CHAPTER 1

STATIC OF RIGID BODIES BASIC MECHANICS

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 CHAPTER 1
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES BASIC MECHANICS

TOPIC 1: BASIC MECHANICS

EASY

1. Find the resultant of the forces R1 and R2

Solution:
R1/sin β= R2/sin α= R/sin 90°
sin β = R1/R= 80/100= ⅘
β= 53.13

sin α= R2/R= 60/100= ⅗

α=36.87

Resolution Of Forces

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STATIC OF RIGID BODIES BASIC MECHANICS

R1^x= 69.28 → R2^x= 30 ←

R1^y= 40 ↑ R2^y= 51.96 ↑

Components of Resultant R

R^x= 39.2 N →

R^y= 91.96 N ↑ tan ϴ = Ry/Rx= 91.96/39.2

R= √(3.92)² + (91.96)² = 100 ϴ = 66.87°

2. Determine the x and y component for each force as shown in figure 1.

y
A = 150 kN

B = 200 kN

30° 45°
x

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: C = 250 kN
FIGURE 1

Force A:
Ax = Acos45° Ay = Asin45°
= 150cos45° = 150sin45°
=+106.066→ = +106.066 ↑

Force B: By = Bsin30°
Bx = Bcos30° = 200sin30°
= 200cos30° = +100 ↑
= -173.205 ←

Force C: Cy = Csinθx
Cx = Ccosθx = 250sin(2/ √ 5)
= 250cos (1/ √ 5) = -3.902 ↓
= +249.99 →

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STATIC OF RIGID BODIES BASIC MECHANICS

3. Find the resultant moment about point Z of the system of forces shown in the figure below.
(Note: Each square is 1 ft. on a side)

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

∑𝑀𝐴 = 0

𝑀𝐴 = 4𝐴𝑥 − 2𝐵𝑦 − 3𝐵𝑥 − 90(2)100(√2 )

1 2 3
𝑀𝐴 = 4(120) ( ) − 2(220) ( ) − 3(220) ( ) − 180 + 120√2
√5 √13 √13
𝑀𝐴 = −588. 8531 𝑙𝑏 · 𝑓𝑡
𝑀𝐴 = 588.85 𝑙𝑏 · 𝑓𝑡 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒

Ans. 𝑴𝑨 = 𝟓𝟖𝟖. 𝟖𝟓 𝒍𝒃 · 𝒇𝒕 𝒄𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒌𝒘𝒊𝒔𝒆

AVERAGE

1. Compute the resultant of the force system shown in figure below. Locate its intersection
with the x and y axes.

260lb
5
12
y
300lb 100lb

100lb

30
1’
60 250lb
0 x
1’
50lb 50lb

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Solution:

Draw the diagram and label its corresponding reactions, slopes, and angles.

260lb
13
5
12
y

300lb
5
1
100lb*ft
2
5
450lb 30
1’
60 250lb
θ
0 x
100lb*ft

Slope of 300 lb:

180𝑜 = 𝜙 + 90 + 𝜑

𝜑 = 90𝑜 + 𝜙
2
1
right ⃤
90𝑜 = 𝜑 + 𝛽
90𝑜 = (90𝑜 - 𝜙) + 𝛽
𝛽=𝜙

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 CHAPTER 1
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES BASIC MECHANICS

Rx = 0
12 2
∑ x = 250 sin 60𝑜 + 260 (13) - 300 (√15) - 450 (sin30𝑜 )
Rx = -36.82 lb or 36.82 lb ←
Ry = 0

5 1
∑ y = -250 sin 60𝑜 + 260 (13) - 300 (√5) - 450 (cos30𝑜 )
Ry = 498.88 lb ↑
Assume resultant location:

R Ry

Ly
Rx

0 x

Lx

To solve for lx, let “R” intersect at x-axis

↻+ ∑ Mo = −𝑅𝑦 ⋅ 𝐿𝑥

Moment 12 5
100 + 250 sin 60𝑜 (1) + 250 𝑐𝑜𝑠 60𝑜 (4) −Moment
100 + 260 (13) (4) − 260 (13) (2) − 300√5 =
−𝑅𝑦 ⋅ 𝐿𝑥
Lx = -1.61 ft ← Ans

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 CHAPTER 1
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES BASIC MECHANICS

To solve for ly, let “R” intersect at y-axis

↻+ ∑ Mo = −𝑅𝑥 ⋅ 𝐿𝑦
805.69 = -36.82 ly
Ly = -21.88 ft ↓ Ans
Correct Resultant Location:

Lx = 1.61 ft

x
0

Ry
R Ly = 21.88 ft

Rx

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 CHAPTER 1
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES BASIC MECHANICS

2. Joey uses a rod in his picnic activity to catch some fish. Three forces are said to be acting
on his rod (as shown in the figure below). If the distance AB is equal to distance BC, find
the moment at point D. Forces on A, B, and C are 8 N, 17 N, and 9 N respectively. AB is
10 cm and CD=0.05 m
FC
. FA

FA
A C D
FB

Solution:
1𝑚
10 cm x = 0.1 m
100𝑐𝑚

ΣMD = 0
FA (d) – FB (d) + FC (d) = 0
8(0.1 + 0.1) – 17(0.1 + 0.5) + 9(0.5) = 0
2 – 2.55 + 4.5
ΣMD = 3.95 Nm Ans.

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STATIC OF RIGID BODIES BASIC MECHANICS

DIFFICULT

1.Combine the two forces P and T which act on the fixed structure at B into a single equivalent R
and the angle it creates along the horizontal.

B
P= 800N

6m
y

A α C 60° D

3m

Solution:
to find α: c²= a² + b² -2abcosC
B c²= 6² + 3² -2(6)(3)cos120°
c²= 63
30°
c = √63 m
sinα/a = sinC/c
a= 6m
sinα/6 = sin120°/√63
α 120° 60° α = sin⁻¹ (6sin120°/√63)
A b=3m
C D α = 40.89°

FBD:

40.89°

P = 800N 8
 CHAPTER 1
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES BASIC MECHANICS

ΣRx = 800N - 600N cos40.89°

= 346.42 N
ΣRy = - 600N sin40.89°
= -392.77 N
R = √(ΣRx² + ΣRy²)
R = 523.71 N
tan ϴ = ΣRy / ΣRx
ϴ = tan⁻¹ 523.71 N/346.42 N)
ϴ = 48.59°

2. Replace the three forces which act on the bent bar by a force–couple system at the support
point A. Then determine the x-intercept of the line of action of the stand-alone resultant force R.

𝑆𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁:
↑ + 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = −20𝑘𝑁 + 6.4𝑘𝑁 𝑐𝑜𝑠30 − 9.6𝑘𝑁 = −24.057𝑘𝑁 ↓
→ +𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 6.4𝑘𝑁 𝑠𝑖𝑛30 = 3.2𝑘𝑁 →
𝑅 = √(𝑅𝑥 2 + 𝑅𝑦 2 )
𝑅 = √(3.22 + 24.0572 )
𝑹 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟐𝟔𝟗𝒌𝑵 ↓→

𝑅𝑥
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝑅𝑦
3.2𝑘𝑁
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (24.057𝑘𝑁)
∘
𝜽 = 𝟕. 𝟓𝟕𝟕
↻ + 𝛴 𝑀𝐴 = 20𝑘𝑁 ∗ 2.4𝑚 − (6.4 𝑐𝑜𝑠30)(2.4𝑚 + 1.2𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠30) −
(6.4𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛30)(1.2𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛30) + 9.6𝑘𝑁(2.4𝑚 + 2.4𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠30 + 1.8𝑚) = 87.291 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 ↻

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 CHAPTER 1
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES BASIC MECHANICS

𝑀𝐴 = 𝑅𝑦 ∗ 𝑥
87.291𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
𝑥 =
24.057𝑘𝑁
𝑥 = 3.629𝑚

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 CHAPTER I1
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES EQUIBRIUM

TOPIC 2: EQUILIBRIUM
EASY
1. A 1 m long uniform beam of 2 kg mass is being lifted vertically up by a force F at the 100 cm
mark. What is the minimum force required to do so?

Given:

m= 2kg, Assume g= 10 m s²

Larger will be the moment , smaller will be the force required to lift the rod. Hence, applying the
moment about 0 cm point we get.

W x 50 = F x 100

M x g x 50 = F x 100

2 x 10 x 50 = F x 100

F = 10

1. Determine the reactions at A and B on the beam.

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 CHAPTER I1
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES EQUIBRIUM

6 8
0 0
1 1 2
m
0 m m
0
N N

○ ○
9
0
1 0
. N
5
m

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
↶

+ΣMa=0

FBC (⅗) (2) - 600(1) - 800(4) - 900=0

FBC = 3916.67 N
FBC = 3.92 kN

+→ΣFx=0
3916.67 (⅘) - Ax=0
Ax = 3133.33 N
Ax = 3.13 kN

+↑ΣFy=0
- Ay - 600 - 800 + 3916.67 (⅗) = 0
Ay = 950 N

3. In the figure, the frame is supported in pivots at A and B. Each member weighs 50-lb per ft.
Determine (a) the horizontal reaction at A, and (b) the horizontal and vertical components of the
reaction at B.

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 CHAPTER I1
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES EQUIBRIUM

SOLUTION:

Length of DF
𝐿𝐷𝐹 2 = (8)2 + (6)2
𝐿𝐷𝐹 2 = 64 + 36

√𝐿𝐷𝐹 2 = √100
𝐿𝐷𝐹 = 10 𝑖𝑛

Weights of Members
𝑊𝐴𝐵 = (12)(10) = 120 𝑙𝑏
𝑊𝐶𝐸 = (12)(10) = 120 𝑙𝑏
𝑊𝐷𝐹 = (10)(10) = 100 𝑙𝑏

Solve for 𝐴𝑥

∑𝑀𝐵 = 0
12𝐴𝑥 = 6𝑊𝐶𝐸 + 4𝑊𝐷𝐹 + 12(2000)
12𝐴𝑥 = 6(120) + 4(100) + 12(2000)
12𝐴𝑥 = 25,120 𝑙𝑏
𝐴𝑥 = 2093.33 𝑙𝑏

Solve for 𝐵𝑥

∑𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝐵𝑥 = 𝐴𝑥
𝐵𝑥 = 2093.33 𝑙𝑏

Solve for 𝐵𝑦

∑𝐹𝑦 = 0

𝐵𝑦 = 𝑊𝐴𝐵 + 𝑊𝐶𝐸 + 𝑊𝐷𝐹 + 2000

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 CHAPTER I1
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES EQUIBRIUM

𝐵𝑦 = 120 + 120 + 100 + 2000

𝐵𝑦 = 2340 𝑙𝑏

Ans. 𝐴𝑥 = 2093.33 𝑙𝑏 ; 𝐵𝑥 = 2093.33 𝑙𝑏 ; 𝐵𝑦 = 2340 𝑙𝑏

AVERAGE

1. A clamp is used to hold two pieces of wood together as shown. The clamp has a double
square thread of mean diameter equal to 10 mm with a pitch of 2 mm. The coefficient of
friction between threads is s = 0.30. If a maximum couple of 40 Nm is applied in tightening
the clamp, determine (a) the force exerted on the pieces of wood, (b) the couple required
to loosen the clamp.

Solution:
Cross section of the screw
↔

↕
↔↔

Where p = applied force to the block and

W = force exerted on the wood
4
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼 =
10𝜋𝑟
∘
𝛼 = 7.26
𝜇𝑠 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃𝑠 = 0.3

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 CHAPTER I1
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES EQUIBRIUM

∘
𝜇𝑠 = 16.7
𝑊𝑥𝑟 = 40 𝑁𝑚
40
𝑊 = = 8𝑘𝑁
5 𝑚𝑚
𝑃
𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝛼 + 𝜃) =
𝑊
∘ ∘ 8
𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 7.26 + 16.7 ) = 𝑊
W = 18 kN the exerted on the block

To loosen the screw

⊖-
↔

↕ r
↔
w

𝑃
𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝜃 − 𝛼) =
𝑊
𝑃
𝑡𝑎𝑛 (16.7∘ − 7.26∘ ) =
18
P = 3 kN
couple = Pxr = 3kN x 5mm = 15 Nm Ans

2. A picture frame weighing 40 grams is hanging between two ropes. Find the T1 and T2 from the
given figure below.

Solution:

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 CHAPTER I1
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES EQUIBRIUM

1𝑘𝑔
40 g x = 0.04 kg
1000𝑔

mg = 0.04 kg (9.8 m/s2)

mg = 0.392 N

T1 = mg (sin θ)

= 0.392 (sin 70°)

T1 = 0.3684 N Ans.
T2 = mg (sin θ)
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 1
Since sin θ = ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒; then sin θ = √5,

1
= 0.392 (√5)

T2 = 0.1753 N Ans.
DIFFICULT:
1. Bar AB of negligible weight is subjected to a vertical force of 350 lb. and a horizontal
force of 75 lb. applied as shown in the figure. Find the angle ϴ at which equilibrium
exist. Assume smooth inclined surfaces (no friction).

