Constructors, Overloading and

Static Members

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 Constructors
 Java allows objects to initialize themselves when
they are created through the use of a constructor.

 Constructors play the role of initializing objects

 Constructors are a special kind of methods that are

invoked using the new operator when an object is
created.
 Constructors, cont.

 Constructors have following properties:

 Constructors must have the same name as the class itself.

 Constructors do not have a return type— not even void.

 The implicit return type is class itself

 A constructor with no parameters is referred to as a

default constructor and constructor with parameters is
called as parameterized constructor

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 Program for constructor
class Box { class BoxDemo1 {
double width; public static void main(String args[]) {
double height; // declare, allocate, and initialize Box objects
double depth;
// This is the constructor for Box. Box mybox1 = new Box(); //constructor invoked
Box() { Box mybox2 = new Box(); //constructor invoked
System.out.println("Constructing Box");
width = 10; double vol;
height = 10; // get volume of first box
depth = 10; vol = mybox1.volume();
} System.out.println("Volume is " + vol);
// compute and return volume
double volume() { // get volume of second box
return width * height * depth; vol = mybox2.volume();
} System.out.println("Volume is " + vol);
} }
}

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 Parameterized Constructors
class Box { class BoxDemo2 {
double width; public static void main(String args[]) {
double height; // declare, allocate, and initialize Box objects
double depth;
// This is the constructor for Box. Box mybox1 = new Box(10, 20, 15);
Box(double w, double h, double d) { Box mybox2 = new Box(3, 6, 9);
width = w;
height = h; double vol;
depth = d;
} // get volume of first box
// compute and return volume vol = mybox1.volume();
double volume() { System.out.println("Volume is " + vol);
return width * height * depth;
} // get volume of second box
} vol = mybox2.volume();
System.out.println("Volume is " + vol);
}
}
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 Exercise

 WAP to create class rectangle and calculate

area and perimeter of it by using constructor.
 WAP to create class Employee. Add methods
to read and display employee information by
using constructor such as id and salary.

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 Method Overloading
 Two or more methods within the same class that have the
same name but methods must differ in the type and/or
number of their parameters.

 Method overloading is one of the ways that Java implements

polymorphism

 When an overloaded method is invoked, Java uses the type

and/or number of arguments to determine which version of
the overloaded method to actually call.

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 Example
class OverloadDemo { class Overload {
void test() public static void main(String args[])
{ {
System.out.println("No parameters");
} OverloadDemo ob = new OverloadDemo();
void test(int a) double result;
{ // call all versions of test()
System.out.println("a: " + a); ob.test();
} ob.test(10);
void test(int a, int b) ob.test(10, 20);
{ result = ob.test(123.2);
System.out.println("a and b: " + a + " " + b); System.out.println("Result of ob.test(123.2): " + result);
} }
double test(double a) }
{
System.out.println("double a: " + a);
return a*a;
}
} 8
 Constructor Overloading
 Similar to method overloading we can also overload
constructor .

 Overloaded constructors have the same name but must differ

in the type and/or number of their parameters.

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 Example
class Box {
class OverloadCons {
double width;
public static void main(String args[]) {
double height;
// create boxes using the various constructors
double depth;
Box mybox1 = new Box(10, 20, 15);
// constructor used when all dimensions specified
Box mybox2 = new Box();
Box(double w, double h, double d) {
Box mycube = new Box(7);
width = w;
double vol;
height = h;
// get volume of first box
depth = d;
vol = mybox1.volume();
}
System.out.println("Volume of mybox1 is " + vol);
// constructor used when no dimensions specified
// get volume of second box
Box() {
vol = mybox2.volume();
width = -1; // use -1 to indicate
System.out.println("Volume of mybox2 is " + vol);
height = -1; // an uninitialized
// get volume of cube
depth = -1; // box
vol = mycube.volume();
}
System.out.println("Volume of mycube is " + vol);
// constructor used when cube is created
}
Box(double len) {
}
width = height = depth = len;
}
// compute and return volume
double volume() {
return width * height * depth;
} 10
 Exercise

 WAP to overload add method to perform

addition of two integers, addition of three
integers and addition of two float numbers.
 WAP to create overloaded constructor to
calculate area of triangle ,rectangle and circle.

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 Using Objects as Parameters
class Test {
int a, b; class PassOb
Test(int i, int j) { {
a = i; public static void main(String args[])
b = j; {
} Test ob1 = new Test(100, 22);
void add(Test o) { Test ob2 = new Test(100, 22);
if(o.a == a && o.b == b) Test ob3 = new Test(-1, -1);
System.out.println(" Equal”);
ob1.equals(ob2));
else
System.out.println(" Not Equal”); ob1.equals(ob3));
} }
} }

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 Returning Object
class Test { class RetOb {
int a ,b; public static void main(String args[]) {
Test() { Test ob1 = new Test(2 ,4);
a = 0;
b=0; Test ob2;
} ob2 = ob1.add();
Test(int i ,int j) { System.out.println("ob1.a: " + ob1.a);
a = i; System.out.println("ob1.b: " + ob1.b);
b=j;
} System.out.println("After Addition :");
Test add()
{ System.out.println("ob2.a: " + ob2.a);
Test temp = new Test(); System.out.println("ob2.b: " + ob2.b);
temp.a=a+10; }
temp.b=b+10; }
return temp;
}} 13
 static Members
 Normally a class member must be accessed only with an
object.
 When a member is declared static, it can be accessed before
any objects of its class are created, and without reference to
any object.
 There can be a static method, static variable and a static block
 When objects of class are declared, no copy of a static
variable is made.
 Instead, all instances of the class share the same static
variable.
 Static methods can only call other static methods
 Static methods must only access static data
 Static block gets executed exactly once, when the class is first
loaded.
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class UseStatic {
static int a = 3;
static int b;
static void meth(int x) { OUTPUT
System.out.println("x = " + x);
System.out.println("a = " + a);
Static block initialized.
System.out.println("b = " + b); x = 42
}
static { a=3
System.out.println("Static block b = 12
initialized.");
b = a * 4;
}
public static void main(String args[]) {
meth(42);
}}
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 Outside of the class in which they are defined, static methods and
variables can be used independently of any object.

 To call a static method and variable from outside its class, class name is
used .

General form:
classname.method( );
Classname.variable1;

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class StaticDemo {
static int a = 42;  output :
static int b = 99; a = 42
static void callme() {
System.out.println("a = " + a); b = 99
}
}
class StaticByName {
public static void main(String args[]) {
StaticDemo.callme();
System.out.println("b = " + StaticDemo.b);
}
}

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