ = (x + 2)^ and y = - 2
12.26 MATHEMATICS-XI

9 1
y =2x+3 and y = -2=> 4 = 2a:+ 3 andy = -2=> ^ = ~ y = ~2
1
Hence, z = — -li
2
●y fy
EXAMPLE 45 lf\z-l\=\z\+ IJhenshoxvthatzlieson the imaginary axis.
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION Let z = a: + / y. Then, = x^-y^ + 2i Ary and | z |^ = a:^ + y^.
|z2-1|=|2|2+i
=> {x^ -y^) + li xy =x^+y^+l
=> -y^ -1)^ + 4A:y = a:^ + y^ +1 => (a:^ -y^ -1)^ + 4A:^y^ =(a:^ +y^ +1)^

ww
=> A:^+y^+l-2x^ + 2y^-2A:y+ 4A:y + y^+1 + 2A:y + 2x^ + 2y^
=> 4.t^ = 0 => a: = 0

Floo
z = a: + ly = 0 + ly, which is purely imaginary.
Thus, 2 is purely imaginary and hence it lies on y-axis.

ee
EXAMPLE 46 If the imaginary part of is -2, then show that the locus of the point representingz in

eer
iZ + l

FrF
theargand plane is a straight line. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION Let z = x + / y. Then, oor r
rur
2z + l _ 2(x-H'y) + l _ (2.x +1) + /2y _(2x +1) + i2y (1 -y) -itx
s ff
12 + 1 i {x + iy) +1 (l-y) + ix (l-y)+/x (l-y)-/x
sk

_(2x + l-y) + '/(2y-2y^-2x^ -x) _ 2x + l-y > + i<,|2y-2y^-2x^-x'

YYoou
oooko

(l-y)2 + A:^ x^ + (l-y)^ x^+(l-y)^

eBB

Im '] _ 2y-2y^-2x^~ —. But, it is given that Im f2z + l^ = -2.

iz + 1
x^+(l-y)^ iz + 1
uurr

2y-2y^-2x^ -X
ad

= -2 => 2y-2y^-2x^ -X =
-2x^-2(l-y)^ => x + 2y-2 = 0.
Yo

+ +(l-y)2
which is a straight line. Hence, the locus of z is a starlight line.
dY
Re

2+2
idn

EXAMPLE 47 If the real part of is 4, then show that the locus of the point representingz in the
z -1
FFin

complex plane is a circle. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

SOLUTION Let z = x + i y. Then, z =x-iy
2+2
_ X-iy + 2 _ (x + 2) -iy _ (x + 2) -ly (x -1) + iy
2-1 x-iy-1 (x-l)-iy (x-l)-iy (x-l)+iy
_(x^+y^ + x-2)+3/y x^+y^ + x-2 + I

{x-lf+/ "I (x-l)2+y2

2 +2
It is given that the real part of is 4.
2 -1

x^+y^ + x-2
= 4 ^ 3x^+3y^-9x +6 = 0 =^x^+y^-3x + 2=0, which represents a circle.
COMPLEX NUMBERS 12.27

EXAMPLE 48 Ifz=x + iy, then show thatzz +2(z+ z) + a -0, where a e R, represents a circle.
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION We have, z = x + iy=> z =x-iy
zz+2{z+z) + a = 0
^ {x + iy){x-iy) + 2{x + iy + x~iy) + a = Q
=> X ^ + 4x + fl = 0 =* (x + 2)^ + (y-0)^ = (V4-<7)^, which represents a circle for all t? < 4.
z-2
EXAMPLE 49 Show that = 2 represents a circle. Find its centre and radius.
2-3
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION Let z = x + iy. Then,
{x~2) + iy

lowow
2-2
= 2 => = 2^ |(x-2) + /y| = 2|(x-3)+iy|
2-3 {x - 3) + iy

^ .J(x-2f + / =2^(x-3f + y^
=> ,(x-2f + y^=A^l{x-sf +/

ree
=> 3x^ + 3y^-20x+32 = 0

F
2 2 20 32 n
r FF
=> X +y x+— =0
^ 3 3
rer
fofr Fo
T,-, \2
2r rio ^ . 2
u
Hy-0f = —3j , which represents a circle with centre at \ —, 0 and radius —
ks
J / 3 J 3
YYouro

EXAMPLE 50 Find a complex number z satisfying the equation z + y/2\z + l\ + i = 0.

oo

[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
BBo ks

SOLUTION Let 2 = X + iy. Then,

r ee

2 + V2 I 2 + 1 I + / = 0
X + jy + V21 {x +1) + /y I + / = 0 ●J2^(x + lf+y^ +(y + l)i=0
=> x +
ouru
ad

^2 (x + l)^+2y2 = 0and (y + l)=0 -J2(x + 1)^+ 2y^ = 0 and y = -1

Yo

x + => x +

x +
^2 (x + l)^ + 2 = 0 and y = -1 ^ ^2 (x + l)^ + 2 = - X and y = -1
d
Re
iYn

2(x + l)^ + 2 = x^ and y = -l => x^ + 4x + 4 = 0 and y = -1

FFind

(x + 2)^ = 0 and y = -1 => x = -2 and y = -l

Hence, 2 = x + iy = -2-i.
EXAMPLE 51 Let 2j and 22 he two complex numbers such that
^ = k 1 -| 2j 1^ 1 1 ”1221^ ■ Find the value ofk. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
2
1-2j22 -21-Z2
/ \

SOLUTION We find that

t 1 - 2 ^ 22 1^-1 2j -22 1^ = (1 - 2 ^ 22) (1 - z 1 Z2) -{Zj -22) (2i -22)

= (1-2^22) (1-2i2 2)-(Zi -22) (2^-22)
= (1-2j22 -Z1Z2 + Z1Z2Z1 22)-(Zi2^-2i22-Z^22+Z2 2 2)
f — —
= l~2^22-2il2+(2l 2i)(22 Z2>“ 1^1 22 1 ^2 + 1 ^2 1^
12.28 MATHEMATICS-XI

= l-Il22-ZaZ2+izi|^|z2l^-|2ll^+2l 22+^1 Z2-|Z2|^

= l-|Zi|2-i22|^+|2l|^|22|^ =(l-|2i|2)(l-|Z2p)
1-2^22 |^-|Zi -22|^ = /:(1-|Z|^)(1-|22|^)
l-|22[^l = /cfl-|Zi|2
\ /

l-|2lP 1-|Z2|^ =>Jc=l.

EXERCISE 12.2

BASIC

oww
1. Express tlie following complex numbers in the standard form a + ib:
3 + 2i 1
(i) (1 + 0(1+20 (ii) (iii)
-2+1
(2 + 0^
1 ~i (2 + 0^ (1 + 0 (1 + V30

e
(iv) (V) (Vi)

FFrlo
1 +/

re
2 + 3i l-i

2+ 3i (1-0^

rFee
(vii) (viu) (ix) (1 + 20“ 3
4 + 5/ 1-/3

rF
A
3-4/ 1 2 3-4/
(X) (xi) [NCERT]
(4-20(1+0 1-4/'
fsoor 1 +/ 5 + /
ouur
5 +V2/
skf
(xii) [NCERT]
1-V2/
ooko
Yo

2. Find the real values of x and y, if

Y

(ii) (32-2/y)(2+0^=10(1+0
Bo

(i) (x + /y)(2-30 =4 + 1
reB

(1 + 0 ^ - 2/ (2 -2>i)y -¥i = i.
(iii) (iv) (1 + 0 (x + ly) = 2 -5/
3 + / 3-/
oY
uur

3. Find the conjugates of the following complex numbers:

ad

1 (3-0^
(i) 4-5/ (ii) (iii) 7^ (iv)
dY

3 + 5/ 1 + / 2 + /
(l + 0(2 + 0 (3-20(2+30
(V) (vi)
innd

[NCERT]
Re

3 +/ (l + 2i)(2-0
Fi
F

4. Find the multiplicative inverse of the following complex numbers:

(i) 1 - / (ii) (1 + / VS)2 (iii) 4 - 3/ (iv) VS + 3/
2i + 22 + 1
5. If 2i = 2 - /, 22 = 1 + /, find [NCERT]
2j - 22 + l

6. Ifz^ =2-/,Z2 =-2+/,find (i) Re (ii) Im — [NCERT]

zi .21 2l
1+1 l-I
7. Find the modulus of the complex number 2 = [NCERT]

BASED ON LOTS

a + ib 9 9
8. Ifx + /y = prove that X + y =1 [NCERT]
a-ib '
COMPLEX NUMBERS 12.29

● V'
1 + /
9. Find the least positive integral value of n for which is real.
1 -i

1 + i cos 0
10. Find the real values of 0 for which the complex number is purely real.
1 - 2 2 cos 0
H
(1 + 0
11. Find the smallest positive integer value of n for which is a real number.
h-2
(1-0

1+z'Y
;\3
1-2
12. If = A: + iy,find(ar, y) [NCERTEXCMPLARI
U-i. 1+2

(1 + 0^

ww
13. If = x + iy, find^r + y. INCERTEXEMPLARI
2-2
.●\100
1-2
14. If = <7 + 2&,find{tJ, af). [NCERT EXEMPLAR!
VI +27

Flo
1 + 27

e
15. If2J = cos 0 +/sin 0,find the valueof [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
1 -a

eree
FFr
BASED ON HOTS
uurr
16. Evaluate the following:
(i) 2x^ + 2x^ - 7x+72, when x=—- orr
(ii) x‘^ - Ax^ + Ax^ + 8:r + 44, when x = 3 + 2/
sfo
1 +2
(iii) x'^ + Ax^ + 6x^ + 4x + 9, when a; = -1 + i^/2 (iv) x^ + x‘^ + x^ +1, when x = ^/2●
kks
Yoo
oooo

17. Find the number of solutions of 2 +1 z j = 0. INCERTEXEMPLARI

eBB

18. If (1 + 0 2 = (1 “0 2 / then show that z = -iz. [NCERT EXEMPLARl

19. Solve the system of equations Re (z) = 0,|z| = 2. INCERTEXEMPLARI

z-1
urr

20. If
2 +1
is purely imaginary number (z ^ -l),find the value of |z|. INCERTEXEMPLARI
ad
YYo

2i-l
21. If 2| is a complex number other than-1 such that|Z|[ =1 andz2 = , then show that the
Zj+l
dd

real part of 22 is zero. [NCERT EXEMPLARl

Re
inn

22. If |z + l| =2+2(l+0-fir‘dz. INCERTEXEMPLARI

23. Solvetheequation|z| =z + l+2/. [NCERT EXEMPLARl
F

24. What is the smallest positive integer n for which (1 + 2) = {l-2)^?

2n

1 1 1
25. Ifzj, 22/^3 are complex numbers such that| 2i | = | 2:2 | = | Z3 | = — + — + — = 1, then find the
2l 22 23

value of| Zj +22 +23l- INCERTEXEMPLARI

ANSWERS

.... 4 7 . A .
1. (i)-l + 3/ (11)
5 5
(iii) A
25
—,
25
(iv) -/

37 16 . , ... 23 2 .
(V) — + — i (vi) - -J3 + I (viii) -2 + 0/
13 13 41 41
-11 2/ , , 1 3 . 307 .599
(ix) W t-t' (xi) +1 (xii) 1 + 2V2/
125 125 4 4 442 442
12.30 MATHEMATICS-XI

5 14 14 3 7
2. (i) x = —, y = — (ii) x = —
13 13 15 '
y=l (iii) x=3, y = -l (iv) x=-
2'
y=-
2
1 1 .
3. (i) 4+5 i (ii) ^(3 + 50 (iii) T + -I (iv) 2 + 4f
34 2 2

,(v), 3 4 1. , 63 16 .
(vi) — + — i
5 5 25 25

1 . 1 , V3 4 3 .
4. (i) - + - 2 (ii) -T-i (iii) — + —I (iv)
2 2 8 8 25 25 14 14
2
6. (i) (ii) 0 7. 2 9. fj = 2
72
7t 2
10. 0 =2«7i± — ,neZ 11. 1 12. (0, -2) 13. 14. (1,0)

w
2 ' 5
e
15. i cot — 16. (i) 4 (ii) 5 (iii) 12 (iv) 0

Flo
2

17. Infinitely many solutions of the form z = 0 + ii/, y € R. 19. V2 (1 ± 0, V2 (-1 ± 2)

e
ree
3
20. 1 22. -~2i 23. --2/ 24. « = 2 25. 1

FFr
2 2

H/WrS rO SELECTED PROBLEMS

urr
12.
1+2 (1+2)^ 1 + 22-1 = i and
or
l-2_ (1-2)^ 1-22-1
sf
l-i (1-0 (1+0 2 l+2~(l-2)(l+2) “ 2
kks
Yo
ooo

= x + iy
l-ij Vl+2
2^-(-0^ =x + iy => i^+i^=x + iy => 22’^=x + '2y =>
eB

0-22=x + 2y => x = 0,y = -2

13.
C + fl2 l+2i + i^ 2i
= x + 2y => - = X + 2y => = x + iy
ur

2-1 2-i 2-2

ad

22(2 + 2) 4/+ 2/^ -2 + 42 2 4.