350 lb

B 9 ft
9 ft
7 ft
A
2 75 lb ϴ
1
45°

SOLUTION:
ΣFx = 0 by using elimination method:
Rb(1/√5) + 75 lb = Racos45° Ra= 235.70 lb
ΣFy = 0 Rb= 204.97 lb
Rb(2/√5) + Rasin45° = 350 lb

ΣMa = 0

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 CHAPTER I1
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES EQUIBRIUM

204.97(2/√5)(25cosϴ) + 204.97(1/√5)(25sinϴ) - 350(16cosϴ) +

75(7sinϴ) = 0
4583.33cosϴ +2291.67sinϴ - 5600cosϴ + 525sinϴ = 0
2186.67sinϴ = 1016.67cosϴ
ϴ = tan⁻¹(1016.67/2186.67)
ϴ = 24.94°
2. The 600-kg uniform beam is subjected to the three external loads shown. Compute the
reactions at the support point O. The x-y plane is vertical.

𝑆𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁:

𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 600 ∗ 9.81 / 1000 = 5.886𝑘𝑁

↑ + 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0
↑ + 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 𝑉 + 2.8 − 6𝑐𝑜𝑠30 - 5.886 = 0
𝑉 = −2.8 + 6𝑐𝑜𝑠30 + 5.886
𝑉 = 8.282 ↑

→ + 𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0
→ + 𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹 − 6𝑠𝑖𝑛30 = 0
𝐹 = 6𝑠𝑖𝑛30
𝐹 = 3𝑘𝑁 →

↻ + 𝛴 𝑀𝑂 = 0
𝑀𝑂 = (6𝑐𝑜𝑠30)9.6 + 5.886 ∗ 4.8 − 2.8 ∗ 2.4 − 30
𝑀𝑂 = 41.416𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 ↺

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 CHAPTER I1I
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES FRICTION

TOPIC 3: FRICTION
EASY

1. An 84 kg container box is resting on a wooden support as shown in the figure. TheThe

coefficient of friction between the box and the support top is 0.55. What is the maximum
mass(m) of the hanging box for which the system will remain at rest? Assuming frictionless
pulley.

+ Fv = 0
N – 824 = 0
N = 824N

+ Fh = 0
T–f=0 ;f=N
T = 0.55(824)
T = 453N

+ Fv = 0
T – W2 = 0
T – mg = 0
453 = m(9.81)
m = 46.2kg

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STATIC OF RIGID BODIES FRICTION

2. A 100 N force acts as shown on a 300 N block placed on an inclined plane. The coefficients
of friction between the block and plane are μs=0.25 and μk=0.20. Determine whether the
block is in equilibrium and find the value of the friction force.

5
3

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

Determine values of friction force and normal reaction force from the plane required to maintain
equilibrium.

300 N

x
ΣFx = 0 y

100 N - ⅗ (300 N) - F = 0
F = -80 N F

ΣFy = 0 N

N - ⅘ (300 N) = 0 100 N
N = 240 N

Calculate the maximum friction force and compare with friction force required for
equilibrium. If it is greater, the block will not slide.

Fm = μsN

Fm = 0.25 (240)
= 60 N
Therefore, the block will slide down the plane.

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STATIC OF RIGID BODIES FRICTION

If maximum friction force is less than friction force required for equilibrium, the block will
slide. Calculate the kinetic friction force.

300 N
F actual = Fk = μkN
= 0.20 (240 N)
F actual = 48 N

N = 240 N
F = 48 N
100 N

AVERAGE
1. Two cables are tied together at C and are loaded as shown. (a) Determine the tension in
cable AC in kN and (b) determine the tension in cable BC in kN.

Solution:

Multiply the object’s mass (in kilogram) by 9.81, to get the newtons needed then draw its FBD.

F = (1600 kg) (9.81 𝑚/𝑠 2

= 15696 N

960 12
z = √9602 + 4002 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 = 1040
= 13
400 z5
T z = 1040 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 = 1040
= 13 90
T
⊖ ∝ ∝
40
F=

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 CHAPTER I1I
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES FRICTION

960 48
a = √1100 + 9602 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = =
1460 73
a = 1060
400 55 a
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 1460
= 73 90
⊖
110

a. For Horizontal Component

∑ Fx = 𝑇𝐵𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 − 𝑇𝐴𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
5 55
O = 𝑇𝐵𝐶 (13)- 𝑇𝐴𝐶 (73)
55 5
𝑇𝐴𝐶 (73)= 𝑇𝐵𝐶 (13)
5 73
𝑇𝐴𝐶 = 𝑇𝐵𝐶 ( ) ( ) ⇒ 𝑒𝑞. 1
13 55

b. For Vertical Component

∑ Fy = 𝑇𝐵𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 + 𝑇𝐴𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 15696
12 48
O = 𝑇𝐵𝐶 (13)+ 𝑇𝐴𝐶 (73) − 15696 ⇒ 𝑒𝑞. 2
Substitute 𝑇𝐴𝐶 from equation 1 to equation 2.
12 48
O = 𝑇𝐵𝐶 ( )+ 𝑇𝐴𝐶 ( ) − 15696
13 73
12 5 73 48
O = 𝑇𝐵𝐶 (13) + 𝑇𝐵𝐶 (13) (55) (73) − 15696
12 5 73 48
15696 = 𝑇𝐵𝐶 (13) + 𝑇𝐵𝐶 (13) (55) (73)
12 5 73 48
15696 =[ 𝑇𝐵𝐶 ( ) + 𝑇𝐵𝐶 ( ) ( ) ( )]
13 13 55 73
15696
𝑇𝐵𝐶 = 12 5 73 48
+ ( )( )( )
13 13 55 73

𝑇𝐵𝐶 = 12469.6 N Ans

Substitute 𝑇𝐵𝐶 to equation 1.
5 73
𝑇𝐴𝐶 = 𝑇𝐵𝐶 (13) (55)
5 73
= 12469.6 ( ) ( )
13 55
𝑇𝐴𝐶 = 63.65 N Ans
1. A 20-kg box is being pulled by a boy in a road with an elevation angle of 40°. Find the
coefficient of kinetic friction.

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 CHAPTER I1I
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES FRICTION

Solution:

Ff = µk (N) F = mg sin θ - Ff
Ff = µk (mg cos θ) – equation 1 Ff = mg sin θ – equation 2
µk (mg cos θ) = mg sin θ
𝑚𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
µk = 𝑚𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

µk = tan 40°
µk = 0.8391 Ans.

DIFFICULT

1. Block A in the figure weighs 100 N. The coefficient of static friction between the
blockand the surface area on which it rests is 0.30. The weight is 20 N and the system is
inequilibrium. Find the maximum weight W for which the system will remain in
equilibrium.

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 CHAPTER I1I
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES FRICTION

A 45°
100 N

SOLUTION:

Given that W= 20N;

Ff = μ×N
= (0.30)(100N) B
Ff = 30N T
ΣFx = 0 A 45
10
30N= Tcos45° μ= °
0
0.3
T= 30√2 N or 42.43 N N
To find W: W=2
ΣFy = 0 0N
100 N + Tsinϴ = 100 N + W
30√2 N sin 45°= W
W = 30 N

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 CHAPTER I1I
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES FRICTION

2. A clockwise couple M is applied to the circular cylinder as shown. Determine the value of M
required to initiate motion for the conditions
𝑚𝐵 = 6kg, 𝑚𝐶 = 12kg, ( 𝜇𝑠 )𝐵 = 0.7, ( 𝜇𝑠 )𝐵 = 0.6, and r = 0.4 m. Friction between the cylinder C
and the block B is negligible.

𝑆𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁:

𝐵𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝐵:

↑ + 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0
↑ + 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 𝑁1 - 𝑚𝐵 𝑔 = 0
↑ + 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 𝑁1 − 6 ∗ 9.81 = 0
𝑁1 = 6 ∗ 9.81 = 58.86 𝑁 ↑

𝐹1𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ( 𝜇𝑠 )𝐵 𝑁1 = 0.7 ∗ 58.86 = 41.202𝑁

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝐵, 𝐹1 = 𝐹1𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 41.202𝑁

→ + 𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0
→ + 𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹1 − 𝑃 = 0
𝑃 = 𝐹1 = 41.202𝑁

𝐵𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝐶:

↑ + 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0
↑ + 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 𝑁2 - 𝑚𝐶 𝑔 = 0
↑ + 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 𝑁2 − 12 ∗ 9.81 = 0
𝑁1 = 12 ∗ 9.81 = 117.72 𝑁 ↑

𝐹1𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ( 𝜇𝑠 )𝐶 𝑁2 = 0.6 ∗ 117,72 = 70.632 𝑁

𝐹2 = 41.202 < 𝐹2𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 70.632 𝑁

24
 CHAPTER I1I
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES FRICTION

↻ + 𝛴𝑀𝑂 = 0
𝑀 − 𝐹2 ∗ 𝑟 = 0
𝑀 − 41.202 ∗ 0.4 = 0
𝑀 = 41.202 ∗ 0.4 = 16.481 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 ↻

25
 CHAPTER IV
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES WEDGES, SQ. THREADED SCREW & BELT FRICTION

TOPIC 4: WEDGES, SQ. THREADED SCREWS, BELT FRICTION

EASY
1.

∑Fx= (0.15) (2000) + FN1 sin 10 + 0.05 FN1 cos 10- F push= 0
∑Fy= FN1 cos 10 - 0.05 FN1 sin 10- 2000= 0

FN1= 2000/cos 1o- 0.05 sin 10

FN1= 2048.9 lbs.

Fpush= (0.15)(2000)+(2048.9) sin (10)+( 0.05)(2048.9) cos 10

Fpush= 756 lbs.

2. The square-threaded screw has a mean diameter of 24 mm and a lead of 6 mm. if the weight
of the plate A is 10-lb, determine the smallest coefficient of static of friction between the screw
and the plate so that the plate does not travel down the crew when the plate is suspended as shown.

26
 CHAPTER IV
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES WEDGES, SQ. THREADED SCREW & BELT FRICTION

SOLUTION:

D = 24mm
r = 12mm
l = 6 mm

𝑙
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 =
2𝜋𝑟
6
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 =
2𝜋(12)
6
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = 10𝜋
= 0.07957

Now,
∑𝐹𝑦 = 0

𝑅 − 10 = 0

𝑅 = 10 𝑙𝑏

𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ∅ =𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = 0.08

∴𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ∅ = 0.08

𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ∅ = 𝜇
𝜇𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.08

Ans. 𝜇𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.08

27
 CHAPTER IV
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES WEDGES, SQ. THREADED SCREW & BELT FRICTION

AVERAGE
1. Knowing that the coefficient of static friction is 0.30 between the rope and the horizontal
pipe and that the smallest value of P for which equilibrium is maintained is 20 lb, (a)
determine the largest value of P for which equilibrium is maintained, (b) the coefficient of
static friction between the rope and the vertical pipe.

Solutions:

Draw its corresponding FBD for both horizontal and vertical pipe.

Horizontal Pipe Vertical Pipe

𝜋
Contact angles 𝛽ℎ = Contact angles 𝛽𝑣 = 𝜋
2

28
 CHAPTER IV
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES WEDGES, SQ. THREADED SCREW & BELT FRICTION

𝜇𝑠𝐻 = 0.30 𝜇𝑠𝑉 = ?

For 𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 , the 100 lb force impends downward, and
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
100 𝑙𝑏 = (𝑒 𝜇𝑠𝐻 2) 𝑅 = (𝑒 𝜇𝑠𝐻 2 ) (𝑒 𝜇𝑠𝑉 𝜋 ) 𝑄 = (𝑒 𝜇𝑠𝜋 𝜇
2 ) (𝑒 𝜇𝑠𝑉 𝜋 ) (𝑒 𝑠𝐻 2 ) 𝑃

100 𝑙𝑏 = [𝑒 𝜋(0.30+𝜇𝑠𝑉) ](20 𝑙𝑏)

o, 𝑒 𝜋(0.30+𝜇𝑠𝑉) = 5
(a) For 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 the force P impends downward, and the ratios are reversed so,
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 5 (100 lb) = 500 lb Ans.

(b) 𝜋(0.30 + 𝜇𝑠𝑉 ) = 𝑙𝑛5

1
𝜇𝑠𝑉 = 𝑙𝑛5 − 0.30 = 0.21230
𝜋
𝜇𝑠𝑉 = 0.212 Ans.
2. In the figure below, block A supporting a load of 500 lb is to be raised by pushing the wedge
under it. Angle of friction for all surfaces in contact is 10°. Find P.