YYo

= x + 2y => = x + 2y => = :e + 2y => h—2=x + 2y

(2 + 0 (2-0 4-2^ 5 5 5
2 4
dd

=5* x = -
5'^ = 5
Re
in

ri-2-V“ 100
F

14.
= a + ib => (-2) = 27 + 2& => l + 0i = a + ib => 27 = l,ij=0
r+7
15. We have, t? = cos0+2sin 0
1 + 27 1 + cos0 + 2'sin 0 f 1 + cos0 + 2sin 0 \ X /
l-cos0 + 2sin0
1 -27 l-cos0-2sin0 1-cos 9-2 sin 0 / V. l-cos0 + 2sin0/^
1 + 27 (1 -cos^ 0 -sin^ 0) + 2i sin 0 2 sin 0 2 2sin 0/2 cos 0/2
= 2COt —
0
1 -a (l-cos0)^ + sin^0 1 - cos 0 2sin^0/2 2

17. Let 2 = X + 2y. Then, = x ^-y^ + 2ixyand |2|^ = x^+y^.

.-. Z^ + |2|^ = 0
x^ -y^ + 22xy + x^ +y^ = 0 =J> 2x^ + 22xy = 0=> 2x^ =0and2xy = 0 => x = OandyeR
2 = 0 + 2’y, where y e R.
18. We have, (1 +2) 2 =(1 ~t) z
COMPLEX NUMBERS 12.31

£-izi Izi + = -l 2 =-lZ

z 1+/ 1-1 1+1-2
19.
Let 2 = a: + ly. Then, 22 2 - y2 + 2i Ary and | z | = yjx^+y^.
= a:

Re(z2) =0 andjzl =2 => x2-y^= 0 and a:2+y2 = 4 => :p-=y^=2 => x=±42, y=±V2
2 = ±V2±V2i
20. Let z = a: + ly. Then,
2-1 ^(Ar-l)+iy ^(Ar-l) + iy ^^(A: + l)-i'y _(Ar2 + y^-l) + 2i'y
z +1 (A: + l) + iy (AT + l) + iy (AT + l)-iy (Jc + l)2+y2
2-1
If is purely imaginary, then
2 +1

loow w
Re
(z-\
= 0=>
a:2 +y-l = 0=>A:2+y2=l^[z|=l
2 +1
(A: + l)2+y2
21. Let Zj = a: + ly. Then,
2i-l _(y2+y2_i) + 2i-y At2 +y^ -1 [v jZi|=l=>x2+y2=l]

ree
22 = => Re (22) = = 0
2j +1 (A: + l)2+y2 (.T + l)2+y2

ree F
r FF
22. Let 2 = a: + iy. Then, 2 +1 = (a: +1) + ly and 2 + 2 (1 +1) = (a: + 2) +1 (y + 2)
|z + l|=z+2(l+i)
=> v'(^ + l)2+y2=(j: + 2)+i(y + 2) => ^(^ + 1)^ + y2 = AT + 2 and
fofroF
y+2=0
u
=> (a: +1)2 + y2 = (x + 2)2 and y = -2 => y2 = 2a: + 3 and y = -2
ks

=> 4 = 2a: + 3 and y = -2 => a: = ^ and y = -2 => 2 = a: + ly = ^ -2i

ksoo
YYouor

23, Let 2 = X + ly. Then, 12 j = -Jx^ and z +1 + 2i = (x +1) + i (y + 2).

eeBBoo

|2|=z + l + 2i => 7^2+y2 =(x + l)+i(y + 2) => ^x2+y2 =a: + 1 andy + 2=0
r
ouru
ad

=i* x2+y2=(x + l)2 andy=-2 =>x2 + 4=(x + 1)2 andy =-2 => x =—and y =-2
Yo

3
Hence, 2 = x + ly = — - 2i
d
Re

24. {l+if” => {(1+i-)2}"={(1-(-)2)« ^ {1 + 21 +1-2)” =(1-21 + -12)''

inY
FFind

^ (2r)” = (“2i)” => i” = {-!)” i” ^ (-1)” = 1 ^ n is a multiple of 2.

12.13 SQUARE ROOTS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

Let a + ib be a complex number such that + ib = x + iy, where x and y are real numbers. Then,
+ib = X + iy ^ (fl + ib) = (x + iy)2 => « + i& = (x2-y2) + 2ixy
On equating real and imaginary parts, we obtain
x2 -y^ = a ...(i) and, 2 xy = ...(h)

Now, (x2 + y2)2 = (j;2 _j/2j2 ^ ^2 ^2

(x2+y2)2 172 + ^2 ^ ^^2 ^ ^2j ^ ^ ^2 [ ●●● x2 + y2 > 0 ] ...(hi)
Solving equations (i) and (ii), we get
 12.32 MATHEMATICS-XI

+ +«} 0^ + \p-
2
x'^ = and y - -a

1
=> X = ± and y = ± —
U
J ^2
fl +0 ~a

If b is positive, then from equation (ii), we find that x and y are of the same sign.
. n
+lb = ± +b^ + fl + i

If b is negative, then from equation (ii), we find that x and y are of different signs.

yja + ib = ■+ n +b^ + a
1-'® a«2 +0 - a

ww
REMARK It is evident from the above discussion that for any complex number z, we have

.jizEm.
121 + Re (z)
(i) ^^ = ± + 1 , if Im (2) > 0

FF loo
2

121 + Re (2) . |2|-Re(z)

ee
(ii) Vz = ± ■ ^ 2
-I
2
, if Im (2) < 0

r
rFee
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
oor rF
rur
BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)
s ff
EXAMPLE 1 Find the square roots of the following complex numbers: (i) 7-24; (ii) 5 + 12;
SOLUTION (i) Let ^7-24:i=x + i y. Then,
k
YYoou

f7 - 24 i = x + iy => 7 - 24 ;= (x + iy)^ => 7 - 24; = (x^ - y^) + 21 xy

okos
BBoo

^ x^ -y^ = 7 ...(i) and, 2 xy = - 24 ...(ii)

r ee

(x^ + y^)^ = (x^-y^)^ + 4x2y'

=> (x^+y^) = 49 + 576 = 625 => x^ + y^ =25 x^ + y^ > 0] ...(iii)
ouur
ad
Yo

On solving (i) and (iii), we obtain:

x^ = 16 and y^=9=>x = ±4 and y = ± 3
Yd
Re
idn

From (ii) we observe that 2xy is negative. So, x and y are of opposite signs,
FFin

(x = 4 and y = - 3) or, (x = - 4 and y = 3)

Hence, yj7 - 24; =x + iy = ±(4-3;)
ALITER Let z=7 - 24i. Then, Re (2) = 7 and 121 = + 576 = 25. We find that Im (z) < 0.

^|z| -Re(2)j
= ±U 21 + Re (2) -; ± ●
25T7 . f25^ ● = ± (4 - 30
2 V 2 1 2

(ii) Let ^5 +12 i = x + ;y. Then,

^5 +12; = x +;y => 5 + 12; = (x + ;y)^ => 5 + 12; = (x^-y^) + 2;xy
^ X^-y2=5 ...(i) and. 2xy = 12 ...(ii)

(x2+y2)‘ = ~y^)^ +4x^ y^

(x^ + y^) = 5^ +12^ = 169 => x^ + y^ =13 [●●● x^ + y^ > 0] ...(iu)
COMPLEX NUMBERS 12.33

On solving (i) and (iii), we get

= 9 and y^-4=>x = ±3 and y = ± 2
From (ii) we observe that 2xy is positive. So, x and y are of the same sign,
(x = 3 and y = 2) or, (x = - 3 and y = - 2)
Hence, ^5 +12 i =x + iy = ± (3 + 2i).
ALITER Let 2=5 + 12/. Then, Re (2) = 5, and 121 = ^25 +144 = 13. We find that Im (2) > 0.

^
^ J|V||z|^Re(z)^
2 V
l|z|-Re(z)
2
● = ± ● 13+5
2
+ / . [I3^
V 2
●= ±(3 + 2/‘)

EXAMPLE 2 Find the square roots of-15 - 8/.

ww
SOLUTION Let^\^8i =x + iy. Then,
^-15-8/ = :c + iy => -15-8/ = {x + iy)^ => -15-8/ = [x^ -y^) + 2ixy

Flo
-15 = x'^-y^

e
-(i) and, 2.ry = - 8 ...(ii)

eree
{x^ + y^)^ = -y^)^ + 4:r^ y^

FFr
{x^+y^f = (-15)^ + 64 = 289 => x'^+y^ = 17 ...(iii)
uurr
On solving (i) and (iii), we get
orr
sfo
x^ = 1 and y^ = 16 => X = ± 1 and y = ± 4
kks
Yoo

From (ii), we observe that 2xy is negative. So, x and y are of opposite signs,
oooo

(x = 1 and y = -4) or, (x = -1 and y = 4)

eBB

Hence, 15 - 8/ = x + /y = ± (1 - 4/")
EXAMPLE 3 Find the square root ofi.
urr

SOLUTION Let >/J = X + iy. Then,

ad

-if = x + iy =i> / = (x + iy)^ => (x^-y^) + 2/xy =

YYo

0+/

-y^ = 0 and, 2xy = 1 ●●●(ii)

dd
Re

(x^ + y^)^ = (x^ -y^)^ + 4x^ y^

inn

(x^ + y'^f = 0 + 1=1 => x^+y^=l [\- x^ +y^ > 0] ...(iii)

F

Solving (i) and (iii), we get

x^ =1/2 and y^ = 1 / 2=> x = ± 1 / V2 and y = ± 1 / V2
From equation (ii) we find that 2xy is positive. So, x and y are of same sign.
1 ^ 1
—^ and V = -
1
X
7= and y = -7= or. X
■ V2 V2 V2 ^ V2

Hence, Vi = ± (^ + ^/) = ± ^ (1 +/)

AL ITER Let 2 = i. Hien, Re (2) = 0 and 121 = 1. We find that Im (2) > 0.
1 + 0 .11-0 . 1
2 2
●= i ■
2
+ /
2 V2
+ /
V2 j
L(i+o
V2
 12.34 MATHEMATICS-Xl

EXERCISE 12.3

BASIC

1. Find the square root of the following complex numbers:

(i) -5 + 12/ (ii) -7-24/ (iii) 1 -i (iv) - 8 - 6/
(v) 8-15/ (vi) -11 -60.^pT (vii) 1+4^^ (viii) -/
ANSWERS

1. (i)±(2+30 (ii) ±(3-40 (iii) ± IV^ + l l f |V2-l' . i (iv) ±(1-30

V~2

(v) ± 4= (5 - 30 (vi) ± (5 - 60 (vii) ± (2 + V3i) (viii) ± (1 -/)

ww
V2 V2

12.14 REPRESENTATIONS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

A complex number can be represented in the following forms:

Flo
e
(i) Geometrical form (ii) Vectorial form (iii) Trigonometrical form or, Polar form

eree
In this section, we shall learn about these three representation s of a complex number.

FFr
12.14.1 GEOMETRICAL REPRESENTATION OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
uurr
A complex number z = x + iy can be represented by a point (a:, y) on the plane which is known

orr
as the Argand plane. To representz = x + iy geometrically we take two mutually perpendicular
sfo
straight lines X' OX and Y' OY. Now plot a point whose x and y coordinates are respectively the
real and imaginary parts of z. This point P{x, y) represents the complex number z = x + iy.
kks
Yoo

If a complex number is purely real, then its imaginary part is zero. Therefore, a purely real
oooo

number is represented by a point on A:-axis. A purely imaginary complex number is represented

by a point on y-axis. That is why x-axis is known as the real axis and y-axis, as the imaginary axis.
eBB

Conversely, if P{x, y) is a point in the plane, then the point P{x, y) represents a complex number
z = x + iy. The complex number z = x + iy is known as the affix of the point P.
urr

Thus, there exists a one-one correspondence between the points of the plane and the members
ad

(elements) of the set C of all complex numbers, i.e., for every complex number z = x + iy there
YYo

exists uniquely a point {x, y) on the plane and for every point (x, y) of the plane there exists
uniquely a complex number z = x + / y.
dd

The plane in which we represent a complex number geometrically is known as the complex
Re
inn

plane or Argand plane or the Gaussian plane. The point P, plotted on the Argand plane, is
called the Argand diagram.
F

The length of the line segment OP is called the modulus of z and is denoted by |z |.
From Fig. 12.1, we obtain YA

OP^ = OM^ + MP^ => OP^ = x^ + y^ => OP = ^x^ + y^ P(*.y)

Thus, |zj=-Jx^+y^ = ^|Re(z)i^ + {Im(z)P X-

<-
O
X

The angle 0 which OP makes with positive direction of x-axis in

anticlockwise sense is called the argument or amplitude of z and is denoted by
arg(z) or amp(z).
From Fig. 12.1, we have Fig.12.1

tan 0 -
PM _ y _ Im (z) => 0 = tan
-1 (^)
OM X Re (z) .Re(z)j
This angle 0 has infirutely many values differing by multiples of 2 The unique value of 0 such
that - 7i< 0 < 71 is called the principal value of the amplitude or principal argument. This formula for
COMPLEX NUMBERS 12.35

determining the argument of z = x + iy has severe drawback, because Zj=l+i'V3 and

Z2=-l -i v3 are two distinct complex numbers represented by two distinct points in the
Argand plane but their arguments seem to be tan“^ VS = n/ 3 or 4 tc/ 3 which is not correct. In
fact the argument is the common solution of the simultaneous trigonometric equations
.r
cos 0 = y
and, sin 0 =

Since the above system of equations has infinitely many solutions. Therefore, there can be
infinitely many arguments of z=x + iy. The argument 0 which satisfies the inequality
- 7C < 0 < 71 is usually known as the principal argument of z. The argument of z depends upon the
quadrant in which the point P lies as discussed below.
12.14.2 ARGUMENT OR AMPLITUDE OF A COMPLEX NUMBER FOR DIFFERENT SIGNS OF
REAL AND IMAGINARY PARTS

w
(i) Argument of z = x + iy when x> 0 and y > 0: Since x and y both are positive, therefore the
point P {x, y) representing z = x + ry in the Argand plane lies in the first quadrant. Let 0 be the

Flo
argument of z and let a be the acute angle satisfying tan a =| y/x\. Then it is evident from
Fig. 12.2 that 0 = a.

reeee
YA
AY

FFr
P(x,y)

y
X’
e = cx.
X
X'
for 9 = n-a
ur
a
<■ ■>
O X M
0
X
kkss
Yo

y Y' 'i/Y'
oo

Fig.12.2 Fig.12.3
eB

Thus, if x and y both are positive, then the argument of z = x + iy is the acute angle given by tein a = -.
r

(ii) Argument of z-x + iy when x < 0 and y > 0: In this case, the point P {x, y) representing
ou
ad

z = X + ly in the Argand plane lies in the second quadrant. Let 0 be the argument of z and let a be
YY

the acute angle satisfying tan a~\y/x\.Then it is evident from Fig. 12.3 that 0 - a.
Thus, ifx < 0 and y > 0, then the argument ofz = x + iy is n-a, where a is the acute angle given by
ndd
Re

y
tan a = — .
X
Fi

(iii) Argument of z = x + iy when x <0 and y < 0: In this case, the point P (x, y) representing
z = x + iy lies in the third quadrant. Let 0 be the argument of z and a be the acute angle given by
tan a =| y/x|. Then from Fig. 12.4, we obtain 0 = -(n- a) = a - 7t.
AY
AY

o X X' X
o M
<■
a 9=-a
0 = - (jt - a)

P(x,y) 'if Y' y Y’

Fig.12.4 Fig.12.5

Thus, if x <0 and y < 0 then the argument of z = x + iyisa-K where a is the acute angle given by
tan a =[y/x|.
 12.36 MATHEMATICS-XI

(iv) Argument of z-x + iy when x> 0 and y <0: In this case, the point P {x, y) representing
z = x + iy lies in the fourth quadrant. Let 0 be the argument of z and let a be the acute angle given
by tan a = I y/x |. Then from Fig. 12.5, we obtain 0 = - a.
Thus, if X > 0 and y < 0, then the argument ofz = x + iy is - a where a is the acute angle given by
tan u =\y/x\.
The above discussion suggests us the following algorithm for finding the argument of a
complex number z = x-¥iy.
ALGORITHM

Step I Find the acute angle a given by tan a = [ y/ x\.

Step II Determine quadrant in which the point P {x, y) lies.

ww
IfP (x, y) belongs to the first quadrant, then arg{z) = a.
IfP {x, y) belongs to the second quadrant, then arg{z) = n-a.
IfP {x, y) belongs to the third quadrant, the arg (z) = - (tc - a) or tc + a.

Flo
IfP (x, y) belongs to the fourth quadrant, then arg (z) = - a or 2 n - a.

e
ILLUSTRATION 1 Find the modulus and argument of each of the following complex numbers:

ree
(i) 1+1/3 [NCERT] (ii) -2 + 2/V3

Fr
(iv) 2/3-21

rF
(iii) - -1
Im(z)
uurr
SOLUTION (i) Let z = 1 +1 /3 and let a be the acute angle given by tan a = for . Then,
Re(z)
7C
tan a = /3 =>
s
a = —
kks
3
Yo

We observe that Re (z) > 0 and Im (z) > 0. So, the point representing z lies in the first quadrant,
oooo

arg (z) = a = —. We find that [ z | = +(/3)2 = 2.

eB

(ii) Let z = - 2 + 2 /3 1. Then, | z [ = ^(-2)^ + (2 /3)^ = 4. Let a be the angle given by

ur

Im (z) 2/3 7C
ad

tan a = . Then, tan a = = /3 => a = —

YYo

Re(z) -2 3

We find that Re (z) < 0 and lm(z)>0. So, the point representingz lies in the second quadrant.
dd

n _2iz
Re

arg (z) = 71 - a = 71 -
in

3~T‘
F

(iii) Letz = -/3-1. Then, |z| = -\/(-/3)^ +(-l)^ = 2. Let a be the acute angle given by
Im (z) -1 1 7C
tan a - . Then, tan a = ^ a =-.
-/3 /3 6

We find that Re (z) < 0 and Im (z) < 0. So, the point representing z lies in the third quadrant.
K 5tc
arg(z)=-(n-a) = - K
6 6
V. oy o

(iv) Letz = 2/3-21.Then, \z\ =-J(27^)^T^^ = 4. Let a be the acute angle given by
Im (z) -2 1 71
tan a . Then, tan a = => a = —.
Re(z) 2/3 /3 6

We observe that Re (z) >0 andim (z) < O.So, the point representingz lies in the fourth quadrant,
arg (z) = - a =-tc/6
COMPLEX NUMBERS 12.37

ILLUSTRATION 2 Find the modulus and argument of the following complex numbers:
1 + / 1
(i) [NCERT] (ii) [NCERT]
1 -I 1+i
1+2
SOLUTION (i) Let 2 = . Then,
1 -2

2 =
_1 + 2/ + 2^ _1 + 2;-1 = 2 = 0 + 2=i> I 2 I = =1
1-2~1+I 1-2-2 1-2-2 1+1

Im(2) 1 n
Let a be the acute angle given by tan a = .Then, tana = — = 00 ^ a=—.
Re (2) 0 2

oww
We find that Re (2) = 0 and Im (2) = 1 > 0. So the point representing 2 lies on y-axis.
Consequently, arg (2) = a = —. Hence, 121 = 1 and arg (^) =
1 1 1 -2 _ 1 -2 _ 1 -2 _ 1 1 ■
(ii) Let 2 = . Then, 2 = — X
1 +2 1+2 1+2 1 -2 ~i “1 +1 “2 2

e
ree
rFl if 1171= [I=±

Fre
2) ■\|4'^4 1/2 4l
+

rr F
Im {2) -1/2 7C
Let a be the acute angle given by tan a = . Then, tan a = = 1=> a=-.
Re {2) 1/2 4
ouur
sfoo
We observe that Re (2) = ^ > 0 and Im (z) = - ^ < 0. So, the point representing z lies in the fourth
kks

quadrant. Therefore, arg (z) = - a = - ^. Hence, | z j =

Yo
oooo

and arg (z) = “

eBB

12.14.3 VECTORIAL REPRESENTATION OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

A complex number z = a: + 22/ can be represented by the position vector

uurr

OP of point P{x, y) in a two dimensional plane because a complex

ad

number depends on two things viz. (i) its modulus and (ii) its argument
YYo

which are also the requirements of a vector on a plane. <■

O M
dd

In Fig. 12.6, the complex number 2 = at + 2 y is represented by the vector

Re
iinn

dP and in such a case | z | is the length OP and arg (2) is the angle which 4'r
F

the directed line OP makes with the positive direction of x-axis. Fig.12.6

12.14.4 POLAR OR TRIGONOMETRICAL FORM OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

Let2 = X + 2 y be a complex number represented by a point P(x, y) in the Argand plane. Then by
the geometrical representation of 2 = x + 2 y, we obtain AY
P{x,y)
OP = |z| and, ZPOX = 0 = arg (z)
In A POM, we obtain X' X
,9 >
<■
OM X o M
cos 0 = => X = I 21 cos 0
OP 2|
PM
and, sin 0 = - — ^ y = 121 sin 0
OP 2
Fig.12.7

2 = x + 2y
 12.38 MATHEMATICS-XI

=> 2=l2| cos 0 + ijzl sin 6 = |z| (cos 0 + 1 sin 0) = r (cos 0 + i sin 0), wherer = 12] and 0 = arg (z)
This form of z is called a polar form of z. 7/we use the general value of the argument 0, then the
polar form of 2 is given by
2=r {cos(2« n+ 0) +i sin (2nK+ 0)}, where r =] 21, 0 = arg(z)and n is an integer.
12.14.5 MULTIPLICATION OF A COMPLEX NUMBER BY IOTA

Let 2 = X +1 y be a complex number represented by a point P{x, y) in the argand plane. Let
r (cos 0 + i sin 0) be the polar form of 2. Then, r = 121 and arg (2) = 0.
Now, 2 = r (cos 0 +1 sin 0)
iz = i r (cos 0 + i sin 0) = r (- sin 0 +1 cos 0) = r {cos (n/2 + 0) + sin (ti/2 + 0))
^ / V
This means that iz is a complex number such that| iz| = r =|2l and arg (iz) = ^ + 9 = -+arg (2).

looww
Thus, multiplication of a complex number by i results in rotating the vector joining the origin to poitit
representing 2 through a right angle.
12.14.6 POLAR FORM OF A COMPLEX NUMBER FOR DIFFERENT SIGNS OF REAL AND
IMAGINARY PARTS

ree
Im (2)
Let 121 = r and a be the acute angle given by tan a = . Let 0 be the argument of 2.

ree F
Re (2)
Case I Polar form of
r FF
2 = x + iy when x > 0 and y > 0: In this case, we have 0 = a.
So, the polar form of 2 = x + i y is 2 = r (cos a + i sin a)
fofroF
u
Case II Polar form of z = x iy when x < 0 and y > 0; In this case, we have 0 = 71 - a.
ks
So, the polar form of z = x + / y is
2 = r [cos (7t- a) + i sin (tc-a)] = r (-cos a + i sin a)
os o
YYouor

Case III Polar form of 2 = x + iy when x < 0 and y < 0: In this case, we have 0 = - (t: - a).
BBook

So, the polar form of z is given by

r ee

2 = r [cos (n - a) + i sin (-(;t - a))] = r(- cos a -i sin a)

Case IV Polar form of z = x + iy when x > 0 and y < 0: In this case, we have 0 = - a.
ouru

So, the polar form of z is

ad
Yo

2 = r [cos (- a) + i sin (- a)] = r (cos a - i sin a)

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
d
Re
inY

BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)

FFind

EXAMi’Lt 1 Write the following complex numbers in the polar form:

(i) - 3V2 + 3V2 i (ii) 1 + i
(iii) -1-i iNCERT] (iv)l-i [NCERTEXEMPLARl

SOLUTION (i) Let 2 = - 3V2 + 3 V2i. Then, r=|zi=-^(- 3V2)^+(SV2)^ =6.