Solution:
FBD of Figure 1:

FBD of Figure 2:

29
 CHAPTER IV
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES WEDGES, SQ. THREADED SCREW & BELT FRICTION

𝑅3 1000
𝑠𝑖𝑛 100°
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 50°
1000𝑠𝑖𝑛 100°
R3 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 50°

R3 = 1285.575219

𝑃 1285.575219
𝑠𝑖𝑛 40°
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 90°

P = 826.3518 lb Ans.

DIFFICULT
1. The seaman pulls a rope coiled around the post with 100 N force and wants to stop the
motor boat from moving away from the dock. How many wraps he must make around the
post if the motor boat develops a thrust of 3500 N. (µs= 0.2 between rope and the post)

SOLUTION:

30
 CHAPTER IV
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES WEDGES, SQ. THREADED SCREW & BELT FRICTION

Considering friction in the pulley the forces T1 and T2 can be correlated as: where n = number of
wraps of the rope around the post

From left,
n = β/2π = 17.78/2(3.14)
n = 2.8 ≈ 3
∴ 3 wraps of the rope is necessary to
restrain the motor boat

2. Determine the value of P acting to the left that is required to pull the wedge out from under the
66-kN block.

𝑆𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁:

↑ + 𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝑅1 𝑐𝑜𝑠20∘ − 𝑅2 𝑠𝑖𝑛10 = 0
𝑅2 𝑠𝑖𝑛20∘
𝑅1 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠20∘

𝑅1 = 0,1848 𝑅2

→ + 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0
∘ ∘
𝑅1 𝑠𝑖𝑛20 + 𝑅2 𝑐𝑜𝑠10 − 66 = 0
(0.1848 𝑅2 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛20∘ + 𝑅2 𝑐𝑜𝑠10∘ = 66
1.048 𝑅2 = 66
𝑅2 = 62.977 𝑘𝑁

𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐹𝐵𝐷 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘

31
 CHAPTER IV
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES WEDGES, SQ. THREADED SCREW & BELT FRICTION

↑ + 𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝑅3 𝑐𝑜𝑠20∘ = 𝑅2 𝑐𝑜𝑠10∘
𝑅3 𝑐𝑜𝑠20∘ = 62.977 𝑐𝑜𝑠10∘
𝑅3 𝑐𝑜𝑠20∘ 62.977𝑐𝑜𝑠10∘
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠20∘ 𝑐𝑜𝑠20∘
𝑅3 = 66

↑ + 𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝑃 = 𝑅2 𝑠𝑖𝑛10∘ + 𝑅3 𝑠𝑖𝑛20∘
𝑃 = 62.977𝑠𝑖𝑛10∘ + 66𝑠𝑖𝑛20∘
𝑃 = 33.509 𝑘𝑁

32
 CHAPTER V
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES CENTROID

TOPIC NO. 5: CENTROID

EASY

1. Locate the centroid of the plane shaded area shown below

Then x̄ = ∑x̄A/ ∑A = 1109.32/137.06 = 8.09 cm

Ȳ = 8.09 cm (Ȳ =x̄ b y symmetry)

2. Find the centroid of the T-section as shown in the figure.

40
 CHAPTER V
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES CENTROID

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

Let divide the given T-section into two rectangles ABCD

and EFGH.
The T-section is symmetrical about the y-axis. So the
centroid will lie on the axis.

Let ȳ = distance of centroid of T-section from bottom line,

GF is the reference line.

A₁ = area of rectangle ABCD = 100x20 = 2000mm^2

Y₁ = distance of centroid of rectangle ABCD from GF
y₁ = 100 + 20/2 = 110mm
A₂ = area of rectangle EFGH = 100x20 = 2000mm^2
Y₂ = distance of centroid of rectangle EFGH from GF
Y₂ = 100/2 = 50mm
From the equation,

ȳ= A₁Y₁ + A₂Y₂ Centroid is at 80 mm distance from reference line GF.

A₁ + A₂

ȳ = 2000(110) + 2000(50)
2000 + 2000
ȳ = 220000 + 100000
4000
ȳ = 80 mm

1. Locate the centroid of the shaded are in the figure shown below created by cutting a
semicircle of diameter r from a quarter circle of radius r.

41
 CHAPTER V
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES CENTROID

SOLUTION:

Formula for the Quarter Circle

1 2
𝐴1 = 𝜋𝑟
2
4𝑟
𝑥1 =
3𝜋
4𝑟
𝑦1 =
3𝜋

Formula for the Semicircle

1 1 2 1
𝐴2 = ( 𝜋𝑟 ) = 𝜋𝑟 2
2 4 8
1
4 (2 𝑟) 2𝑟
𝑥2 = =
3𝜋 3𝜋
1
𝑦2 = 𝑟
2

Formula for the Shaded Area

1 1
𝐴 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 = 𝜋𝑟 2 − 𝜋𝑟 2
4 8
1 2
𝐴= 𝜋𝑟
8
Now,
𝐴𝑥̄ = ∑𝑎𝑥
1 1 4𝑟 1 2𝑟
( 𝜋𝑟2 ) 𝑥̄ = ( 𝜋𝑟2 ) ( ) − ( 𝜋𝑟2 ) ( )
8 4 3𝜋 8 3𝜋

1 1 1
( 𝜋𝑟2 ) 𝑥̄ = 𝑟3 − 𝑟3
8 3 12
1 1
( 𝜋𝑟2 ) 𝑥̄ = 𝑟3
8 4
2𝑟
𝑥̄ =
𝜋
𝑥̄ = 0.636 𝑟

42
 CHAPTER V
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES CENTROID

𝐴ȳ = ∑𝑎𝑦
1 1 4𝑟 1 1
( 𝜋𝑟2 ) ȳ = ( 𝜋𝑟2 ) ( ) − ( 𝜋𝑟2 ) ( 𝑟)
8 4 3𝜋 8 2
1 1 1
( 𝜋𝑟2 ) ȳ = 𝑟3 − 𝜋𝑟3
8 3 16
1
( 𝜋𝑟2 ) ȳ = 0.137𝑟3
8
ȳ = 0.348 𝑟

Ans. 𝑥̄ = 0.636 𝑟 ; ȳ = 0.348 𝑟

AVERAGE
1. A plane lamina of 220 mm radius is shown in figure given below. Find the center of gravity
of the lamina from the point O.

o
↔
60 ⁰

Solution:
As the lamina is symmetrical about y-y axis, bisecting the lamina, therefore its center of gravity
lies on this axis. Let O be the reference point. From the geometry of the lamina. We find that semi-
vertical angle of the lamina,

𝜋
𝛼 = 30⁰ =
𝑟𝑎𝑑
6
We know that the distance between the reference point O and center gravity of the lamina,
2𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 2 × 220 𝑠𝑖𝑛 30⁰ 440 0.5
ȳ= = × 𝜋 = × 𝜋 = 140 mm Ans.
3 𝛼 3 ( ) 3 ( )
6 6

43
 CHAPTER V
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES CENTROID

2. The centroid of the shaded area in the figure lies in the y-axis. Determine a.

y
90 mm
45 mm
x
a 30 mm

Solution:
1 1
A1 = 2(a)(45) A2 = 2(30)(90)

A1 = 22.5a mm2 A2 = 1350 mm2

2 2
x1 = − 3(a) x2 = 3(30)
2
x1 = − 3a mm x2 = 20 mm

Ax̄ = Σax; since vertical centroid is 0, then

2
0 = 22.5a mm2 (− 3a mm) + 1350 mm2 (20 mm)
45
0 = − 3 a2 mm3 + 27,000 mm3
45 2
a mm3 = 27,000 mm3
3
27,000(3)
a2 =
45

√ a2 = √1800
a = 42.4264 mm Ans.

44
 CHAPTER V
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES CENTROID

DIFFICULT
1. . Determine the centroid of the line 𝑦 = 𝑥³ stretching from the origin to the point (2, 8) m.

Solution:

The element of a differential length is 𝑑𝐿 = √𝑑𝑥² + 𝑑𝑦² . The relationship between 𝑦 and 𝑥 is
𝑦 = 𝑥³ so that 𝑑𝑦 = 3𝑥²𝑑𝑥 and 𝑑𝐿 = √1 + 9𝑥⁴ 𝑑𝑥. Using this and 𝑦 = 𝑥³ in the definition
of the centriods yield
∫ 𝑥𝑑𝐿 2
𝐿 ∫0 𝑥 √1 + 9𝑥⁴ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑐 = = 2 = 1.426 m
∫ 𝐿
𝑑𝐿 ∫0 √1 + 9𝑥⁴ 𝑑𝑥

∫ 𝑦𝑑𝐿 2
𝐿 ∫0 𝑥³√1 + 9𝑥⁴ 𝑑𝑥
𝑦𝑐 = = 2 = 3.744 m
∫ 𝐿
𝑑𝐿 ∫0 √1 + 9𝑥⁴ 𝑑𝑥

2. Centroid of a triangular area. Determine the distance ℎ from the base of a triangle of altitude h
to the centroid of its area.

𝑆𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁:

𝑥 𝑏 𝑏
𝐵𝑦 𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 ∶ = → 𝑥 = ∗ (ℎ − 𝑦)
(ℎ−𝑦) ℎ ℎ

∫ 𝑦𝑑𝐴
ℎ= 𝑦= 𝐴
ℎ ℎ 𝑏
𝑀𝑥 = ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝐴 = ∫0 𝑦(𝑥𝑑𝑦) = ∫0 𝑦( ℎ )(ℎ − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦
𝑏 ℎ 𝑏 ℎ𝑦 2 ℎ𝑦 3 ℎ 𝑏ℎ2
= ℎ ∫0 (ℎ𝑦 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = ℎ [ - ] =
2 3 0 6

45
 CHAPTER V
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES CENTROID

ℎ ℎ 𝑏 𝑏ℎ
𝐴 = ∫0 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 ( ℎ )(ℎ − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 2
𝑏ℎ2
∫ 𝑦𝑑𝐴 6 ℎ
ℎ = = 𝑏ℎ =
𝐴 3
2

46
 CHAPTER VI
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES THEOREM OF PAPPUS

TOPIC NO. 6: THEOREM OF PAPPUS

EASY

1. Determine the amount of paint required to paint the inside and outside surfaces of the
cone, if one gallon of paint covers 300 ft² using Pappu’s Theorem.

L = √(10 ft²) + (3 ft²)

= 10.4403

Applying the first theorem of Pappus gives the area:

A= 2πrcL

=2π(1.5 ft) (10.4403 ft)

=98.375 ft²

2. Use the theorem of Pappus to find the volume of the solid of revolution. The torus formed by
revolving the circular region bounded by (𝑥 − 5)2 + 𝑦^2 = 16 about the y-axis.

Using the Pappus theorem, the volume of solid of revolution is given as

47
 CHAPTER VI
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES THEOREM OF PAPPUS

48
 CHAPTER VI
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES THEOREM OF PAPPUS

3. A 60° pipe elbow has an internal diameter of 4 in. The radius of curvature of the pipe’s
center line is 6 in. Find the volume of the pipe.

GIVEN:
Pipe angle bent 𝜃 = 60°
Diameter of the pipe (d) = 4 in.
Radius of the curvature (r) = 6 in.
Pipe’s thickness (w) = 0

SOLUTION:
𝜋2 𝜃
𝑉𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 = ( ) [(𝑐 − 𝑤 + 𝑟)2 − (𝑟 + 𝑤)2 ](𝑐 − 2𝑤) ( )
4 360

𝜋2 𝜃
𝑉𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 = ( ) [(4 − 0 + 6)2 − (6 + 0)2 ](4 − 2(0)) ( )
4 360

𝑉𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 = 105.2757𝑖𝑛3

Ans. 𝑉𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 = 105.2757𝑖𝑛3

AVERAGE
1. A body consisting of a cone and hemisphere of radius r fixed on the same base rests on a
table, the hemisphere being in contact with the table. Find the greatest height of the cone,
so that the combined body may stand upright.