Im(z) n
Let a be the acute angle given by tan a = . Then, tan a = 1 ^ a = —.
Re (2) 4

The point representing 2 lies in the second quadrant. So, the argument 0 of z is given by
Q0 = TC-a =n —
JT 37T
4 4

Hence, the polar form of 2 = - 3 V2 + 3 V2 i is

f 3 t: . . 3 7r'
z = r (cos 0 + i sin 0) = 6 cos — +1 sm —
4 4 )
COMPLEX NUMBERS 12.39

(ii) Let z =1+2. Then, r =

|2| =yjl^ +1^ =V2. Let a be the acute angle given by
Im (z) 1 7t
tan a . Then, tan a = = 1 ^ a = —.
Re(z) 1 4

We find that the point (1,1) representing z lies in first quadrant. Therefore, the argument of z is
given by 0 = a = —. Hence, the polar form of z = 1 + i is
n n
z = r (cos 6 + i sin 0) = V2 cos — +1 sm —
4;

(iii) Let z = -1 - 2. Then, r = | z | = + (-1)^ = -l2. Let a be the acute angle given by

ww
fin jz) -1 n
tan a = . Then, tan a = = 1 a = —.
Re(z) -1 4

Clearly, the point (-1, -1) representing z lies in the third quadrant. Therefore, the argument of z

Flo
is given by

e
eree
K 3k
0 = -(ji - a) = - 71 —
4; 4

FFr
Hence, the polar form of z = -1 - 2 is
uurr
3 7t'\ . . - 3 7l' 3 7: . . 3 7c'
z = r (cos 0 +1 sin 0) = V2 cos
4 J
+ 2 Sin
4 J
orr= V2 cos
4
1 sm —
4 J
sfo
Im (z)
(iv) Let 2 = 1 - 2. Then, | z | = + (-1)^ = V2. Let a be the acute angle given by tan
kks
a =
Yoo
Re (2)
oooo

-1 K
Then, tan a = 1 => a = —.
eBB

1 4

We find that the point (1,-1) representing z lies in the fourth quadrant. Therefore, the
urr

argument of z is given by 0 = - a = - —. Hence, the polar form of z = 1 - / is

ad
YYo

K K 7t K
r (cos 0 + 2 sin 0) = -J2 ● cos + 2 sm = V2 cos — 2 sm —
4 4j 4
dd

Find the modidus and principal argument o/(l + 2) and hence express it in the polar
Re

EXAMPLE 2
inn

form. [NCERT]
F

SOLUTION Let z = 1 + 2. Then, |z| = -J?+1^=V2. Let a be the acute angle given by
Im (z)
tan a =
Re (2)
.Then, tan a = - = 1 => a =
1 ^.Clearly, the point (1,1) representingz =1+2 lies
K

in first quadrant. Therefore, 0 = arg (2) = —.

7t K

Hence, the polar form of z = 1 + 2 is z = 121 (cos 0 + 2 sin 0) = V2 cos — + 2 sm —

4
.

EXAMPLE 3 Find the modulus and principal argument of- 2 2.

SOLUTION Let 2 = - 2 2 = 0 + (- 2) 2. Then, \z\= ^0 + (-2)^ = 2. We find that the
point (0, - 2)
representing 2 = - 2 2 lies on the negative side of imaginary axis. Therefore, principal argument
K
of is—.
2
 12.40 MATHEMATICS-XI

EXAMPLE4 Find the modulus and principal argument of- 4. [NCERT]

SOLUTION Let z = - 4 + Oi. Then, + 0= 4. We find that the point (- 4,0)

representing 2 = - 4 + Oi lies on the negative side of real axis. Therefore, principal argument of
2 is CT.

EXAMPLE 5 Express the following complex numbers in the polar form:

1 +i 2 + 6^3/
(i) (ii)
1 -i 5 +Vs i
1 + i
SOLUTION (i) Let z = :. and, let r (cos 9 + i sin 6) be the polar form of z.Then, r = | z | and
1 -i

ww
0 = arg (z).
Now,
^ _ 1 + i _ (1 + i) (1 + i) _ 1 - 2 i + i^ 1 + 2 i -1 .
= i = 0 + li.
l-*“(l-0(l + 0“ 1-/2 ““ 1+1

Flo
r z| = = 1.

e
eree
Clearly, the point (0, 1) representing z = 0 + i lies on positive direction of imaginary axis.
Therefore, arg (z) = Hence, the polar form of z is

FFr
. . Tu'l
uurr
n n K
2 = 1 COS + 1 sm — cos — +1 sm —
2 2J 2 2
orr
sfo
2 + 6yf3i
(ii) Let 2 = and, let r (cos 0 + / sin 0) be the polar form of z. Then, r = | z | and
5 +VSi
kks
Yoo
oooo

0 = arg (2).
Now,
_2 + 6V3i_2 + 6V3i (S-VSQ 28 + 28V3/ = 1 + / Vs
eBB

5 + Vsi “ 5 + VSi '{5-VSO 28

r =
|z1=7iT3=2.
urr

I Im (z) I _ Vs =Vs ^ 71
Let a be acute angle given by tan a = a = —
ad

|Re(2)rT S
YYo

7t
Clearly, the point (1, VS) representing z lies in first quadrant. Therefore, 0 = arg (z) = a = —
dd

S
Re
inn

n
Hence, the polar form of 2 is 2 cos — + / sm — .
V S 3J
F

BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS)

1+7/
EXAMPLE 6 Put the complex number in the form r (cos 0 + / sin 0), where r is a positive real
(2-if
number and-n <Q^k. [NCERT]
1 + 7/
SOLUTION Let z = . Then,
{2-if
1+7/ 1+7/ 1+7/,. 3 + 4/ -25 + 25 /
2 = = -1 + /
4-4I + /2 3-4/ 3-4/^ 3 + 4/ 25

r = =42

Im (z)
Let a be the acute angle given by tan a = . Then, tan a = - - = 1 ^ a = —
Re (2) 1 4
COMPLEX NUMBERS 12.41

Clearly, the point (-1,1) representing z lies in the second quadrant. Therefore,
0 = arg(z) = 7t-a = k-— = —.
^ 4 4
3 IT . . 3 7c'
Hence, z in the polar form is given by z = V2 cos — +1 sm —
4 4 )
EXAMPLE 7
Find the modulus and argument of the following complex numbers and convert them in
polar form:

w
l + 2i i-1 1 + 3/
(i) INCERT] (ii) [NCERT] (iii) [NCERT]
l-3i IT 71 1 -2f
cos — +1 sm -
3 3
l + 2i l + 2f 1 + 37_(1-6)+/(2+3)_ —1 1 .
SOLUTION (i) Let 2 = . Then, z =

e
+ —I
1-3/ 1 - 3/ ^ 1 + 3f “ 1+9 2 2

row
re
1 \2 /1 -y
r=|zl =
"72

FFllo
eeF
Im (z) -1/2 7T
Let a be the acute angle given by tan a = . Then, tan a = = 1 => a =

u
We find that Re (z) = - ^ < 0 and Im ^
Re{z) 1/2

point representing z lies in the second

4

r
sFr
kro
quadrant. Therefore, 0 = arg (z) = tc - a = 71 - — = —. Hence, the polar form of z is
uor
4 4 ^
offo
1 37t . . Stt'
r (cos 0 + / sin 0) = cos — + 7 sm —
V2 4 4 J
kos
Y

1-1
Yo
eerBB

(ii) Let 2 = . Then,

oo

7t n
cos +1 sm —
3 3
rY

z =
/-I 2(-l +/) l-/73_2{(-l-t 73)+/(1 + 73)1 _r73-1 +1
.rv3+i
1 ^ .73 ~ 1+/V3 ^ 1-/73
u

1 + 3 2 2
ou

2
ad
do

/ \2
73-1 73+1 (73-1)^ +(73+1)^
nY

2(3 + 1)
z| = + = 72
2 2 "V 4 V 4
nid
Re

Im(z)
Let a be the acute angle given by tan a = . Then,
F
Fi

Re(z)
73+1
73+1
1.4 7t
tan — + tan
7T

tan a =
2 73 _ 4 fi
— = tan
. 71
— + —
71
= tan —
5ti 5tc
a =—
73-i| ”73-1 1 - tan - tan
71 71
U 6J 12 12

2 73 4 6

73-1
We find that Re (z) =
2
> 0 and, Im (z) = ^ > 0. So, the point representing z lies in the
5tc

first quadrant. Therefore, 0 = arg ^ ■ Hence, the polar form of z is

5ti . . 5ti'
r (cos 0 + / sin 0) = 72 cos — + / sm — .
12 12

1 + 3/ 1 + 3/ _ 1 + 3/ 1 + 2/ (l-6) + /(3 + 2)
(iii) Let z = . Then, z = = -l +/
1-2/ 1 - 2/ ” 1 - 2/ 1 + 2/ ” 1+4
 12.42 MATHEMATICS-Xl

r =
|z|=t/(-i2 + 1^=V2,
Im(2) 1 71
Let a be the acute angle given by tan a = . Tlien, tan a = = 1 => a
Re (2) -1 4

We find that Re (z) < 0 and Im (z) > 0. So, the point representing z lies in the second quadrant.
7t 3tc
0 = arg (z) = 7t - a = n —
4 4
3;: . . 3ti
Hence, the polar form of z is r (cos 6 +1 sin 0) = V2 cos — +1 sm —
4 4 )

oww
BASED ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS)

EXAMPLE 8 For any complex number z, prove that | Re (z) | + [ Im (z) j < V21 z |.

ee
SOLUTION Letz=r (cos 0 + i sin 0).Then,| z| = r and arg (z) = 0.
Now,

FFrlo
r
Re (z) I +1 Im (z) I = | r cos 01 +1 r sin 01 = r ●{ | cos 01 +1 sin 0 [vr=|z|>0]

rF
ee
2

Re (z) I +
I Im (2) l| = r2 cos 01 + I sin 0 = 11 + [ 2 sin 0 cos 01
ouru
rF
= [sin2 0|| < (1 +1)
ffosor [v |sin2 0|<l]
os k
I Re(z)I + [Im(z)I < V2 r => | Re(z)| + |Im(z)| < V2[z|
EXAMPLE 9 Ifzandw are two complex number such that
\zw\ =1 and arg (z) - arg (id) =^, then show
ook
Yo
Y

that zw =-i. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

Bo

SOLUTION Let [z I = r and arg (z) = 0. Then, z = r (cos 0 + sin 0).

reeB

Now, \zw\ =1 and arg (z) -arg(i:i;)

oouY
ur

|2|lu?| =1 and arg(iy) =arg (2)-^ => \w\ =- and arg {w)=Q-^
ad
dY

ly =|zy| 1 cos (arg w) +j sin (arg w)}

1 (J cos (a0 —A +ism
■■ (a0 —^ 1 /
nidn

ly = - = - {sin 0-j cos 0} =- - (cos 0 + f sin 0)

2J 2)
Re

r r r

-r (cos 0-i sin 0) x - -r (cos 0 + / sin 0) = -i (cos^ 0 + sin^ 0) = -i.

F
Fi

zw

EXAMPLE 10 What is the locus of z, if amplitude of (z-2-3i) is

SOLUTION Letz = X +1y.Then, z-2-3i =(x + iy)-2-3f =(x-2)+ i(i/-3)

y-3
Let 0 be the amplitude of (x - 2) + i (y - 3). Then, tan 0 = x-2 . It is given that the argument of
7C
z-2-3i is—.
4

tan — = ●^ y-3
=> 1 = x-y + l=0, which is a straight line.
4 x-2 x-2

Hence, the locus of 2 is a straight line.

rz-i 71
EXAMPLE 11 Show that the complex number z, satisfying arg = — lies on a circle.
^z+lj 4
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
COMPLEX NUMBERS 12.43

SOLimON Letz = :t + zy.Then,

2-1 ^{x-l)+iy _(x-l) + iy^^ jx + l)-iy _{x^-l + /)-i-2iy
2+1 (x + l) + zy (3: + l) + iy (.t + l)-/y (^ + i)2 + y2
x^+y^-1 ● + z ●
2y
' (;c + l)2 + y2 (.v + l)2+y2
2-1 2y/(j: + l)^+y^ 2y
Let 0 be the argument of . Then, tan 0 =
2 +1
x^+y^-1
2-lV n

oww
7C
But, it is given that arg is — i.e. 0 = —.
2 + 1J 4 4
n
2y
tan- = - x'^+y'^-1 =2y => ;c^+y^-2y-l=0 => (;c-0)^+(y~1)^=(V2)^
4 x^+y^

e
which represents a circle.

FFrlo
re
EXAMPLE 12 If arg (z -1) =arg{z + 3i),thenfind{x -X): y,wherez =x + iy. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

ree
SOLUTION We have, 2 = ;c + iy.