49
 CHAPTER VI
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES THEOREM OF PAPPUS

Solution:
As the body is symmetrical about Y-Y axis, therefore its center of gravity will lie on this axis as
shown in Fig. 6.19. Now consider two parts of the body viz., hemisphere and cone. Let the bottom
of the hemisphere (D) be the axis of reference.
C
(a) Hemisphere
2𝜋
𝑣1 = × 𝑟3
3 h
𝑎𝑛𝑑
5𝑟
𝑦1 = A B
8
(b) Cone r
𝜋
𝑣2 = 3 × 𝑟 2 × ℎ
D
𝑎𝑛𝑑
ℎ
𝑦2 = 𝑟 + 4
We know that distance between centre of gravity of the body and bottom of hemisphere D,
2𝜋 3 5𝑟 𝜋 2 ℎ
𝑣1 𝑦1 + 𝑣2 𝑦2 ( 3 × 𝑟 × 𝑦1 = 8 ) + ( 3 × 𝑟 × ℎ) (𝑟 + 4)
ȳ= =
𝑣1 + 𝑣2 2𝜋 𝜋
( × 𝑟 3 ) + ( × 𝑟 2 × ℎ)
3 3
Now for stable equilibrium, we know that the centre of gravity of the body should preferably be
below the common face AB or maximum may coincide with it. Therefore substituting y equal to r
in the above equation,
2𝜋 5𝑟 𝜋 ℎ
( 3 × 𝑟 3 × 𝑦1 = 8 ) + ( 3 × 𝑟 2 × ℎ) (𝑟 + 4 )
𝑟=
2𝜋 𝜋
( 3 × 𝑟 3 ) + ( 3 × 𝑟 2 × ℎ)
𝑜𝑟
2𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
( × 𝑟 4 ) + (∗ × 𝑟 3 × ℎ) = ( × 𝑟 4 ) + ( × 𝑟 3 × ℎ) + ( × 𝑟 2 × ℎ2 )
3 3 12 3 12
Dividing both sides by 𝜋𝑟 ,2

2𝑟 2 𝑟ℎ 5𝑟 2 𝑟ℎ ℎ2 3𝑟 2 ℎ2
+ = + + 𝑜𝑟 =
3 3 12 3 12 12 12
2 2
3𝑟 = ℎ
h = 1.732 r Ans.

50
 CHAPTER VI
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES THEOREM OF PAPPUS

2. Using the theorem of pappus, find the centroid of a uniform semicircle radius R.

Solution:
d = 2πm
4𝜋𝑅 2
V= 3

2nd Theorem of Pappus

𝜋𝑅 2
V = Ad where A = 2

Then;
𝑉
m = 2𝜋𝐴
4𝜋𝑅2
3
m= 𝜋𝑅2
2𝜋( )
2

4𝑅
=
3𝜋

m = 0.4244 Ans.

DIFFICULT

1. A curve shown in Figure belowis rotated about the y−axis. Find the area of the surface of
revolution.

51
 CHAPTER VI
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES THEOREM OF PAPPUS

We consider separately three sections of the curve

and compute their centroids.

Horizontal line segment AB.

The length is 𝐿 𝐴𝐵 =3. The centroid is located at the
point 𝐺 𝐴𝐵 = (3.5,10);
Vertical line segment BC.
The length is 𝐿 𝐵𝐶 = 2. The centroid is located at
the point 𝐺 𝐵𝐶 =(2,9);

Semicircular arc CD.

The length is 𝐿 𝐶𝐷 = πR = 3π.
The centroid is located at the point 𝐺 𝐶𝐷 =
(𝑥𝐶𝐷 ,𝑦𝐶𝐷 ), where 𝑥𝐶𝐷 = 2+2R/π = 2+6/π; 𝑦𝐶𝐷 =5.

Calculate the 𝑥 −coordinate of the

centroid G of the whole curve:

𝑥𝐴𝐵 𝐿 𝐴𝐵 + 𝑥𝐶𝐷 𝐿 𝐴𝐵 + 𝑥𝐶𝐷 𝐿 𝐶𝐷

𝑥 = 𝐿
,

where 𝐿 = 𝐿 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐿 𝐴𝐵 +𝐿 𝐶𝐷 is the total length of the curve.

By the 1st theorem of Pappus, the surface area is given by

𝐴 = 𝐿𝑑 = 2𝜋𝑚𝐿,

where 𝑑 is the path traversed by the centroid of the curve in one turn and 𝑚 = 𝑥 is the distance
from the centroid to the y−axis.

Hence,
𝑥𝐴𝐵 𝐿 𝐴𝐵+ 𝑥𝐶𝐷 𝐿 𝐴𝐵 + 𝑥𝐶𝐷 𝐿 𝐶𝐷
𝐴 = 2𝜋 ∙ ∙ 𝐿
𝐿
= 2𝜋 ∙ 𝑥𝐴𝐵 𝐿 𝐴𝐵 + 𝑥𝐶𝐷 𝐿 𝐴𝐵 + 𝑥𝐶𝐷 𝐿 𝐶𝐷
6
= 2𝜋 [3.5 ∙ 3 + 2 ∙ 2 + (2 + ) ∙ 3𝜋 ]
𝜋
= 61𝜋 + 12𝜋²
𝐴 ≈ 310

52
 CHAPTER VI
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES THEOREM OF PAPPUS

2. Find the centroid of a right triangle with legs a, b

𝑆𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁:

𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠:

𝜋𝑎 2 𝑏
𝑉𝑦 = 3

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 ∶

𝑎𝑏
𝐴 =
2
𝜋𝑎2 𝑏
𝑉𝑦 3 𝑎
𝑉𝑦 = 2𝜋𝑥𝐴, 𝑦 = = 𝑎𝑏 =
2𝜋𝐴 2𝜋∙ 3
2
𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠:
𝜋𝑎 2 𝑏
𝑉𝑥 = 3
𝜋𝑎𝑏2
𝑉𝑦 3 𝑏
𝑉𝑥 = 2𝜋𝑥𝐴, 𝑦 = = 𝑎𝑏 =
2𝜋𝐴 2𝜋∙ 3
2
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒:

𝑎 𝑏
𝐺(𝑥,𝑦) = 𝐺( 3 , 3 )

53
 CHAPTER VII
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES MOMENT OF INERTIA

TOPIC NO. 7: MOMENT OF INERTIA

EASY

1. Find the moment of inertia about the geometric center of the given structure made up of
one thin rod connecting two similar solid spheres as shown in Figure.

The structure is made up of three objects; one thin rod and two solid spheres.The mass of the rod,
M = 3 kg and the total length of the rod, ℓ = 80 cm = 0.8 m

The moment of inertia of the rod about its center of mass is, Irod = 1/12M ℓ²

Irod = 1/12 x 3 x (0.8)² = ¼ x 0.64

= 0.16 kg m²

The mass of sphere , M = 5 kg and the radius of the sphere, R= 10cm = 0.1m

The moment of inertia of the sphere about its center of mass is, Ic = ⅖ MR²

The moment of inertia of the sphere about geometric center of the structure is , Isph = Ic + Md²

Where, d= 40 cm = 10 cm = 50 cm = 0.5 m

Isph = ⅖ MR² + Md²

Isph = ⅖ x 5 x (0.1)² + (0.5)²

Isph = (2x0.01) + (5x0.25) = 0.02 + 1.25

Isph = 1.27 kg m²

54
 CHAPTER VII
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES MOMENT OF INERTIA

As there one rod and two similar solid spheres we can write the total moment of inertia (I) of the
given geometric structure as, I= Irod = + (2 x Isph)

I = (0.16) + (2 X 1.27) = 0.16 + 2.54

I = 2.7 kg m²

2. Determine the moment of inertia for the shaded area about the x-axis.

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

1
𝑦 = 50 𝑥 2
1
𝑥 = 50 𝑦 2

𝑑𝐴 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝐼𝑥 = ∫𝐴 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴
200
= ∫0 𝑦 2 (2𝑥)𝑑𝑦
1
200
= ∫0 𝑦 2 ∙ 2(50 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦
= 457,142,857.11𝑚𝑚4
= 4.57 x 108 𝑚𝑚4
𝐼𝑥 = 457 x 106 𝑚𝑚4

55
 CHAPTER VII
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES MOMENT OF INERTIA

3. Calculate the moment of inertia of shaded portion about x-axis.

SOLUTION:

𝑏ℎ3 𝜋𝑟 4 𝜋𝑟 4
𝐼𝑥 = + −
12 8 4
100(100)3 𝜋504 𝜋254
𝐼𝑥 = + −
12 8 4
𝐼𝑥 = 8.33𝑥106 + 2.45𝑥106 − 0.31𝑥106
𝐼𝑥 = 10.47𝑥106 𝑚𝑚2

Ans. 𝐼𝑥 = 10.47𝑥106 𝑚𝑚2

AVERAGE
1. Find the moment of inertia of a hollow rectangular section about its center of gravity if the
external dimensions are breadth 60 mm, depth 80 mm and internal dimensions are breadth
30 mm and depth 40 mm respectively.

Solution:
Given:
External breadth (b) = 60 mm;
External depth (d) = 80 mm ;
Internal breadth (b1) = 30 mm;
Internal depth (d1) = 40 mm

We know that moment of inertia of hollow rectangular section about an axis passing through its
center of gravity and parallel to X-X axis,
𝑏𝑑 3 𝑑 13
𝐼𝑥𝑥 = −
12 12

56
 CHAPTER VII
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES MOMENT OF INERTIA

60(80)3 30(40)3
= −
12 12

𝐼𝑥𝑥 =2400 × 103 𝑚𝑚4 Ans.

3 3
𝑏𝑑 𝑑 1
𝐼𝑦𝑦 = −
12 12

80(60)3 40(30)3
= −
12 12
3 4
𝐼𝑦𝑦 =1350 × 10 𝑚𝑚 Ans.

2. A 10-kg sphere-shaped bowling ball has a radius of 30 cm. Find the moment of inertia if
the axis of rotation is located at its center.

Solution:
Mass (m) = 10 kg
1𝑚
Radius (r) = 30 cm x 100 𝑐𝑚 = 0.3 m
2
I = 5 mr2
2
= 5 (10 kg) (0.3 m)2

= 4 (0.09)
= 0.36 kg m2 Ans.

57
 CHAPTER VII
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES MOMENT OF INERTIA

DIFFICULT
1. A right uniform triangle with legs 𝑎 and 𝑏 and mass 𝑚 is rotated about the leg 𝑏. Calculate
the moment of inertia of the triangle.

B(0,b)

y= f(x)
b

α
x
O(0,0) a A(a,0)

Solution:
The moment of inertia of the triangular lamina about the y-axis is given by integral
𝑎
𝐼𝑦 = ∫0 𝑥²𝛼(𝑥)𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
The function f(x) is the hypotenuse AB of the triangle. We can easily derive its equation using
two-point form:
𝑥−𝑥𝐴 𝑦 − 𝑦𝐴 𝑥−𝑎 𝑦 −0 𝑥 𝑦 𝑏
=𝑦 , ⇒ 0−𝑎 = , ⇒ 1 − 𝑎 = 𝑏 , ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 − 𝑎 𝑥.
𝑥𝐵 −𝑥𝐴 𝐵 − 𝑦𝐴 𝑏−0
Assuming that the density α is constant, we have
𝑎 𝑎
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏𝑎³ 𝑏𝑎⁴ 𝑏0³ 𝑏0⁴
𝐼 = 𝐼𝑦 = 𝛼 ∫ 𝑥²(𝑏 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝛼 ∫ (𝑏𝑥² − 𝑥³)𝑑𝑥 = 𝛼( − ) − 𝛼( − )
0 𝑎 0 𝑎 3 4𝑎 3 4𝑎
𝑏𝑎³ 𝑏𝑎³ 𝛼𝑏𝑎³
= 𝛼( − )=
3 4 12
𝛼𝑎𝑏
Let’s now recall that the mass of the triangular lamina is 𝑚 = 𝛼𝐴 = 2 .
Then the moment of inertia is expressed as:
𝛼𝑏𝑎³ 𝛼𝑎𝑏 𝑎² 𝑚𝑎²
𝐼= = × = .
12 2 6 6
I = ma²/6

58
 CHAPTER VII
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES MOMENT OF INERTIA

2. Determine the moment of inertia of the shaded area about the x-axis in two ways. The wall
thickness is 20 mm on all four sides of the rectangle.

2
A𝑑𝑦 , 𝑚𝑚4 𝐼𝑦
PART A, 𝑚𝑚2 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑦 , 𝑚𝑚 A𝑑𝑥 2
, 𝑚𝑚4 𝐼𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝑦0, 𝑚𝑚4
𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝑥0, 𝑚𝑚4

(380³*220
1. 𝑅𝑐𝑡. 220*380 = 0 0 0 0 (380*22 )/12 =
83600 0³)/12 10059866
=33718 67
6666.7

2. 𝑅𝑐𝑡. (340*18 340³*180)

180*340 0 0 0 0 0³)/12 = /12 =
=61200 165240 58956000
000 0

𝑆𝑢𝑚𝑠 144800 0 0 171946 41642666

666.7 7

𝐼𝑥 = 𝛴 𝐼𝑥0 + 𝛴𝐴𝑑𝑥2 = 1 719466667 + 0 = 1 719466667 𝑚𝑚4

𝐼𝑥 = 𝛴 𝐼𝑥0 + 𝛴𝐴𝑑𝑥2 = 416426667 + 0 = 416426667 𝑚𝑚4

59
 CHAPTER VIII
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES MOMENT OF INERTIA OF BUILT-UP SECTIONS

TOPIC NO.8: MOMENT OF INERTIA OF BUILT UP SECTIONS

EASY

1. Determine the moment of inertia of the built-up section in the figure about an axis AB passing
through the section as shown.