F
2 -1 = (x -1) + iy and 2 + 3z = .r + i (y + 3)

rF
y y+ 3
Let 0j and 02 be the arguments of z -1 and z + 3i. Then, tan 0-^ = and tan 02 =
x-1 X

fsoor
ouur
It is given that arg (2 -1) = arg (2 + 3i) i.e. Oj = 02-
skf
tan 0j = tan 02
ooko

^ y _y+^ => 3x-y-3 = 0 => 3(x-l)=y=i> -=- => (:r~l):y=l:3

Yo

x~l y 3 ^
Y

x
Bo

EXAMPLE 13 If for complex numbers z^ and z^, arg {zi)-arg {z2) = 0, then show that
reB

|2i -Z2l = ||Zl|-|22l- [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

SOLUTION Let|z| = ri and] Z2 | =r2- It is given that arg (zi)-arg (22) = 0

uur
oY
ad

I.e.
arg (21) = arg (22) = 0 (say)
Zi = r-i (cos 0 + i sin 0) and 22 = r2 (cos 0 + z sin 0)
dY

^l“^2 "(^1 “^2) cos0 + i(ri-r2) sin0

innd

|zi-Z2l^ ={ri~r2)^ cos^0 + (ri-r2)^ sin^0 ={ri-r2)^ (cos^0+ sin^0) = (ri-r2)^

Re

|zi-Z2|=|ri-r2| => |2i-22l=||2il-|22l

Fi
F

EXAMPLE 14 If z, Zj and 22 are complex numbers, prove that:

(i) arg (z) = - arg (2). In general, arg (^ = 2m: - arg (2) (ii) arg (zj 22) = arg (zj) + arg (22)

(iii) arg (zj Z2) = arg (zj) - arg (Z2) (iv) arg ^ = arg (z^) - arg (22)
.Z2

SOLUTION (i) Let 2 = r (cos 0 +1 sin 0) be the polar form of z. Then, 121 = r and arg (2) = 0.
Now, 2 = r (cos 0 z + z sin 0)
2 = r (cos 0 - z sin 0) = r {cos (- 0) + z sin (- 0)} => [ z | == r and arg (^ = - 0
Since cos 0 and sin 0 are periodic functions with period 2zl Therefore, in general
arg (T) = 2m: - arg (z)
(ii) Letzj =rj (cos + z sin 0^) and Z2~^2 ®2 + * ®2) complex numbers in their
polar forms. Then,
 12.44 MATHEMATICS-XI

12i 1 =ri, 122 I =r2, arg (zj) = Qi and arg (22) = 62

2i 22 =r-[ (cos 01 + i sin e^) x T2 (cos 02 + i sin ©2)
2i 22 = Tj V2 {(cos 0j cos @2 - sin 0^ sin @2) + i (sin 0j cos @2 + cos 0^ sin 62)}
2i 22 = rj V2 {cos (0j + @2) + i sin (O^ + 02)}
I Zi 22 I = rj V2 and, arg (2^ 22) = Oj + @2
i Zi Z2 I =j zi 11Z2 I and arg (z^ Z2) = arg (z^) + arg (Z2)
REMARK It follows from the above result that
\ 2i 22 ^ I =1 11 ^2 I -|■^ I and, arg (zj Z2 ... z„) = arg (z{) + arg (22) + .... + arg (4,)
Replacing z^, Z2, Z3,..., ^ by z, we obtain: 12” | = 121" and arg (z”) = n arg (2)
(iii) LetZi =rj (cos 0j + i sin Qf) and, 22 =r2 (cos 02 + i sin 02). Then,

ww
22 = ^2 (cos 02 - i sin ©2) = r2 (cos (- ©2) + i sin (- 02)}
2i Z2 =ri r2 [cos |0i + (- ^2)} + * sin |0i + (- 03)}] [Using (ti)]

FF loo
2j Z2 =Vi r2 (cos (0j - 02^ + i sin (0j - ©2)}
arg (zi 22) = 0i - ©2 = (zi) - arg (Z2)

ree
(iv) Let Zi =fi (cos Oj + i sin 0j) andz2 =^2 (cos ©2 + i sin ©2). Then,
I I =ri, I Z2 I =r2, arg (z^) = 0j and arg (22) = ©2

Fe
Zi rj (cos ©1 + i sin ©j) _ (cos ©j + i sin 0j) ^ (cos ©2 - i sin ©2)
Frre
r ur
22 r2 (cos ©2 + i sin ©2) r2 (cos ©2 + i sin ©2) (cos ©2 - i sin ©2)
fforo
Zi _ ri (cos ©1 cos ©2 + Sin ©1 sin ©2) + i (sin ©j cos ©2 - cos ©j sin ©2)
ks
=>

22 ^2 ^ ©2 + sin^ ©2
YYouo

cos
okoso

I cos (©i - ©2)+i sin (©i-©2)| => arg -L = 0i - ©2 = arg (Zi) - arg (22)0
eeBBo

22 T2 22

EXAMPLE 15 Let 2j = r-i (cos ©1 + i sin ©j) and Z2 = T2 (cos ©2 + i sin ©2) be two complex numbers.
r

Then, prove that

ad
ouur

(i) I zj 4-Z2 1^ + r/ + 2 r^ T2 cos (©^ - ©2)

Yo

or. 12i + 22 1^ =1 Zi +1Z2 1^ + 21 zi IIZ2 I cos (©1 - ©2)

d
Re
idnY

(ii) I Zj -221^ = + r/ - 2ri r2 cos (©1 - ©2)

FFin

or. i -^21^ =12i 1^ +122 1^ -2| 11221 cos(©1 - ©2)

SOLUTION We have, = r-^ cos ©i + i sin ©1 and, 22 =r2 (cos ©2 + i sin ©2)
I zi I = fl, I 22 I = r2 , arg (zj) = ©i and arg (22) = ©2
(i) Zi + Z2 = (ri cos ©i + r2 cos ©2) + i {ri sin ©1 + T2 sin ©2)
n

I Zi +22 r =(ri cos ©i + r2 cos ©2) + (ri sin ©i + r2 sin ©2)

I21+22I -Tj +r2 + 2rir2 cos(©1 -©2)

I Zi + Z2 1^ = I Zi |2 +1Z2 1^ + 21 Zi IIZ2 I cos (©i - ©2)
(ii) Zi - Z2 = (ri cos ©i - r2 cos ©2) + i (rj sin ©1 - r2 sin ©2)
I ^1 ~^2 I “(^1 cos ©i -r2 cos ©2) + (ri sin ©i -V2 sin ©2)
2 2 2
1^1 “^2 I ■'■^2 “2ri r2 cos (©i - ©2)
COMPLEX NUMBERS 12.45

2l-Z2|^=|zi|2+|z2|^-2|Zi||Z2|C0S(9i-e2)
EXAMPLE 16 For any two complex numbers Zj and Z2 , prove that:
(i) IZ1+Z2I = I21-Z2I arg (z;^) - arg (Z2) = — o — is purely imaginary.
2 Z2

(ii) I 2i + Z2 I = I 2i 11 22 I <=> arg (zj) = arg (Z2) ~ is purely real.

22
2l
(iii) izi+zjl^ = |z^|2+[z2|^ o
is purely imaginary
22
SOLLJTION Let Zj = rj (cos Gj + j sin 22 =T2 (cos 82 + / sin 02). Then, | Zj [ =rj , | Z2 | =r2.
arg(zi)=0i and arg (22) =82-

ww
(i) We have.
121+22 I = 121-22 I
<=>
121+22!^ = 121-22!^

Flo
^ + T2 ^ + 2rj r2 cos (0i - 82) = rj ^ ^ - 2r^ r2 cos (0i - 82)
<=>

e
4riT2 cos (01 -82) =0

rere
cos (81 -82) =0

r FF
O'
01-02 = j i-e- arg (2i) - arg (23) = ^
uurr
/

2l
>,
K
foor / \

o
arg
2
V arg -L =arg (zi)-arg (22)
22
kss
Yoo

2l
ooook

o
— is purely imaginary.
22
eBB

(ii) We have,
I 2l + 22 I = I 2i I + [ 22 I
121+22!^ = (ri+r2)^
uurr

o
[v |2il=ri and|22|=r2]
ad

^ + r2 ^ + 2 ri ^2 cos (0i - 82) = ^ + r2 ^ + 2 ri r2

Yo

cos (01 - 82) =1

dY

o
0^-02 =0 i.e. arg (zj) - arg (23) = 0 or, arg (21) = arg (23)
Re
innd

r \ f \
2l = 0 2l
o arg V arg = arg (zi) - arg (23)
Fi

(.22 .22
2l
O
— is purely real
22
(iii) We have,
|Zi+Z2|^ = |2l|^+|23|2
.rj ^ ^ + 2r^ r2 cos (0i - 63) = ^ + Z2
2
O

o
2ri r2 cos (9i - 83) = 0
o
cos (81 -82) = 0
o
01-02 = -
^ ^ 2
\ / .
2l _ ^ '
O arg
2
V arg ^ = arg (2i) - arg (23) = 01 - 02
122 v22 )
 12.46 MATHEMATICS-XI

2l
is purely imaginary.
22

EXAMPLE 17 For any two complex numbers Zi andz2, prove the following triangle inequalities:
(i) \Zi+Z2\<\z^\+\Z2\ (ii) |zi-Z2|5|2il+|22|
(iii)i2i+22|>|zi|-]z2| (iv) |2i-22|>|zi|-|z2[
SOLUTION (i) We have,
I 21 + Z2 1^ =1 ^11^+1 ^2 1^+21 I i 22 I cos (01-02), where 0j = arg (zj) and @2 = arg (22).
cos (01 -02)^1

oww
=> 21 Zi 11 Z2 I cos (01 - 02) < 2 I 2i 11 22 I [Multiplying both sides by 2 jzi| |Z2|]
=> I Zi 1^ +1 22 1^ + 2 I 2i 11 22 I cos (01 - 02) < I 2i P + I Z2 1^ + 2 I 2l 11 22 I
7 f ?
IZ1+22I < [21I+IZ2I ^ I Zi+Z2 I <1 2i I+|Z2 I

e
re
FFrlo
(ii) We have,

rF
I 21-22!^ = |Zi|^+|22|^-2|2i||Z2|cos(0i-02)

ee
-1 < COS (01 -02)

rF
ouru
-1 < - cos (01 - 02) 51
-cos (01 - ©2) 51 ffosor
os k
-2|2i|i22|cos(0i-02)<2|zi||z2|
I 2l 1^ + I 22 1^ - 2 I Zi 11 22 1 cos (01 - 02) 5] Zi 1^ +1 22 1^ + 2 I 2i 11 22 I
ook
Yo
Y

a2
I 21-22 1^5 [\z-i\+\Z2\ => |2i-22|5|2i| + | Z2 |
Bo
reeB

(iii) We have,
ooY

I 21+22!^ = !zi|2+|22|^ + 2|2i||z2|cos(0i-02)

uur
ad

-1 < COS (01 - ©2) 51

dY

cos (01 -©2) ^-1

2I21II22I COS(01 -02) >-2|Zi|l22|
nind
Re

I Zi + I 22 + 2 I 2i 11 22 i cos (01 - ©2) £ I 2l 1^ + I 22 1^ - 21 Zi I I 22 [

F
Fi

f n2
|2i+22|^> V |Zi|-|Z2| / => [2i+22|>|Zi|-|Z2|
(iv) We have,

I 21-22!^ = |2ll^+|22l^-2iZi||z2| COS(0i-02)

-1 < cos (01 - ©2) 51
cos (©1 - @2) 5l
- cos(©1 - ©2) ^-1
- 2 I 2i I I 22 I cos (01 - ©2) > - 2 I Zi I I 22 I
=> |2il^+|Z2|^~2|2i||z2|cOS(0i-02)S|Zil2+|22|^-2|Zi||Z2|
7 (
|2i-22r> I 2i I-I 22 I =>|Zi-Z2| >|2i|-|22|
 12.47
COMPLEX NUMBERS

EXAMPLE 18 //Zr = COS + / sin , r = 1, 2, 3,prowe Zj 22 23 ... ,z CO

= i.