In this problem, it is required to find out the moment of inertia of the section about an axis AB.
So, there’s no need to find out the location of the centroid.

The given section is split up into simple rectangles as shown in Fig.

Now, moment of inertia about AB = sum of moments of inertia of the rectangle about AB.

400 X 20³/12 + 400 X 20 X 10² + [100 X 10³/12 + 100 X 10 X (20 + 5)²] X 2

+ [100 X 380³/12 + 10 X 380 X (30 + 190)²] X 2

+ [100 X 10³/12 + 100 X 10 X (20 + 10 = 380 + 5)²] X 2
+ IAB = 8.06093 X 10⁸ mm⁴

60
 CHAPTER VIII
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES MOMENT OF INERTIA OF BUILT-UP SECTIONS

2. Calculate the moment of inertia of the built up section shown in figure about the
centroidal axis parallel to AB. All members are 10mm thick.

250mm

50mm 50mm

50mm

250mm

10mm ↕

50mm

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

It is divided into 6 rectangles. Distance of centroidal x-axis from AB = 𝑌 =𝛴𝐴𝑖 𝑌𝑖 /𝛴𝐴

𝛴𝐴 = 2(250)(10)+40(4)(10) = 6600𝑚𝑚2
𝛴𝐴𝑖 𝑌𝑖 = 250(10)(5)+2(40)(10)(30)+40(40)(15)+40(10)(255)+250(10)(135)
= 482,000𝑚𝑚2
𝑌 =𝛴 𝐴𝑖 𝑌𝑖 /𝛴𝐴 = 482,000/6600
= 73.03 mm

Moment of Inertia about centroidal axis

= Sum of M.I of Individual rectangles
(250)(103 ) (10)(403 ) (40)(103 )
= +250(10)(68.03)2 +[ +40(10)(43.03)2 (2)+ +40(10)(58.03)2 +
12 12 12
(10)(2502 ) (40)(103 )
+250(10)(73.05 − 135)2 + 12 +40(10)(73.05 − 255)2
12
𝐼𝑥0𝑥0 = 50,399,395𝑚𝑚4

61
 CHAPTER VIII
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES MOMENT OF INERTIA OF BUILT-UP SECTIONS

3. Compute the moment of inertia and radius of the T-section shown in the figure with respect to
its centroidal X0 axis.

SOLUTION:

A1=82=16in.2
I1=8(23)12= 163in.4
y1=1 in.

A2=82=16in.2
I2=2(83)12= 2563in.4
y2=6 in.

A= A1+A2
A= 16+16

Now,
Ay=A1y1+A2y2
32y=161=16(6)
y=3.5 in.

I=I1+A1y-y12+I2+A2y-y22
I=163+163.5-12+2563+166-3.52
I=105.33+ 185.33
I=290.66 in.

Ans. I=290.66 in.

y=3.5 in.

62
 CHAPTER VIII
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES MOMENT OF INERTIA OF BUILT-UP SECTIONS

AVERAGE
1. A compound section is built-up by welding two plates 200 mm × 15 mm on two steel
beams ISJB 200 placed symmetrically side by side as shown in the figure below. What is
the moment of inertia of the compound section about an axis passing through its centre of
gravity and parallel to X-X axis ? Take IXX for the ISJB section as 7.807 × 106 mm4.

Given:
Size of two plates = 200 mm × 15 mm
Moment of inertia of ISJB 200 section about X-X axis = 7.807 × 106 mm4.

Solutions:

From the geometry of the compound section, we find that it is symmetrical about both the X-X
and Y-Y axis. Therefore, the center of gravity of the section will lie at G i.e., center of gravity of
the beam sections.

We know that moment of inertia of one plate section about an axis passing through its center of
gravity and parallel to X-X axis,

IG=200 (15)3 12= 0.056 106 mm4

and distance between the center of gravity of the plate section and X-X axis,

h=100 +152=107.5 mm

∴ Moment of inertia of the plate section about x-x axis

= IG+ a h2
= (0.056106) +(200156) (107.5)2
= 34.725 106 mm4 Ans.

and moment of inertia of the compound section about x-x axis,

Ixx= Moment of inertia of two ISJB sections + Moment of inertia of two plate sections,

63
 CHAPTER VIII
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES MOMENT OF INERTIA OF BUILT-UP SECTIONS

= 27.807 106+234.725 106

= 85.067 106 mm4 Ans.
1
2. Two L8x4x2 angles attached to an 8x1 plate builds up a beam. Determine the (a) distance from
x-axis to the neutral axis and (b) the moment of inertia of combined shape about a neutral axis.

1
Properties of L8x4x2:

AL = 4.75 in2
yL = 4.75 in
IL = 17.3 in4

Solution:
Solving for the Properties of 8x1 plate:
AR = bh
= 8(1)
= 8 in2
ℎ
yR = − 2

yR = -0.5 in
𝑏ℎ3
IL = 12

8(1)3
= 12

= 0.6667 in4

64
 CHAPTER VIII
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES MOMENT OF INERTIA OF BUILT-UP SECTIONS

(a)
𝛴𝐴𝑖𝑦𝑖
y= 𝛴𝐴𝑖
2𝐴𝐿𝑦𝐿+𝐴𝑅𝑦𝑅
= 2𝐴𝐿+𝐴𝑅

2(4.75)(1.98)+8(−0.5)
= 2(4.75)+8

= 0.8463 in Ans.

(b)
dL = | ȳ - ȳL | = | 0.8463 – 1.98| = 1.1337 inA
dR = | ȳ - ȳR | = | 0.8463 – (-0.5)| = 1.3463 in
8x1 plate:
I’x = [I + Ad2 ]
= 0.6667 + 8 (1.1337)2
= 10.9489 in4
1
L8x4x2:

I’x = [I + Ad2 ]
= 0.6667 + 8 (1.3463)2
= 25.9095 in4

Moment of Inertia of the whole built-up beam:

Ix’ = 2 (Ix’)L + (Ix’)R
= 2 (25.9095) + 10.9489
= 62.7679 in4 Ans.

65
 CHAPTER VIII
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES MOMENT OF INERTIA OF BUILT-UP SECTIONS

DIFFICULT
1. Find the moment of inertia of the cross-section of an iron beam about its centroidal axes.

SOLUTION:

y
12 cm
2.5 cm
1

2 5 5 cm
3
cm
2.5 cm
x

𝑋1 6 𝑌1 7.5 𝐴1 180

𝑋2 2.12 𝑌2 7.5 𝐴2 39.27

𝑋3 9.88 𝑌3 7.5 𝐴3 39.27

66
 CHAPTER VIII
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES MOMENT OF INERTIA OF BUILT-UP SECTIONS

𝐴1 𝑥1 −𝐴2 𝑥2 −𝐴3 𝑥3 𝐴1 𝑦1 −𝐴2 𝑦2 −𝐴3 𝑦3

𝑥𝑐 = = 6𝑐𝑚, 𝑦𝑐 = = 7.5𝑐𝑚
𝐴1 −𝐴2 −𝐴3 𝐴1 −𝐴2 −𝐴3

Moment of inertia with respect to centroidal X-X

𝐼𝑥𝑥 = 𝐼𝑥𝑥1 − 𝐼𝑥𝑥2 − 𝐼𝑥𝑥3

Rectangle:
𝐼𝑦𝑦1 = 𝐼𝐺1 + 𝐴1 ⋅ 𝑦²
= 𝐼𝐺1𝑥 + 𝐴1 ⋅ (𝑦1 − 𝑌 )²
=3375cm⁴
Semicircle:
𝐼𝑥𝑥2 = 𝐼𝐺2 + 𝐴2 ⋅ 𝑦²
= 𝐼𝐺2𝑥 + 𝐴2 ⋅ (𝑦2 − 𝑌)²
=245.63cm⁴
Semicircle:
𝐼𝑥𝑥3 = 𝐼𝐺3 + 𝐴3 ⋅ 𝑦²
= 𝐼𝐺3𝑥 + 𝐴3 ⋅ (𝑦3 − 𝑌)²
=245.63cm⁴
𝐼𝑥𝑥 = 2883.74 𝑐𝑚⁴

Moment of inertia with respect to centroidal Y-Y

𝐼𝑦𝑦 = 𝐼𝑦𝑦1 − 𝐼𝑦𝑦2 − 𝐼𝑦𝑦3

Rectangle:
𝐼𝑦𝑦1 = 𝐼𝐺1 + 𝐴1 ⋅ 𝑥²
= 𝐼𝐺1𝑦 + 𝐴1 ⋅ (𝑥1 − 𝑋)²
=2160cm⁴
Semicircle:
𝐼𝑦𝑦2 = 𝐼𝐺2 + 𝐴2 ⋅ 𝑥²
= 𝐼𝐺2𝑦 + 𝐴2 ⋅ (𝑥2 − 𝑋)²
=659.94cm⁴
Semicircle:
𝐼𝑦𝑦3 = 𝐼𝐺3 + 𝐴3 ⋅ 𝑥²
= 𝐼𝐺3𝑦 + 𝐴3 ⋅ (𝑥3 − 𝑋)²
=659.94cm⁴
𝐼𝑦𝑦 = 840.13 𝑐𝑚⁴

67
 CHAPTER VIII
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES MOMENT OF INERTIA OF BUILT-UP SECTIONS

2. Calculate the Area Moment of Inertia About the X-Axis

𝐴1 = (20 𝑥 170) 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴1 = 3400 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴2 = 𝐴3 = (20 𝑥 30) 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴3 = 600 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴4 = 𝐴5 = 20 𝑥 140 = 2800 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴6 = 𝐴7 = 20 𝑥 50 = 1000 𝑚𝑚2

𝑦1 = 5𝑚𝑚
𝑦2 = 𝑦3 = 10 + 5 = 15 𝑚𝑚
𝑦4 = 𝑦5 = 10 + 70 = 80 𝑚𝑚
𝑦6 = 𝑦7 = 10 + 25 = 35𝑚𝑚

170 𝑥 203
𝐼𝑥𝑥1 = + (20 𝑥 170)(52 )
12
𝐼𝑥𝑥1 = 198333.333 𝑚𝑚4
30 𝑥 203
𝐼𝑥𝑥2 = 𝐼𝑥𝑥3 = + (30𝑥20)(152 )
12
= 136000 𝑚𝑚4
20 𝑥 1403
𝐼𝑥𝑥4 = 𝐼𝑥𝑥5 = + (20𝑥140)(802 )
12
= 17952666.670 𝑚𝑚4
20 𝑥 503
𝐼𝑥𝑥6 = 𝐼𝑥𝑥7 = + (20𝑥50)(352 )
12
= 1433333.333 𝑚𝑚4

68
 CHAPTER VIII
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES MOMENT OF INERTIA OF BUILT-UP SECTIONS

𝑁𝑜𝑤,
𝐼𝑥 = 𝐼𝑥𝑥1 + 𝐼𝑥𝑥2 + 𝐼𝑥𝑥3 + 𝐼𝑥𝑥4 + 𝐼𝑥𝑥5 + 𝐼𝑥𝑥6 + 𝐼𝑥𝑥7
𝐼𝑥 = 198333.333 + 136000 + 136000 +17952666.670 + 17952666.670 + 1433333.333
+ 1433333.333 = 39242333.34 𝑚𝑚4

𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆, 𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒂 𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒔

𝑰𝒙 = 𝟑𝟗𝟐𝟒𝟐𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟑𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝟒

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STATIC OF RIGID BODIES METHOD OF JOINTS

TOPIC NO.9: METHOD OF JOINTS

EASY

1. Solve the following figures

Finding Reactions:

RA = load/2 = 1000/2 = 500 N

RB = load/2 = 1000/2 = 500 N

Joint A

∑FV = 0

500 - FAC sin 30° = 0

500/ sin 30°= FAC sin 30°/sin 30°
FAC = 500/ sin 30° FAC 500/0.5 FAC = 1000N

∑FX = 0
FAB + FAC cos 30° = 0
FAB = - FAC cos 30°
FAB = - (1000) (cos cos 30°)
FAB = -866N

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2. Determine the force in each member of the truss shown. Indicate whether the members are in
tension or compression.

SOLUTION:

+ MC = 0
600 N - CX= 0
CX=600 N

↺ + MC = 0
-Ay(6m)+(3m)(400 N)-600 N (4m) = 0
Ay= 600 N

+Fy = 0
Ay - 400 N - Cy= 0
600 N - 400 N - Cy= 0
Cy= 200 N

@JOINT A
+ Fx= 0
FAD- 35(750 N) = 0
FAD = 450 [T]

@JOINT C
Fy= 0
200-200 = 0
Fx= 0
FCB - 600 [C] = 0
FCB = 600 [C]

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@JOINT D
+Fx= 0
-450 + 600 + 35FBD= 0
FBD = 250 N [T]

+Fy= 0
-45(-250)-FDC= 0
FDC = 200 N [C]

3. Determine the force in each member of the crane shown in the figure below.

SOLUTION:

tan θ=612
=26.56°

30°+θ= 30°+ 26.56°

30°+θ=56.56°

Now, apply Cosine Law to triangle ABC

b2=62+92-269cos (30°+90°)
b2=117-(-54)
b2=171
b=13.08 in

bsin (30°+90°) =6sin

sin = 6sin 120° 171
α=23.41°

Then,

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At Joint A
∑Fy =0

FAC sin =5200

FAC sin 23.41° =5200
FAC =13,100 lb (T)

∑Fx =0
FAB= FACcos
FAB= 13,100cos 23.41 °
FAB=12,000 lb (C)

At Joint B
∑Fy =0
FBC= FABsin 30°
FBC= 12,000sin 30°
FBC=6000 lb (C)

∑Fx =0
FBD= FABcos 30°
FBD= 12,000cos 30°
FBD=10,400 lb (C)

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At Joint C
∑Fy =0
FCD sin (30°+θ )+6000cos 30° =13,1000 sin
FCD sin 56.56° +6000cos 30° =13,1000sin 23.41°

FCD =0

∑Fx =0
FCE + 6000sin 30° =13,1000 sin
FCE + 6000sin 30° =13,1000 sin 23.41°
FCE =9000 lb (T)

Ans. AB = 12,000 lb (C); AC = 13,100 lb (T); BC = 6000 lb (C); BD = 10,400 lb (C); CD = 0;

CE = 9000 lb (T)

AVERAGE
1. A frame of 6 m span is carrying a central load of 10 kN as shown in the figure below. Find
the magnitude and nature of forces in all members of the structure and tabulate the results.

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Solution:

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 CHAPTER IX
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES METHOD OF JOINTS

Now tabulate these results as given below:

S.No. Member Magnitude of force in kN Nature of force

1 AD, DB 7.08 kN Tension

2 AC, CB 11.19 kN Compression

3 CD 10.0 kN Tension

2. Solve for F , F , and F in an uneven truss shown below.

AB BD BC

ΣM = 0
A

40 KN (3 m) + 25 KN (6 m) – 8 R F

8 R = 120 + 150
F

R = 270/8
F

R = 33.75 KNm
F

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77
 CHAPTER IX
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES METHOD OF JOINTS

DIFFICULT

1. Determine the force in each member of the structure shown below.

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79
 CHAPTER IX
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES METHOD OF JOINTS

2. Determine the force in each member of the loaded truss.

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 CHAPTER X
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES METHOD OF SECTIONS

TOPIC 10: METHOD OF SECTIONS

EASY

1. Find CD.

∑Fx = 0 = Fx
∑Fy = 0 = Ay + Fy - 100 - 400
Ay + Fy + 500 N

∑MA = 0 = -100N(1M) - 400N(2m) + Fy(3m)

-100 - 800 + 3 Fy = 0
Fy = 900/3 = 300↑

Ay + 300 = 500
Ay = 200 N↑

∑Fx = 0 = BD + CD cos 45 + CE
∑Fy = 0 = 200 - 100 + CD sin 45
CD = -100/sin 45 = -144.4 N

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Combine the two forces P and T which act on the fixed structure at B into a single equivalent R
and the angle it creates along the horizontal.

B
P= 800N

6m
y

A α C 60° D

3m

Solution:
to find α: c²= a² + b² -2abcosC
B c²= 6² + 3² -2(6)(3)cos120°
c²= 63
c = √63 m
3
sinα/a = sinC/c
0
sinα/6 = sin120°/√63
a= °
α = sin⁻¹ (6sin120°/√63)
6m
α 1 6 α = 40.89°
A b 2 C0 D
= 0° °
3
m

82
40.
 CHAPTER X
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES METHOD OF SECTIONS

FBD:
ΣRx = 800N - 600N cos40.89°
= 346.42 N
ΣRy = - 600N sin40.89°
= -392.77 N
R = √( ΣRx² + ΣRy²)
= √( (346.42 N)² + (392.77 N)²)
R = 523.71 N
tanϴ = ΣRy / ΣRx
ϴ = tan⁻¹ 523.71 N/346.42 N)
ϴ = 48.59°

2. Replace the three forces which act on the bent bar by a force–couple system at the support
point A. Then determine the x-intercept of the line of action of the stand-alone resultant force R.

𝑆𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁:

↑ + 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = −20𝑘𝑁 + 6.4𝑘𝑁 𝑐𝑜𝑠30 − 9.6𝑘𝑁 = −24.057𝑘𝑁 ↓

→ +𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 6.4𝑘𝑁 𝑠𝑖𝑛30 = 3.2𝑘𝑁 →

𝑅 = √(𝑅𝑥 2 + 𝑅𝑦 2 )
𝑅 = √(3.22 + 24.0572 )

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 CHAPTER X
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES METHOD OF SECTIONS

𝑅 = 24.269𝑘𝑁 ↓→

𝑅𝑥
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝑅𝑦
3.2𝑘𝑁
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (24.057𝑘𝑁)
∘
𝜃 = 7.577

↻ + 𝛴 𝑀𝐴 = 20𝑘𝑁 ∗ 2.4𝑚 − (6.4 𝑐𝑜𝑠30)(2.4𝑚 + 1.2𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠30) −

(6.4𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛30)(1.2𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛30) +
9.6𝑘𝑁(2.4𝑚 + 2.4𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠30 + 1.8𝑚) = 87.291 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 ↻

𝑀𝐴 = 𝑅𝑦 ∗ 𝑥
87.291𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
𝑥 =
24.057𝑘𝑁
𝑥 = 3.629𝑚

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 CHAPTER X
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES METHOD OF SECTIONS

TOPIC 2: EQUILIBRIUM
EASY
2. A 1 m long uniform beam of 2 kg mass is being lifted vertically up by a force F at the 100 cm
mark. What is the minimum force required to do so?

Given:

m= 2kg, Assume g= 10 m s²

Larger will be the moment , smaller will be the force required to lift the rod. Hence, applying the
moment about 0 cm point we get.

W x 50 = F x 100

M x g x 50 = F x 100

2 x 10 x 50 = F x 100

F = 10

3. Determine the reactions at A and B on the beam.

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 CHAPTER X
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES METHOD OF SECTIONS

6 8
0 0
1 1 2
m
0 m m
0
N N

○ ○
9
0
1 0
. N
5
m

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
↶

+ΣMa=0

FBC (⅗) (2) - 600(1) - 800(4) - 900=0

FBC = 3916.67 N
FBC = 3.92 kN

+→ΣFx=0
3916.67 (⅘) - Ax=0
Ax = 3133.33 N
Ax = 3.13 kN

+↑ΣFy=0
- Ay - 600 - 800 + 3916.67 (⅗) = 0
Ay = 950 N

3. In the figure, the frame is supported in pivots at A and B. Each member weighs 50-lb per ft.
Determine (a) the horizontal reaction at A, and (b) the horizontal and vertical components of the
reaction at B.

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 CHAPTER X
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES METHOD OF SECTIONS

SOLUTION:

Length of DF
𝐿𝐷𝐹 2 = (8)2 + (6)2
𝐿𝐷𝐹 2 = 64 + 36

√𝐿𝐷𝐹 2 = √100
𝐿𝐷𝐹 = 10 𝑖𝑛

Weights of Members
𝑊𝐴𝐵 = (12)(10) = 120 𝑙𝑏
𝑊𝐶𝐸 = (12)(10) = 120 𝑙𝑏
𝑊𝐷𝐹 = (10)(10) = 100 𝑙𝑏

Solve for 𝐴𝑥

∑𝑀𝐵 = 0
12𝐴𝑥 = 6𝑊𝐶𝐸 + 4𝑊𝐷𝐹 + 12(2000)
12𝐴𝑥 = 6(120) + 4(100) + 12(2000)
12𝐴𝑥 = 25,120 𝑙𝑏
𝐴𝑥 = 2093.33 𝑙𝑏

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 CHAPTER X
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES METHOD OF SECTIONS

Solve for 𝐵𝑥

∑𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝐵𝑥 = 𝐴𝑥
𝐵𝑥 = 2093.33 𝑙𝑏

Solve for 𝐵𝑦

∑𝐹𝑦 = 0

𝐵𝑦 = 𝑊𝐴𝐵 + 𝑊𝐶𝐸 + 𝑊𝐷𝐹 + 2000

𝐵𝑦 = 120 + 120 + 100 + 2000

𝐵𝑦 = 2340 𝑙𝑏

Ans. 𝐴𝑥 = 2093.33 𝑙𝑏 ; 𝐵𝑥 = 2093.33 𝑙𝑏 ; 𝐵𝑦 = 2340 𝑙𝑏

AVERAGE

2. A clamp is used to hold two pieces of wood together as shown. The clamp has a double
square thread of mean diameter equal to 10 mm with a pitch of 2 mm. The coefficient of
friction between threads is s = 0.30. If a maximum couple of 40 Nm is applied in tightening
the clamp, determine (a) the force exerted on the pieces of wood, (b) the couple required
to loosen the clamp.

Solution:
Cross section of the screw
↔

↕
↔↔
88
 CHAPTER X
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES METHOD OF SECTIONS

Where p = applied force to the block and

W = force exerted on the wood
4
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼 =
10𝜋𝑟
𝛼 = 7.26∘
𝜇𝑠 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃𝑠 = 0.3
𝜇𝑠 = 16.7∘
𝑊𝑥𝑟 = 40 𝑁𝑚
40
𝑊 = = 8𝑘𝑁
5 𝑚𝑚
𝑃
𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝛼 + 𝜃) =
𝑊
∘ ∘ 8
𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 7.26 + 16.7 ) = 𝑊
W = 18 kN the exerted on the block

To loosen the screw

⊖-
↔

↕ r
↔
w

𝑃
𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝜃 − 𝛼) =
𝑊
𝑃
𝑡𝑎𝑛 (16.7∘ − 7.26∘ ) =
18
P = 3 kN

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 CHAPTER X
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES METHOD OF SECTIONS

couple = Pxr = 3kN x 5mm = 15 Nm Ans

2. A picture frame weighing 40 grams is hanging between two ropes. Find the T1 and T2 from the
given figure below.

Solution:
1𝑘𝑔
40 g x = 0.04 kg
1000𝑔

mg = 0.04 kg (9.8 m/s2)

mg = 0.392 N

T1 = mg (sin θ)

= 0.392 (sin 70°)

T1 = 0.3684 N Ans.
T2 = mg (sin θ)
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 1
Since sin θ = ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒; then sin θ = √5,

1
= 0.392 (√5)

T2 = 0.1753 N Ans.

DIFFICULT:
2. Bar AB of negligible weight is subjected to a vertical force of 350 lb. and a horizontal
force of 75 lb. applied as shown in the figure. Find the angle ϴ at which equilibrium
exist. Assume smooth inclined surfaces (no friction).

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 CHAPTER X
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES METHOD OF SECTIONS

350 lb

B 9 ft
9 ft
7 ft
A
2 75 lb ϴ
1
45°

SOLUTION:
ΣFx = 0 by using elimination method:
Rb(1/√5) + 75 lb = Racos45° Ra= 235.70 lb
ΣFy = 0 Rb= 204.97 lb
Rb(2/√5) + Rasin45° = 350 lb

ΣMa = 0
204.97(2/√5)(25cosϴ) + 204.97(1/√5)(25sinϴ) - 350(16cosϴ) +
75(7sinϴ) = 0
4583.33cosϴ +2291.67sinϴ - 5600cosϴ + 525sinϴ = 0
2186.67sinϴ = 1016.67cosϴ
ϴ = tan⁻¹(1016.67/2186.67)
ϴ = 24.94°
2. The 600-kg uniform beam is subjected to the three external loads shown. Compute the
reactions at the support point O. The x-y plane is vertical.