13'' \ 3

SOLUTION We know that, =r-^ (cos 9i + i sin 0i),Z2 =r2 (cos ©2 sin 62),... are complex
numbers, then
2^22 Z3 ...^ =ri r2 T3 ... r„ {cos (©j + 82 +... + 6,t) + i sin (Bj + 82 +... + 8„))
K n
Here, Zy = cos — + i sin — , r = 1, 2, 3,...
3'' 3''
K
I I 2 ^ ●
1^1= cos — + sm — =1, r =1, 2, 3,... and, arg (4) =-^,
3''
r =1, 2, 3,...
3'" 3"
7C n n K n Tt n K
+ +... + j sin ■ + ... + —
2i 22 23...Z„=COS
3 3" ■ 33 3" 3 3^ ' 3^ 3"

looww
K 1 K
- 1-
1 ^
= cos ●
3^ 3". + / sin
3>v 3" = cos
7U
11 1 'll> +1 sm ( ● ● I 7t
1 -—

1-
2V 3” 21 3"j
1-
3; 3)

ree
..Ik 1 ^
1__
Hence, Zi 27 23 ...2» = lim (zi 22 23 ... z„) = n->oo
Um cos
2V 3"
+ ism< —
2(. 3
n
M->oo

ree F
7t
= cos — +1 sm — = i
TC
r FF lim — =0
1
n
2 2 n->oo 3
fofroF
u
EXAMPLE 19 If Xn= COS i sin proutJ that Xi ^2 X3 ... 3: = -l.
ks
00
kos o

SOLUTION We find that

YYouor

\ r
f K . . 71 n n Tl n K n
BBoo

cos +1 sm .. cos h I sm —
^2 ● ● ● ^ ” cos — +« sm — cos +1 sm —^
2 2J\ 2^ 22 y V 2^ 23 J- 2” 2"
r ee

7C 71 7X 7C 7t TC 71 rc
+1 sm — + + ... + —
= cos - + ^ + ^ + ... + —
2 2^ 2^ 2"
ouru

2” 2
ad
Yo

7C 1 TC 1 M
1 - 1 -—
21 2”
Til . i-Tll
/
21. 2” = cos TC 1 - +1 sm
+ / sm
d

= cos
n 2"
Re

1 2” y. /.
1 - - 1--
inY

2) 2J
FFind

01 ● ● TC 1 -
1 ^
XiX2X^...x^= lim {XiX2X2...x,,)= f J lim
-> eo
H->eo
cos (I tc V 1- —
—
z y
> + ]sm
. ^ 2 /
n

= cos TC + i sin tc = -1

EXAMPLE 20 Letziandz2bet'wocomplexnumberssuchthatZi + iz2 =0 andarg{ziZ2) = n.Then,find

arg{zf}. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION It is given that
f- \ f
Zi +1 Z2 = 0 => 2 ^ = -1 Z 2 "1 -7 22 [Taking conjugate of both sides]
y V

=> Zi=iZ2

=> Z2 = - i 2i => arg (22) = arg (-1 Zj) => arg (22) = arg (-i) + arg (zj) => arg (22) (^l)
 12.48 MATHEMATICS-XI

It is also given that

arg (zi Z2) = n=> arg (zj) + arg (Z2) = n => arg (zj) ~ + arg (zj) = n [Using (i)]
A / \ 3^ , . 37t
=> 2 arg (zj) = y => arg (Zj) = —
71
EXAMPLE 21 If Z| and both satisfy z+ z =21 z-1
and arg (21-22)=^'
Im (zj +22). [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION LetZ] =x-^+iy and 22 =^2 +/j/2-It is given that 22 andz2 satisfy 2 + z =2|z -11.
Zi + Zj -2|22-1| and Z2 + Z2 =2|z2-11
2X| = 21 (at2 -1) + / yi I and 2.1:2 = ^ | (^2 -1) + i 1/2

ww
=>
^1 = and X2 = ^{z2-l)^+y2^
.:i2=(z2-l)2+yi2 and ^2^ =(^2-1)^+ 1/2^

Flo
2xi=l+y22 ...(i) and 2.T2 = 1 +

e
-(ii)

ree
2(xi-Z2)=yi2-y2^ [Subtracting (ii) from (i)]

FFr
^ 2 ^1::^ =yi+y2 ...(hi)
uurr
Ui-y2
orr
sfo
Now, 2| =^2 +iy2 and Z2 =Z2 + /y2 => 22-22 =(x2-X2) + i(y2-y2)
It is given that arg (22 -22) = Therefore,
kks
Yo
oooo

tan^ = Ml ^ ^ ...(iv)
4 .Y2-^:2 21-22 yi-y2
eB

From (iii) and (iv), we obtain: 2 = y2 + y2 ^ Im (22 +22) = 2.

EXAMPLE 22 If a complex number z lies in the interior or on the boundary of a circle of radius 3 units and
urr

centre (-4,0),find the greatest and least values o/|z +1|. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
ad
YYo

SOLUTION Let C (-4, 0) be the centre of a circle of radius 3 units and P(z) be a point in the
interior or on the boundary of the circle. Then,
dd

CP^3=> |2-(-4 + 00|5 3 => |z + 4|£3 ●●■(i)

Re
inn

Now, ●C(-4,0)
F

|2 + 1| =|z + 4-3| ^ |z + 4| +|-3| [V |2l+22l^|2ll+|22l]

=> |2 + l|^3 + 3 = 6 [Using (i)]
So, the greatest value of |z +1| is 6. Fig. 12.8

We know that the modulus of any complex number is greater than or equal to zero. Therefore,
|2 + 1|^0 forallz.
So, the least value of |z +1| is 0.
EXAMPLE23 Locate the pointsfor which 3 <|2| <4. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION Let 2 = 2 + iy. Then, 121 = ■Jx'^ + y^.
Now

3 <|z| <4
COMPLEX NUMBERS

o 9 <|z|^ <16 o 9<3:^ + y^ <16 <=> 9<x^ + y^ andz^ + y^ <16

Clearly, + y^ > 9 represents the exterior of the circle + y^ = 9 and
x^ + y^<16 represents the interior of the circle A:^ + y^=16. Hence,
9<x^ + y^<16 represents the shaded portion between the circles
+ y^ = 9 and +y^ -16 i.e. the circular annulus.
EXERCISE 12.4

BASIC

1. Find the modulus and argument of the following complex numbers and hence express each
of them in the polar form:

ww
(i) 1+i (ii)V3+i [NCERTl (iii) 1-i [NCERTl
1 -i 1 l + 2i
(iv) (V) (Vi)
1 + i 1 + i 1 -3i

Floo
-16
(vii) sin 120°-f cos 120® (viii) [NCERTl
1 + /

re e
2. Write (i^) ^ in polar form. INCHRT EXEMPLAR)

rFee
BASED ON HOTS

F
3. Express the following complex numbers in the form r(cos 0 + i sin 0): oor r
rur
(i) 1 +1 tan a (ii) tan a - i
s ff
1-i
(iii) 1 - sin a + i cos a (iv) n It
osk

cos -- +i sin -
YYoou

3 3
oook

[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
eBB

4. Ifzj andz2 are two complex numbers such that] Zjl =| Z21 (^l) "*■ (^2) “
showthatz^ =-z..2- [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
r

5. If z^,Z2 andz3,24 are two pairs of conjugate complex numbers, prove that
ouur
ad

/ N / \
Zi 2o
[NCERT EXEMPLAR!
Yo

arg ^ +arg = 0.
123
dY

+ i 1 - cos ^ in polar form.

71
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
Re

6. Express sin -
idn
FFin

ANSWERS

1. (i) V2 (cos 7c/4 +1 sin tc/4) (ii) 2 (cos 71/6 + f sin tc/6)
(iii) V2 (cos 7t/4 - i sin tc/4) (iv) (cos n/2-t sin k/2)
(v) (cos ti/4 -/ sin tc/4) (vi) (cos 3 7c/4 + 7 sin 3 tc/4)
V2 V2
TC TC 2tc . . 2tc^
(vii) cos — + 7 sin — (viii) 8 cos — + 1 sm —
6 6 V 3 3 /
TC TC
2. cos -7 sm —
2 2
TC
sec a (cos a + 7 sin a). 0<a-
2
3. (i) 1+7' tan a = -
-sec a lcos(a-Tc)+7 sin (a-Tc) 1, ^<a<ii
12.50 MATHEMATICS-XI

n n K
sec a cos a — +zsm a — 0 < a <
2J 2) ' 2
(ii) tan a ~i ~
71 K n
-sec a cos — + a + z sm — + a — < a < 7c
2 ' 2

V2
a a 7t a . . (n a 7t
cos — sin — cos + +1 sm — + — if 0 <a< —
2 2) U 2 U 2 2
a a a a 3jt 3ti
(iii) (1-sin a) + z cos a = -V2 cos — sm — cos — + z sin <a< —
2 2) K2 4 U"T 2 2
a a a 3n a 37t' 37T
-V2 cos — sm — cos +1 sm y if ~ <a<2n
2 2) u"T U"T.
1-i 7k . . 7k
(iv) = V2

ww
cos zsm —
Ti: K
cos —+ zsm —
12 12
3 3
71 K K
6. 2 sin — cos — + i sin —

Flo
10 10 lOj

e
HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

rere
r FF
1. (ii) Letz = V3 + z.Then, |z| -J(-/3)^ + (1)^ =2. Let 0 be the argument of z and a be the
Im(z)|
. Then, tan a = -^
n
uurr
acute angle given by tan a =
for Re (z) I V3
^ a = —.
6
K
Clearly, z lies in the first quadrant. So, arg (z)
kss
= a = —
6
Yoo
ooook

(iii) Let z = 1 -z. Then, |z| =-\|l^+(-l)^ =V2. Let a be the acute angle given by
(z) I -1|
eBB

i ^
tan a = ●. Then, tan a = =1 a = —.
Re(z)| 1 4
7C
uurr

Clearly, z lies in the fourth quadrant. Therefore, arg (z) = - a = -

4
ad
Yo

-16 -16(1-zV3) -16 (l-zV3)

(viii) Letz = = - 4 + 4z V3. Then,
1+/V3 “(l+zV^)(l-zV3) “
dY

1 + 3
Re
innd

|z| = ^16 + 48 = 8
Fi

Im (z) I |473| K
Let a the acute angle given by tan a = ●. Then, tan a = = J3 a = —

Re(z)| |-4| 3

7C 2 7C
Clearly, z lies in the second quadrant. Therefore, arg (z) = 7t a = 7t —
3 3

3. (i) Let z = 1 + z tan a. Clearly, z is meaningful

for a ^ (2n -1) ^ , n e Z. Also, tan a is a
periodic function with period jt. So, let us take a lying in the interval [0, k/2) u {k/2, tc].
Following cases arise:
Case I When a e [0, tc/2): We have, z = 1 + z tan a

|z( =-Jl + tan^ a =-^sec^

71
a = sec a = sec a — < a < 7C sec a < 0
2
Im (z) I
Let p be an acute angle given by tan p = ●. Then, tan P -1 tan a | = tan a => p = a.
Re(z)|
COMPLEX NUMBERS 12.51

As z is represented by a point lying in first quadrant. Therefore, arg (z) = p = a.

So, the polar form of z is sec a (cos a +1 sin a)
Case n When a e (ti/2, 7t]: We have, z = 1 +1 tan a

\z\=-yjl + tan^ a =1 sec a I = -

n
sec a V — < a <71 .’.sec a <0
2

|Im(z)|
Let p be an acute angle given by tan p = ●.Then,
|Re(z)|
tan p=| tan a| =-tan a [v a€(7t/2,7l)]
=> tanp = tan(tc-u) => P = 7t-a

ww
We observe that z is represented by a point in fourth quadrant.
arg(z) =-p = a-7L
Thus, z in polar form is - sec a {cos (a - tc) + i sin (a - ;t)}.

Flo
(ii) Let z = tan a -i. Since tan a is periodic with period n. So, let us take

e
a e[0, 7i/2)vj(ti/2,7i].

ere
Case I When a e [0, n/2): We have, z = tan a -z

FFr
I z I = -Jtan^ a +1 = | sec a | = sec a
uurr
Let p be the acute angle given by tan P =
|Im(z)|
orr
.Then,
sfo
|Re(z)|
1 fn ^
kks
tan p = ,
|tana|
-=| cotal =cota = tan
U “J=l’ = 2-“
Yo
oooo

Clearly, Re (z) > 0 and Im (z) < 0. So, z lies in the fourth quadrant. Therefore,
eBB

arg(z) =-p = a
2
.Thus,zinpolarformisgivenbyz=seca cos
. [ \
a-^2J +ism \ a-^2J][
urr

Case n When a e (tc/2 , ti] : we have, z = tana-z=>|z| = ■^/tan^"or+T =| sec a | = -sec a

ad
YYo

|Im(z)| .Then,
Let p be the acute angle given by tan p =
|Re(z)|
dd
Re
inn

tan p =;—-—- =1 cot a I = -cota = tan a — =>p = a —

|tana| ' ^ 2; 2
F

Clearly, Re (z) < 0 and Im (z) < 0. So,z lies in third quadrant. Therefore,arg (z) = tc+p = ^ + a
{^71 ^
cos - + a
\2 ;
+ z sin
fn
— + a

(iii) Letz = (1 - sin a) + z cos a. Since sine and cosine functions are periodic functions with
period 27t So, let us take a lying in the interval [0, 2tc].
Now,z = 1 - sin a + z cos a
n2
a . a
=> |z| =-J(l -sin a)^ + cos^ a =^2-2 sin a =V2 ^1 -sin a = 42 \
cos
2
sm —
2)
a . a
=> |z| =42 cos
2
sm —
2
12.52 MATHEMATICS-XI

|Im(2)|
Let p be the acute angle given by tan p = -.Then,
|Re(z)i

2 OL . 2Ct a a
cos sm — cos + sin—
cos a cos a 2 2 2 2
tan p = \2
11 -sin a I 1-sina a . a cos
a ,
sm—
a
cos sm—
2 2
2 2J
a
1 + tan—
2 ^ n a'\
=> tan P = = tan —+ —
a
U 2j

oww
1-tan —
2

Following cases arise:

Case I When 0 < a < —: In this case, we have cos — > sin — and — + — e —, —
2 2 2 4 2 [4 2j

e
rFFlo
\z\=M cos 2
\

and, tan P = tan U

f— + —2 f 7t Q 7C

re
a a a
sin j
2j 4 2

ree
/

F
7C Ot
Clearly, z lies in die first quadrant. Therefore, arg (z) = — + —.

rF
c a . f (n
Hence, the polar form of z is V2 fsfoor
ouur
2 2jl U 2) ^.4 1)
kosk
% 37t T J.U- u a . a , gi a (n 'l
Casell When — <a < : In this case, we have cos — < sm — and — + — e , It
2 2 4 2 l2
«
2 2 j
Yo
oo

a .a'
Y

|z|=V2 cos —-sin —2 =-V2

BB

cos sm —
2 2 2J
fn
/
fSn
rre

71 a 7t 3ii g
and,tanp=tan —+ — =-tan - + — =tan-ljt- — + = tan =>P =
U 2, U 2j 1 '.4 2J L 4 2; T 2
oYuu
ad

Since l-sina>0 and cosa<0. So, z lies m fourth quadrant. Therefore,

a 3tc
dY

arg(z) = -p =
2 4
f /
innd

a . a
Hence, the polar form of z is - V2
Re

cos sm — cos + isin

2 2 U 4, .2 4>
Fi
F

3ti
Case in When < a < 2jc In this case, we have
2
a .a .(Tt 5tc1
cos — < sm — and — + — e ,—
2 2 2; I 4J
a
I z I = V2 cos — - sin —2 = - V2 cos sin —
2 2 2;

and,tanp= tanf—+
U 2\
— =tanf—+
U 2)
—l = -tan-\ Ji-f—+
U 2)
— = tan
.2 4 ,
=> P = ^
a
2
3tc
T
Clearly, Re (z) < 0 and Ln (z) > 0. So, z lies in the first quadrant. Therefore,
, . „ a 3ti
arg(z)=P = -—^
(!-t|
/
a a
Hence, the polar form of z is - >/2 cos
2
sin —
2
cos + ism
V .2 4 ,
COMPLEX NUMBERS 12.53

1-i a/2 (cos 7c/4 -f sin tc/4)

(iv) Let 2 = K
cos — +1 sin —
K
(cos Ji/3+ i sin ji/3)
3 3

7C
cos + i Sin

^ z = V2 4j cos
7C 71
+ 7 sm
71 n

7t 71 4 3 4 3
COS — +1 sin —
3 3

=> z~4i cos

( 7tC\ +7. sm
. 7ti

12 12

ALITER We have, z = £l , where

71 K

ww
= 1 -7 and z^ = cos — + i sin —.
^2 3 3

n n \ , n . . n

Now, Zj = 1 -7 = V2 I cos 4J I 4j| ^

+ 7 sin
3
— > and z^ = cos — +1 sm —
3

Flo
e
=> I ZjI = V2 and 01 = arg (zj) = - ^, | 23! = 1, 02 = arg (22) =

eree
7n 7k

FFr
{cos (0j -62) (61 "92)1 “ cos + 7 sm

^2 1^21 12 12
uurr
4. Let Zi = ri (cos 0i + 7 sin 0i) and 22 = 72 (cos 02 + i sin 02). Then,
orr
sfo
12j I = ri, arg (zj) = 0j, 123 | = 02 and arg (22) = 02
It is given that
kks
Yoo

I22I =|2i| and arg(zi) +arg (22) = ri = r2 and 0i + 02 =tc=> t'i = 7'2 and 0i = ti-02
oooo

2i = ri (cos ©i + 7 sin ©i)

eBB

=> 2i =72 (cos(Tt-02) + 7 sin (71-02)1 =72 (- COS©2 + 7sin©2) = -72 (cos©2 -7sin©2) = ~
5. Let arg (21) = ©i and arg (23) = ©2
urr

It is given that 22 = 2. and 24 = z .. Therefore, arg (22) = - ©i and arg (24) = - ©2

ad

/
YYo

22
Hence, arg ^ +arg = arg (zj) - arg (24) + arg (22) - arg (23) = ©i + ©2-©i-62 = 0.
24 ^23.
dd

n n n K n K K
6. Let 2 = sin — + 7 1 - cos — = 2 sin — cos — + 2 7 sin — = 2 sin
Re

cos — + 7 sm —
inn

5 5J 10 10 10 10 10 10
F

n n
Clearly, z is the polar form with 121 = 2 sin —
10
and arg (2) = —.

FILL IN THE BLANKS TYPE QUESTIONS (FBQs)

1. The principal value of the argument of the complex number 1 - 7 is

2. The polar form of (7^®)^ is ...
3. The value of -J-25 x is.
(1-7-)^
4. The complex number in polar form is
1-73
9 1
5. The sum of the series 7 + 7 +7 + upto 1000 terms is
6. The multiplicative inverse of (1 + 7) is
5tc
7. If 121 = 4 and arg (2) = — , then 2 =
6
12.54 MATHEMATICS-XI

ll
8. Ifzi and Z2 are two complex numbers such thatZ;^ + Z2 is a real number, thenz2 =
9. For any non-zero complex number z, arg (z) + arg (z) =

f
10. If I z + 41 < 3, then the greatest and least values of | z + 11 are and

u
{ Tt
11. The modulus and argument of sin —+ i 1-cos— are and
5 I, 5

i
respectively.
12. If Z-2 _ 7C then the locus of z is
z + 2 ~6'
13. If I z + 2i I = I z - 2z I, then the locus of z is
14. If I z + 21 =1 z - 21, then the locus of z is

ow
15. If z = -1 + V^, then arg (z) =
16. If a: < 0 is a real number, then arg (a:) =
17. The real value of 'a' for which 3f'^ - lai + (1 - a) i + 5 is real is
F

18. If I z I = 2 and arg(z) =-^, then z =

ee
re
rF
Fr
4n-3
19. The value of (-V^) ,wherensN, is
Yo

n .
20. The locus of z satisfying arg (z) = — for IS
3
1-i.
ou
21. The conjugate of the complex number IS
1+i
ks

22. If(2 + i)(2 + 20(2+30 {2+ni) =x + iy, then5.8.13...(4 + w^) =

oo

23. If the point representing a complex number lies in the third quadrant, then the point
Y
eB

representing its conjugate lies in the

24. The multipKcation of a non-zero complex number by i rotates it through
in the anti-clockwise direction.
ou
ad

25. The complex number COS0+2sin0 be zero for any 0.

26. Theargumentof thecomplexnumber(-l+Z-/3) (1 H-z) (cos0 + /sin0) is
27. If a complex number coincides with its conjugate, then it lies on
nd
Re

28. The points representing the complex number z for which | z -1-11 < | z -11 lie on the left side
of
Fi

29. If three complex numbers 21,22 andz3 are in A.P., then points representing them lie
on

.-1097 ,
30. The principal argument of i IS

An+l An-1
i -1
31. The value of is
2

32. If Zi = Vs + zVs and Z2 = VS + i, then the point representing — lies in

33. If 0 < arg (z) < n, then arg (z) - arg (- z) =

0 I I
34. For any two complex numbersZi, Z2 and any real numbers a, b, | azi-IZZ2I -1-1 bzi + AZ2 | =

35. Let Zi and Z2 be two complex numbers such that [zi+ 22 |=lzi|+| Z21, then
arg (zi) - arg (Z2) =
COMPLEX NUMBERS 12.55

36. Let 2^ and 22 be two complex numbers such that i 2i + Z21 “ I ^1 “ ^21'
arg (21) - arg (22) =
(z ]
37. If 12i| = [ 22 I and arg — =n, then 2j + 22 =
.22

ANSWERS

-n n n
1. -- 2. cos—ism — 3. -15 4. 2 (cos n + i sin tc)
4 2 2

5. 0 6. i-- 7. -2V3 + 2i 8. 2i
2 ● 2

ww
9. 2«Tt,« e Z 10. 6 and 0 11. 2sm —,— 12. circle
10 10

13. perpendicular bisector of the segment joining (0, -2) and (0, 2)

Flo
2ti
14. perpendicular bisector of the segment joining (-2, 0) and (2, 0) 15. —

e
3

eree
16. 71 17. -2 18. V2(l+0 19. -i

20. y = VSx in the first quadrant except the origin

FFr
21. i
2 2
uurr
22. 23. Second quadrant 24. a right angle 25. cannot be

26.
llir
+ 0 27. x-axis
orr
28. i/-axis 29. a straight line
sfo
12
71
32. first quadrant
kks
30. - 31. i 33. n
Yoo

2
oooo

71
34. (fl^+b^)(|zi|^+|z2|^) 35. 0 36. - 37. 0
eBB

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (VSAQs)

urr

Answer each of the following questions in one word or one sentence or as per exact requirement of the
ad
YYo

question:
1. Write the values of the square root of i.
dd

2. Write the values of the square root of - i.

Re
inn

a + ib
3. Ifx + iy = then write the value of (x^ + 1/^)^.
F

y c + id '
4. If 7T < 0 < 2tu and z = 1 + cos 0 + i sin 0, then write the value of jz|.
An + 1 ;4n -1
I -I

5. If n is any positive integer, write the value of 2

.-592 . .590 . 388 . .586 . 584
2 +1 + I +1 +1
6. Write the value of
582 580 574 ●
I + 2

7. Write 1 - 2 in polar form.

8. Write -1 + 2 V3 in polar form.
9. Write the argument of - 2. [NCERTl
.\n
1 + i
10. Write the least positive integral value of n for which is real.
1 -2
12.56 MATHEMATICS-XI

11, Find the principal argument of (1 +i V3)^.

5 71
12. Find2,if|2| = 4andarg(2)=—.
6

13. If 12 -5i I = 12 + 5i I, then find the locus of z.

14. If = x + iy, find the value of + y^.
2a -i

15. Write the value of V-25 x

16. Write the sum of the series i + 1^+1^ + ... upto 1000 terms.
17. Write the value of arg (2) + arg (2).
18. If 12 -f 41 < 3, then find the greatest and least values of 12 +11.
19. For any two complex numbers and 22 and any two real numbers a, b, find the value of

w
\az-[ -bz2 I +1 az2 +bzi \ .
2-1
20. Write the conjugate of

Flo
d-20^'
.●« + 1 . :«+ 2 . jH + 3

reeee
21. If 71 6 N, then find the value of i” + i + l + l

22. Find the real value of a for which 3P - 2ar +(1 - a) / + 5 is real.

FFr
23. If I z| = 2 and arg (z) =^, findz. for
ur
24. Write the argument of (1 + a/3) (1 + i) (cos 0 +1 sin 0).
kkss

ANSWERS
Yo
oo

1 1 0
1. ± (1 + 0 2. ± (1-0 3. 4.-2 cos -
V2 V2 2
eB

5. I 6. -2 7. V2 ' 7t
cos — I sm —
71

4 4j
r
ou
ad

27t . . 2ti 3tc 7C 27t

8. cos K 7 sm — 9. — or — 10. 2 11. —
3 3 2 2 3
YY

12. -2a/3 + 2i 13. Real axis 14.