𝑆𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁:

𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 600 ∗ 9.81 / 1000 = 5.886𝑘𝑁

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STATIC OF RIGID BODIES METHOD OF SECTIONS

↑ + 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0
↑ + 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 𝑉 + 2.8 − 6𝑐𝑜𝑠30 - 5.886 = 0
𝑉 = −2.8 + 6𝑐𝑜𝑠30 + 5.886
𝑉 = 8.282 ↑

→ + 𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0
→ + 𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹 − 6𝑠𝑖𝑛30 = 0
𝐹 = 6𝑠𝑖𝑛30
𝐹 = 3𝑘𝑁 →

↻ + 𝛴 𝑀𝑂 = 0
𝑀𝑂 = (6𝑐𝑜𝑠30)9.6 + 5.886 ∗ 4.8 − 2.8 ∗ 2.4 − 30
𝑀𝑂 = 41.416𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 ↺

TOPIC 3: FRICTION
EASY

3. An 84 kg container box is resting on a wooden support as shown in the figure. TheThe

coefficient of friction between the box and the support top is 0.55. What is the maximum
mass(m) of the hanging box for which the system will remain at rest? Assuming frictionless
pulley.

+ Fv = 0
N – 824 = 0
N = 824N

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STATIC OF RIGID BODIES METHOD OF SECTIONS

+ Fh = 0
T–f=0 ;f=N
T = 0.55(824)
T = 453N

+ Fv = 0
T – W2 = 0
T – mg = 0
453 = m(9.81)
m = 46.2kg

4. A 100 N force acts as shown on a 300 N block placed on an inclined plane. The coefficients
of friction between the block and plane are μs=0.25 and μk=0.20. Determine whether the
block is in equilibrium and find the value of the friction force.

5
3

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

Determine values of friction force and normal reaction force from the plane required to maintain
equilibrium.

93
 CHAPTER X
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES METHOD OF SECTIONS

300 N

x
ΣFx = 0 y

100 N - ⅗ (300 N) - F = 0
F = -80 N F

ΣFy = 0 N

N - ⅘ (300 N) = 0 100 N
N = 240 N

Calculate the maximum friction force and compare with friction force required for
equilibrium. If it is greater, the block will not slide.

Fm = μsN

Fm = 0.25 (240)
= 60 N
Therefore, the block will slide down the plane.

If maximum friction force is less than friction force required for equilibrium, the block will
slide. Calculate the kinetic friction force.

300 N
F actual = Fk = μkN
= 0.20 (240 N)
F actual = 48 N

N = 240 N
F = 48 N
100 N

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 CHAPTER X
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES METHOD OF SECTIONS

AVERAGE
2. Two cables are tied together at C and are loaded as shown. (a) Determine the
tension in cable AC in kN and (b) determine the tension in cable BC in kN.

Solution:

Multiply the object’s mass (in kilogram) by 9.81, to get the newtons needed then draw its
FBD.

F = (1600 kg) (9.81 𝑚/𝑠 2

= 15696 N

960 12
z = √9602 + 4002 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 = 1040
= 13
400 z
T z = 1040 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 = 1040
= 90
T
5
⊖ ∝ ∝
13 40
F=
960 48
a = √1100 + 9602 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 1460
= 73
a = 1060
400 55 a
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = = 90
1460 73
⊖
110

a. For Horizontal Component

∑ Fx = 𝑇𝐵𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 − 𝑇𝐴𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
5 55
O = 𝑇𝐵𝐶 (13)- 𝑇𝐴𝐶 (73)
55 5
𝑇𝐴𝐶 (73)= 𝑇𝐵𝐶 (13)

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5 73
𝑇𝐴𝐶 = 𝑇𝐵𝐶 (13) (55) ⇒ 𝑒𝑞. 1

b. For Vertical Component

∑ Fy = 𝑇𝐵𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 + 𝑇𝐴𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 15696
12 48
O = 𝑇𝐵𝐶 ( )+ 𝑇𝐴𝐶 ( ) − 15696 ⇒ 𝑒𝑞. 2
13 73
Substitute 𝑇𝐴𝐶 from equation 1 to equation 2.
12 48
O = 𝑇𝐵𝐶 ( )+ 𝑇𝐴𝐶 ( ) − 15696
13 73
12 5 73 48
O = 𝑇𝐵𝐶 (13) + 𝑇𝐵𝐶 (13) (55) (73) − 15696
12 5 73 48
15696 = 𝑇𝐵𝐶 (13) + 𝑇𝐵𝐶 (13) (55) (73)
12 5 73 48
15696 =[ 𝑇𝐵𝐶 ( ) + 𝑇𝐵𝐶 ( ) ( ) ( )]
13 13 55 73
15696
𝑇𝐵𝐶 = 12 5 73 48
+ ( )( )( )
13 13 55 73

𝑇𝐵𝐶 = 12469.6 N Ans

Substitute 𝑇𝐵𝐶 to equation 1.
5 73
𝑇𝐴𝐶 = 𝑇𝐵𝐶 (13) (55)
5 73
= 12469.6 (13) (55)
𝑇𝐴𝐶 = 63.65 N Ans

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STATIC OF RIGID BODIES METHOD OF SECTIONS

3. A 20-kg box is being pulled by a boy in a road with an elevation angle of 40°.
Find the coefficient of kinetic friction.

Solution:

Ff = µk (N) F = mg sin θ - Ff
Ff = µk (mg cos θ) – equation 1 Ff = mg sin θ – equation 2
µk (mg cos θ) = mg sin θ
𝑚𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
µk = 𝑚𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

µk = tan 40°
µk = 0.8391 Ans.

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DIFFICULT

2. Block A in the figure weighs 100 N. The coefficient of static friction between the
blockand the surface area on which it rests is 0.30. The weight is 20 N and the
system is inequilibrium. Find the maximum weight W for which the system will
remain in equilibrium.

A 45°
100 N

SOLUTION:

Given that W= 20N;

Ff = μ×N
= (0.30)(100N) B
Ff = 30N T
ΣFx = 0 A 45
10
μ= °
0
0.3
N
W=2
0N 98
 CHAPTER X
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES METHOD OF SECTIONS

30N= Tcos45°
T= 30√2 N or 42.43 N
To find W:
ΣFy = 0
100 N + Tsinϴ = 100 N + W
30√2 N sin 45°= W
W = 30 N

2. A clockwise couple M is applied to the circular cylinder as shown. Determine the

value of M required to initiate motion for the conditions
𝑚𝐵 = 6kg, 𝑚𝐶 = 12kg, ( 𝜇𝑠 )𝐵 = 0.7, ( 𝜇𝑠 )𝐵 = 0.6, and r = 0.4 m. Friction between the
cylinder C and the block B is negligible.

𝑆𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁:

𝐵𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝐵:

↑ + 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0
↑ + 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 𝑁1 - 𝑚𝐵 𝑔 = 0
↑ + 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 𝑁1 − 6 ∗ 9.81 = 0
𝑁1 = 6 ∗ 9.81 = 58.86 𝑁 ↑

𝐹1𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ( 𝜇𝑠 )𝐵 𝑁1 = 0.7 ∗ 58.86 = 41.202𝑁

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝐵, 𝐹1 = 𝐹1𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 41.202𝑁

→ + 𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0
→ + 𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹1 − 𝑃 = 0

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𝑃 = 𝐹1 = 41.202𝑁

𝐵𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝐶:

↑ + 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0
↑ + 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 𝑁2 - 𝑚𝐶 𝑔 = 0
↑ + 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 𝑁2 − 12 ∗ 9.81 = 0
𝑁1 = 12 ∗ 9.81 = 117.72 𝑁 ↑

𝐹1𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ( 𝜇𝑠 )𝐶 𝑁2 = 0.6 ∗ 117,72 = 70.632 𝑁

𝐹2 = 41.202 < 𝐹2𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 70.632 𝑁

↻ + 𝛴𝑀𝑂 = 0
𝑀 − 𝐹2 ∗ 𝑟 = 0
𝑀 − 41.202 ∗ 0.4 = 0
𝑀 = 41.202 ∗ 0.4 = 16.481 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 ↻

TOPIC 4: WEDGES, SQ. THREADED SCREWS, BELT FRICTION

EASY

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∑Fx= (0.15) (2000) + FN1 sin 10 + 0.05 FN1 cos 10- F push= 0
∑Fy= FN1 cos 10 - 0.05 FN1 sin 10- 2000= 0

FN1= 2000/cos 1o- 0.05 sin 10

FN1= 2048.9 lbs.

Fpush= (0.15)(2000)+(2048.9) sin (10)+( 0.05)(2048.9) cos 10

Fpush= 756 lbs.

3. Determine the force P required to start the wedge shown in the figure. The angle
of friction for all surfaces in contract is 15°.

200 kN

15°

50 kN

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𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

From the FBD of the block to the right

ΣFv=0
R1cos15° = R2sin15°+ 200
R1 = 0.2679R2 + 207.06

ΣFH=0
R2cos15° = R1sin15°+ 50
R2cos15° = (0.2679 R2 + 207.06) sin15° + 50
0.8966 R2 = 103.59
R2 = 115.54 kN

From the FBD of the wedge to the left

ΣFH=0
R3cos30° = R2cos15°
R3cos30° = 115.54 cos15°
R3 = 128.87kN

ΣFv=0
P = R2sin15° + R3sin30°
P = 115.54 sin15° + 128.87 sin30°
P = 94.34 kN

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1. Calculate the moment of inertia of the built up section shown in figure about the
centroidal axis parallel to AB. All members are 10mm thick.

250mm

50mm 50mm

50mm

250mm

10mm ↕

50mm

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

It is divided into 6 rectangles. Distance of centroidal x-axis from AB = 𝑌 =𝛴𝐴𝑖 𝑌𝑖 /𝛴𝐴

𝛴𝐴 = 2(250)(10)+40(4)(10) = 6600𝑚𝑚2
𝛴𝐴𝑖 𝑌𝑖 = 250(10)(5)+2(40)(10)(30)+40(40)(15)+40(10)(255)+250(10)(135)
= 482,000𝑚𝑚2
𝑌 =𝛴 𝐴𝑖 𝑌𝑖 /𝛴𝐴 = 482,000/6600
= 73.03 mm

Moment of Inertia about centroidal axis

= Sum of M.I of Individual rectangles
(250)(103 ) (10)(403 ) (40)(103 )
= 12
+250(10)(68.03)2 +[ 12
+40(10)(43.03)2 (2)+ 12
+40(10)(
(10)(2502 ) (40)(103 )
58.03)2 + +250(10)(73.05 − 135)2 + +40(10)(73.05 − 255)2
12 12
𝐼𝑥0𝑥0 = 50,399,395𝑚𝑚4

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Moment of inertia with respect to centroidal X-X

𝐼𝑥𝑥 = 𝐼𝑥𝑥1 − 𝐼𝑥𝑥2 − 𝐼𝑥𝑥3

Rectangle:
𝐼𝑦𝑦1 = 𝐼𝐺1 + 𝐴1 ⋅ 𝑦²
= 𝐼𝐺1𝑥 + 𝐴1 ⋅ (𝑦1 − 𝑌 )²
=3375cm⁴
Semicircle:
𝐼𝑥𝑥2 = 𝐼𝐺2 + 𝐴2 ⋅ 𝑦²
= 𝐼𝐺2𝑥 + 𝐴2 ⋅ (𝑦2 − 𝑌)²
=245.63cm⁴
Semicircle:
𝐼𝑥𝑥3 = 𝐼𝐺3 + 𝐴3 ⋅ 𝑦²
= 𝐼𝐺3𝑥 + 𝐴3 ⋅ (𝑦3 − 𝑌)²
=245.63cm⁴
𝐼𝑥𝑥 = 2883.74 𝑐𝑚⁴

Moment of inertia with respect to centroidal Y-Y

𝐼𝑦𝑦 = 𝐼𝑦𝑦1 − 𝐼𝑦𝑦2 − 𝐼𝑦𝑦3

Rectangle:
𝐼𝑦𝑦1 = 𝐼𝐺1 + 𝐴1 ⋅ 𝑥²
= 𝐼𝐺1𝑦 + 𝐴1 ⋅ (𝑥1 − 𝑋)²
=2160cm⁴
Semicircle:
𝐼𝑦𝑦2 = 𝐼𝐺2 + 𝐴2 ⋅ 𝑥²
= 𝐼𝐺2𝑦 + 𝐴2 ⋅ (𝑥2 − 𝑋)²

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=659.94cm⁴
Semicircle:
𝐼𝑦𝑦3 = 𝐼𝐺3 + 𝐴3 ⋅ 𝑥²
= 𝐼𝐺3𝑦 + 𝐴3 ⋅ (𝑥3 − 𝑋)²
=659.94cm⁴
𝐼𝑦𝑦 = 840.13 𝑐𝑚⁴

2. Calculate The Area Moment Of Inertia About The X-Axis

𝐴1 = (20 𝑥 170) 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴1 = 3400 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴2 = 𝐴3 = (20 𝑥 30) 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴3 = 600 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴4 = 𝐴5 = 20 𝑥 140 = 2800 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴6 = 𝐴7 = 20 𝑥 50 = 1000 𝑚𝑚2