{a^ + lf 15. -15
ndd

4fl^ +1
Re

16. 0 17. 0 18. 6 and 0

Fi

19. (fl2+&2)C|2i|2+|z2|^) 20. -

25 25*
21. 0

7k
22. a = 2 23. a/2 (1+0 24. —+0
12

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQs)

Mark the correct alternative in each of the following:

1. The value of (1 + i) (1 + i^) (1 + i^) (1 + i^) is
(a) 2 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 7
3 + 2i sin 0
2. If is a real number and 0 < 0 < 271, then 0 =
1 - 2i sin 0

(a) K
(b) f (Of (d) f6
COMPLEX NUMBERS 12.57

3. If (1 + i) {1 + 2 0 (1 + 3 0... (1 + « 0 = then 2 x 5 x 10 x .... x (1 + r?) is equal to

(a) +b^ (b) yja^ -\P- (c) (d)fl2_?;2 (e)fl + b
4. If +ib = x + iy, itien possible value of -ib is
(a) x'^ + y^ (b) yjx^+y^ (c) x + iy id) x-iy (e) ^x^ -y^
n n
5. If 2 = cos — + i sin —, then
4 6

(a) \ z\ = l,arg{z)=j4 (b)|z| = l,arg(z)=^

(c) |z| = ^'arg(z)=^ (d)|z| = ^,arg(z)=tan
-1 1
V2
6. The polar form of (i^) ^ is

w
(a) cos ^ +1 sin ^ (b) cos 7t + z sin n (c) cos n-i sin n (d) cos^-zsin^
n

7. If

Flo
= -1, then the sum i + +... upto 1000 terms is equal to

e
rree
{a)l (b) -1 (c) z (d) 0
_2

r FF
8. If z = 1 + zV 3
:~j=, then the value of arg(2) is
2 n
uurr
(d)i4
(a) 71
(b)f <■=>-3
for
1 + a
kss
9. If fl = cos 0 + z sin 0, then
1 -a
ooook
Yo

0 0 0
(a) cot- (b) cotO (c) z cot - (d) I tan-
eB

10. If(1 + z)(1 + 2z)(1 + 3z) (1 +ni)=a + ib,then 2.5.10.17 ,.(i+«^) =

(a) a-ib (b) _i,2 (c) (d) noneoftiiese
urr
ad
Yo

9 9
11. If = X + zy, then x +y is equal to
2a -i
dY

(a) (b)
(a + lf (c) (d) none of these
Re
innd

4fl^ +1 4fl^ + 1 (4fl2 -1)2

Fi

12. The principal value of the amplitude of (1 + z) is

n 3 7t
(b) (d) Tt
12 <^>T
r 2z
13. The least positive integer n such that is a positive integer, is
^IH-Zj
(a) 16 (b) 8 (c] 4 (d) 2

14. If z is a non-zero complex number, then zz

is equal to

(a) - (b) lz| (c)|z| (d) none of these

z

15. If fl = 1 + z, thenfl^ equals

(a) 1 -z (b) 2z (c)(l + z)(l-z) (d) z-1.
12.58 MATHEMATICS-XI

1/3
16. If {x + iy) = a + ib, then — + — =
a b
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) -1 (d) none of these
17. {yj- 2) {yj- 3) is equal to
(a) V6 (b) -V6 (c) /V6 (d) none of these
1 -i^/3 .
18. The argument of IS
l+iV3
(a) 60° (b) 120° (c) 210° (d) 240°.
.N
1+i
19. If2 = then equals

(a) 1 (b) -1 (c) 0 (d) none of these

1 + 2i

w
20. Ifz = V then arg (2) equals
1 -d-tf

Flo
(a) 0 (C) 7t (d) none of these
1

reee
21. If 2 = V then 121 =
(2+31)2

FFr
(a) ^
1
(b)- (d) none of these
13 12
urr
22. If 2 =
1
then 12 [ =
for
(1-0(2+3 0'
kkss

(a) 1 (b) l/yfie (c) 5/V^ (d) none of these

23. If 2 = 1 - cos 0 +: sin 9, then 121 =
Yo
ooo

0 0 0 0
(a) 2 sin — (b) 2 cos - (c) 2 sin — (d) 2 cos —
eB

2 2 2
2 2
24. If 2 + i y = (1 +1) (1 + 21) (1 + 30, then x^+y =
r

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 100 (d) none of these

ou
ad

1
25. If 2 = then Re (2) =
YY

1 - cos 0 - z sin 0'

1 0
(a) 0 (c) cot -
(b)^ (d) - cot —
nndd
Re

2 2 2
3 + 5z
26. Ux + iy = 7, then y =
Fi

7-6i'
(a) 9/85 (b) -9/85 (c) 53/85 (d) none of these
1 -ix
27. If = a + ib, then +b^ =
1 + Z2

(a) 1 (b) -1 (c)0 (d) none of these

a + ib
28. If 0 is the amplitude of then tan 0 =
a -ib '
2a lab a^-b^
(a) (b)^ -b^ (c) (d) none of these
a

1+7 2
29. If2 = , then
(2-0^
COMPLEX NUMBERS 12.59

3 n
(a) |z|=2
(b) |z|=| (c) amp (z) = ~ (d) amp (z) = ^
30. The amplitude of \ is equal to i

(b) f
t \ ^
(a) 0 (0-- (d) 7L

1-2.
31. The argument of IS
1+z

/ \ ^ 3;r 5 n

(a) -2 (b) f (0^ (d)~

32. The amplitude of

w
IS
^^3 + i

(b)-|
/ \ ^
(d)

Flo
D

33. The value of {P + P + F + P + P)/(l + i) is

reeee
1

(a) ^(1+2) (b) I (1-0 (c) 1

FFr
1 + 2f + 32^ for
34.
■y equals
ur
1 - 22 + 32^
(a) 2 (b) -1 (c) -2 (d) 4
kkss

:592 . 590 588 , 586 , 584

Yo

i +1 +1 +1 + 1
35. The value of -1 is
oo

.582 580 578 574

+1 + 2
eB

(a) -1 (b) -2 (c)-3 (d) -4

36. The value of (1 + 2)^ + (1 -is
r
ou
ad

(a) 8 (b) 4 (c)-8 (d) -4

YY

37. If z = <? + ib lies in third quadrant, then — also lies in the third quadrant if
z
ndd

(a) a>b >0 (b) 27 < ii < 0 (C) & < 27 < 0 (d) b>a>0
Re

[NCERT EXEMPLAR!
Fi

7-2
38. If/(z) = j, where z = 1 + 2i, then | /(z) | is
1 -z

(a)^ (b) |z (C) 2|Z (d) none of these

[NCERT EXEMPLAR!
3-42X
39. A real value of x satisfies the equation
3 + 4ix
= 22-lib {a,b s R), if 27^ +b^ =
(a) 1 (b) -1 (c)2 (d) -2
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
2+Z
40. The complex number 2 which satisfies the condition - = 1 lies on
2-2

(a) circle x + y = 1 (b) the x-axis (c) they-axis (d) the line x + y = 1
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
12.60 MATHEMATICS-XI

41. If z is a complex number, then

(a)|z|2>|z|2 (b) |z|^=|z|^ (c)|z|2 < z
,2
(d) |zp>|z|2
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
42. Which of the following is correct for any two complex numbers Zj and ?
(a) \z-^Z2\=\zi\\z2\ (b) arg (Zj Z2) = arg (zj) arg (Z2)
(c) |Zi +Z2 i =|2l I + lZ2 (d) |zi+Z2l>|Zi|+|22l
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
43. If the complex number z = x + iy satisfies the condition j 2 +11 = 1, then 2 lies on

oww
(a) .r-axis (b) circle with centre (-1,0) and radius 1
(c) y-axis (d) none of these [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
44. sinx + icos2A: and cos X “j sin 2z are conjugate to each other for
1
(a) x=nn (b) x= n + — (c) 2 = 0 (d) No value of x

ee
2^2

FFrlo
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]

r
1 -zsina
45. The real value of a for which the expression is purely real, is

rF
ee
1 + 2isina

(a) (« + l)^ (b) {2n + D^ (C) «7C (d) none of these

ouru
rF
where n eN. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
46. The value of (2 + 3) (2 + 3) is equivalent to
ffosor
os k
(a) |z+3|^ (b) |2-3| (c) 2^ + 3 (d) none of thnse
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
ook
Yo
Y

47. If
n+n"
= 1, then n =
Bo

1-2
reeB

(a) 2m+ 1 (b) 4?tt (c) 2m (d) 4jn + l

oouY

wherem sN
ur

[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
ad

48. The vector represented by the complex number 2-2 is rotated about the origin through an
dY

angle ^ in the clockwise direction, the new position of point is

nidn
Re

(a) 1+22 (b) -l-2i (c) 2 + 1 (d) -l+2z-

F
Fi

[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
1 + 2COS0
49. The real value of 0 for which the expression is a real number, is
1 -22’cos0

(a) nn + — (b) + (c) 2nn± — (d) none of theses

’ 4 4 2

[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
50. \zi +22I =|2i| + |z2j is possible if
(a) 22 =21 (b) 22=-
Zl

(c) arg(z;i)=arg(22) (d) |2i|=|22| [NCERT EXEMPLAR!

51. TheequationI 2 + 1 -2[ = |z-l + 2| represents a
(a) straigfit line (b) circle (c) parabola (d) hyperbola
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
COMPLEX NUMBERS 12.61

52. The area of the triangle on the complex plane formed by the complex numbers 2, -12 and
2 +12 is

(a) |z|^ (b) |zt^ (c) (d) none of these

[NCERT EXEMPLAR]

ANSWERS

1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (c)

9. (c) 10. (c) 11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (a) 15. (b) 16. (d)
17. (b) 18. (d) 19. (a) 20. (a) 21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (c)

ooww
25. (b) 26. (c) 27. (a) 28. (b) 29. (d) 30. (c) 31. (a) 32. (c)
33. (a) 34. (c) 35. (b) 36. (c) 37. (c) 38. (a) 39. (a) 40. (b)
41. (b) 42. (a) 43. (b) 44. (d) 45. (c) 46. (a) 47. (b) 48. (b)
49. (c) 50. (c) 51. (a) 52. (c)

ee
SUMMARY

er
rFl
Fre
1. is an imaginary quantity and is denoted by i which has the following properties:
■1 ±k

rrF
.●+ n
i = -1, = -i, - 1 and, i i ,neN

where k is the remainder when n is denoted by 4. sffoo

ouur
2. For any positive real number a, yp^ = i 4a.
kosk
3. For any two real numbers a and b, we have
4ab, if at least one of a and b is positive
Yo

4a 4b =
oo

- 4^, if a <0,b <0.

Y
BB

4. Iffl, are real numbers, then a number2 = a + is called a complex number, real number a
rre

is known as the real part of z and b is known as its imaginary part. We write fl = Re (2),
b =lm(2).
ouu
Y
ad

A complex number z is purely real iff Im (z) = 0 and 2 is purely imaginary iff Re (2) = 0
dY

5. For any two complex numbers Zj = ai+ ib^ and Z2 = a2 + *^2 ' define
Addition: 2^+22 = (flj + ^2) + ^ (^1 ^2)
innd
Re

Subtraction: z-[ -22 = (flj - ^2) + ^ (^1 -^2)

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Multiplication: Zj Z2 = ^2 “^1 ^2) ^ (^1 ^2 "*■ ^2 ^l)

F

Reciprocal: — = -i
2 u 2
2l a a
1 1

1
32 h rtl ^2 ^2 , ^2 ^2
Division: — =Zj — ={ai+ib-^) 2 +b-
u 2
-i
2 2 2 . u 2
+1
2 .2
^2 a
2+^2 a
2 ■'■^2 a
2+^2
Addition is commutative and associative. Complex number 0 = 0 + /O is the identity
element for addition and every complex number 2 = a + ib has its additive inverse
-2 = -a-ib.

Multiplication is also commutative and associative. Complex number 1 =1 + 0/ is the

identity element for multiplication. Every non-zero complex number z = a + ib has its
a -ib z
multiplicative inverse 1/z (also known as reciprocal of 2) such that - = .
2 a"‘-+b^
12.62 MATHEMATICS-XI

6. The conjugate of a complex number z = a + ib is denoted by z and is equal to a - ib.

For any three complex numbers z, z^,Z2, we have
(i) (2) =2 (ii) z + z= 2Re{z)
(iii) 2 - z = 2 / 7m (2) (iv) 2 = 2 o z is purely real
(v) 2 + 2 = 0 0 2 is purely imaginary (vi) zz = {Re (z)l^ + {lm(z)}^ =\^\^
(vii) Zi ±Z2=Zi±Z2 (viii) Zj Z2 - Zj Z2

(ix) = ?1-,22^0
122 22

7. The modulus of a complex number z== a + ib is denoted by | z | and is defined as

1 z! = +b^ = -^{Re(z)l^ + {Im(z)P

w
If z, Zi, Z2 are three complex numbers, then

Flo
(i) 121 = 0 o z = 0 i.e. Re (z) = Im (z) = 0 (ii) \z\=\z\=\-z\
(iii) ~|z| <Re(z) <[z|; -| z| <Im (z) <j z| (iv) 22 =|z|^

reeee
H-1
(v) |Im(z”)l <nilm(z)||2| (vi) I Re (z) I +1 Im (z) I < V2 12 [

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8. A complex number 2 = x + iy can be represented by a point P {x, y) (see Fig. 13.8) on the
plane which is known as the Argand or Gaussian or Complex plane. The length of the line
for
segment OP is caDed the modulus of z and is denoted by 121.
ur
P(x,y)
kkss
Yo
oo

6
<■ >
eB

X' O Mx
r

vy
ou
ad

Fig.12.8
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Clearly, |z| = ^x^ + y^ = ^{Re(2)}^ + {Im(2)}^

ndd

The angle 9 which OP makes with the positive direction of x-axis in anti-clockwise sense is
Re

called Ae argument or amplitude of z and is denoted by arg (z) or amp (z).

Fi

Im (2)
Clearly, tan 9 =
Re (2)
Let OP = r and ZXOP = 9. Then, x = r cos 9 and y = r sin 0
z = x + iy = r (cos 0 -1- i sin 0)
This is known as the polar form of complex number z. The Euler’s notations are
c*' ® = cos 0 ± i sin 0
2 = r (cos 0 -i-1 sin 0)
or, 2 = re* which is known as the Eulerian form of 2.