𝑦1 = 5𝑚𝑚
𝑦2 = 𝑦3 = 10 + 5 = 15 𝑚𝑚
𝑦4 = 𝑦5 = 10 + 70 = 80 𝑚𝑚
𝑦6 = 𝑦7 = 10 + 25 = 35𝑚𝑚

170 𝑥 203
𝐼𝑥𝑥1 = + (20 𝑥 170)(52)
12
𝐼𝑥𝑥1 = 198333.333 𝑚𝑚4

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30 𝑥 203
𝐼𝑥𝑥2 = 𝐼𝑥𝑥3 = + (30𝑥20)(152 )
12
= 136000 𝑚𝑚4
20 𝑥 1403
𝐼𝑥𝑥4 = 𝐼𝑥𝑥5 = + (20𝑥140)(802 )
12
= 17952666.670 𝑚𝑚4
20 𝑥 503
𝐼𝑥𝑥6 = 𝐼𝑥𝑥7 = + (20𝑥50)(352 )
12
= 1433333.333 𝑚𝑚4

𝑁𝑜𝑤,
𝐼𝑥 = 𝐼𝑥𝑥1 + 𝐼𝑥𝑥2 + 𝐼𝑥𝑥3 + 𝐼𝑥𝑥4 + 𝐼𝑥𝑥5 + 𝐼𝑥𝑥6 + 𝐼𝑥𝑥7
𝐼𝑥 = 198333.333 + 136000 + 136000 +17952666.670 + 17952666.670 +
1433333.333 + 1433333.333 = 39242333.34 𝑚𝑚4

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠

𝐼𝑥 = 392423333.34 𝑚𝑚4

TOPIC NO.9: METHOD OF JOINTS

EASY

Solve the following figures

Finding Reactions:

RA = load/2 = 1000/2 = 500 N

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RB = load/2 = 1000/2 = 500 N

Joint A

∑FV = 0

500 - FAC sin 30° = 0

500/ sin 30°= FAC sin 30°/sin 30°
FAC = 500/ sin 30° FAC 500/0.5 FAC = 1000N

∑FX = 0
FAB + FAC cos 30° = 0
FAB = - FAC cos 30°
FAB = - (1000) (cos cos 30°)
FAB = -866N

2. Determine the force in each member of the truss shown. Indicate whether the members
are in tension or compression.

𝑆𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁:
→ + 𝛴𝑀𝐶 = 0
600 𝑁 − 𝐶𝑋 = 0
𝐶𝑋 = 600 𝑁

↺ + 𝛴𝑀𝐶 = 0
−𝐴𝑦 (6𝑚) + (3𝑚)(400 𝑁) − 600 𝑁 (4𝑚) = 0
𝐴𝑦 = 600 𝑁

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↑ +𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝐴𝑦 − 400 𝑁 − 𝐶𝑦 = 0
600 𝑁 − 400 𝑁 − 𝐶𝑦 = 0
𝐶𝑦 = 200 𝑁 ↑

@𝐽𝑂𝐼𝑁𝑇 𝐴
↑ + 𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0
3
𝐹𝐴𝐷 − 5(750 𝑁) = 0
𝐹𝐴𝐷 = 450 [𝑇]

@𝐽𝑂𝐼𝑁𝑇 𝐶
𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0
200 − 200 = 0
𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝐹𝐶𝐵 − 600 [𝐶] = 0
𝐹𝐶𝐵 = 600 [𝐶]

@𝐽𝑂𝐼𝑁𝑇 𝐷
→ +𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0
3
−450 + 600 + 𝐹𝐵𝐷 = 0
5
𝐹𝐵𝐷 = 250 𝑁 [𝑇]

↑ +𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0
4
-5(−250) − 𝐹𝐷𝐶 = 0
𝐹𝐷𝐶 = 200 𝑁 [𝐶]

3. Determine the force in each member of the crane shown in the figure below.

SOLUTION:

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6
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 =
12
𝜃 = 26.56°

30° + 𝜃 = 30° + 26.56°

30° + 𝜃 = 56.56°

Now, apply Cosine Law to triangle ABC

𝑏 2 = 62 + 92 − 2(6)(9) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (30° + 90°)
𝑏 2 = 117 − (−54)
𝑏 2 = 171
𝑏 = 13.08 𝑖𝑛

𝑏 6
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (30° + 90°) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼
6 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 120°
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 =
√171
𝛼 = 23.41°

Then,

At Joint A
∑𝐹𝑦 = 0

𝐹𝐴𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 = 5200

𝐹𝐴𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 23.41° = 5200
𝐹𝐴𝐶 = 13,100 𝑙𝑏 (T)

∑𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 𝐹𝐴𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼

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𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 13,100 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 23.41 °

𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 12,000 𝑙𝑏 (C)

At Joint B
∑𝐹𝑦 = 0

𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 𝐹𝐴𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 30°

𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 12,000 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 30°
𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 6000 𝑙𝑏 (C)

∑𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝐹𝐵𝐷 = 𝐹𝐴𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 30°
𝐹𝐵𝐷 = 12,000 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 30°
𝐹𝐵𝐷 = 10,400 𝑙𝑏 (C)

At Joint C
∑𝐹𝑦 = 0

𝐹𝐶𝐷 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (30° + 𝜃 ) + 6000 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 30° = 13,1000 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼
𝐹𝐶𝐷 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 56.56° + 6000 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 30° = 13,1000 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 23.41°
𝐹𝐶𝐷 = 0

∑𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝐹𝐶𝐸 + 6000 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 30° = 13,1000 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼

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𝐹𝐶𝐸 + 6000 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 30° = 13,1000 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 23.41°

𝐹𝐶𝐸 = 9000 𝑙𝑏 (T)

Ans. AB = 12,000 𝑙𝑏 (C); AC = 13,100 𝑙𝑏 (T); BC = 6000 𝑙𝑏 (C); BD = 10,400 𝑙𝑏 (C); CD = 0;

CE = 9000 𝑙𝑏 (T)

AVERAGE
1. A frame of 6 m span is carrying a central load of 10 kN as shown in the figure below. Find
the magnitude and nature of forces in all members of the structure and tabulate the results.

Solution:
Since the structure is symmetrical in geometry and loading, therefore reaction at A,
𝑅𝐴 = 𝑅𝐵 = 5𝑘𝑁
From the geometry of the structure, shown in the Fig. above, we find that
3
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = = 1.0 0𝑟 𝜃 = 45⁰
3
6
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼 = = 2.0 0𝑟 𝛼 = 63.4⁰
3
First of all, consider the joint A. Let the directions of the forces 𝑃𝐴𝐶 and 𝑃𝐴𝐷 be assumed as
shown in Fig. above. Resolving the forces horizontally and equating the same,

𝑃𝐴𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠 63.4 ⁰ = 𝑃𝐴𝐷 𝑐𝑜𝑠 45⁰

𝑃𝐴𝐷 𝑐𝑜𝑠45⁰ 𝑃𝐴𝐷 × 0.707
𝑃𝐴𝐶 = = = 1.58 𝑃𝐴𝐷
𝑐𝑜𝑠 63.4 ⁰ 0.4477

and now resolving the forces vertically and equating the same,

𝑃𝐴𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛 63.4 ⁰ = 5 + 𝑃𝐴𝐷 𝑠𝑖𝑛 45⁰

1.58 𝑃𝐴𝐷 × 0.8941 = 5 + 𝑃𝐴𝐷 × 0.707
0.7056 𝑃𝐴𝐷 = 5

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5
𝑃𝐴𝐷 =
0.7056
= 7.08 kN (Tension) Ans.
𝑃𝐴𝐶 = 1.58 × 𝑃𝐴𝐷
= 1.58 × 7.08
= 11.19 kN (Compression) Ans.

Now consider the joint D. Let the directions of the forces PCD and PBD be assumed as
shown in Fig. above. Resolving the forces vertically and equating the same,

𝑃𝐶𝐷 = 𝑃𝐴𝐷 𝑠𝑖𝑛 45 ⁰ + 𝑃𝐵𝐷 𝑠𝑖𝑛 45⁰ = 2𝑃𝐴𝐷 𝑠𝑖𝑛 45⁰ . . . ( 𝑃𝐵𝐷 = 𝑃𝐴𝐷 )
= 2 × 7.08 × 0.707
= 10.0 kN (Tension)

Now tabulate these results as given below :

S.No. Member Magnitude of force in kN Nature of force

1 AD, DB 7.08 kN Tension

2 AC, CB 11.19 kN Compression

3 CD 10.0 kN Tension

2. Solve for FAB, FBD, and FBC in an uneven truss shown below.

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ΣMA = 0
40 KN (3 m) + 25 KN (6 m) – 8 RF
8 RF = 120 + 150
270
RF = 8

RF = 33.75 KNm

At joint A

ΣFV = 0
4
FAB = RA
5
4
FAB = 33.75
5
33.75
FAB = 4
5

FAB = 42.1875 KN Ans.

At joint B

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ΣFH = 0
3 3
FBD = FAB
√10 5
3 3
FBD = 5 (42.1875)
√10
25.3125
FBD = 3
√10

FAB = 26.6817 KN Ans.

ΣFV = 0
4 1
FAB + √10 FBD = 40 + FBC
5
4 1
(42.1875) + √10 (26.6817) = 40 + FBC
5

FBC = 2.1875 KN Ans.

DIFFICULT

1. Determine the force in each member of the structure shown below.

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Solution:

At joint A:
𝛴𝐹𝑉 = 0
1
𝐹 =60
√2 𝐴𝐵
𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 84.85 𝑘𝑁 (𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)

At joint B:
𝛴 𝐹𝐻 = 0
3 1
𝐹 = (84.85)
√10 𝐵𝐷 √2
𝐹𝐵𝐷 = 63.24 𝑘𝑁 (𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝛴𝐹𝑉 = 0
1 1
𝐹𝐵𝐶 + 𝐹 = (84.85)
√10 𝐵𝐷 √2
1 1
𝐹𝐵𝐶 + (63.24)= (84.85)
√10 √2
𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 40 𝑘𝑁 (𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)

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At joint C:
𝛴𝐹𝑉 = 0
4
𝐹 + 30 = 40
5 𝐶𝐷
𝐹𝐶𝐷 = 12.5 𝑘𝑁 (𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)

Solving for force in members FH, DF, and DG

𝛴𝑀𝐴 = 0
12𝑅𝐻 = 3(30) + 6(60) + 9(90)
𝑅𝐻 = 90 𝑘𝑁

At joint H:
𝛴𝐹𝑉 = 0
1
𝐹 = 90
√2 𝐹𝐻
𝐹𝐹𝐻 = 127.28 𝑘𝑁 (𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)

At joint F:
𝛴 𝐹𝐻 = 0
3 1
𝐹 = (127.28)
√10 𝐷𝐹 √2
𝐹𝐷𝐹 = 94.87 𝑘𝑁 (𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝛴 𝐹𝐻 = 0
1 1
𝐹𝐹𝐺 + 𝐹 = (127.28)
√10 𝐷𝐹 √2
1 1
𝐹𝐹𝐺 + (94.87) = (127.28)
√10 √2
𝐹𝐹𝐺 = 60 𝑘𝑁 (𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)

At joint G:
𝛴𝐹𝑉 = 0
4
𝐹 + 60 = 90
5 𝐷𝐺
𝐹𝐷𝐺 = 37.5 𝑘𝑁 (𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)

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2. Determine the force in each member of the loaded truss.

𝑆𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁:

@ 𝐽𝑂𝐼𝑁𝑇 𝐶
𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝐶𝐷 𝑠𝑖𝑛30 − 6 = 0
𝐶𝐷 = 12 𝑘𝑁 [𝐶]
𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝐶𝐷 𝑐𝑜𝑠30 − 𝐶𝐵 = 0
12 𝑐𝑜𝑠30 − 𝐶𝐵 = 0
𝐶𝐵 = 10.392 𝑘𝑁 [𝐶]

@𝐽𝑂𝐼𝑁𝑇 𝐷
𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝐵𝐷 − 𝐶𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑠60 − 𝐷𝐸 𝑐𝑜𝑠60 = 0
𝐵𝐷 − 12𝑐𝑜𝑠60 − 12 𝑐𝑜𝑠60 = 0
𝐵𝐷 = 12 𝑘𝑁 [𝑇]
𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝐷𝐸 𝑠𝑖𝑛60 − 𝐶𝐷 𝑠𝑖𝑛60 = 0
𝐷𝐸 𝑠𝑖𝑛60 − 12 𝑠𝑖𝑛60 = 0
𝐷𝐸 = 12 𝑘𝑁 [𝐶]

@𝐽𝑂𝐼𝑁𝑇 𝐵
𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0

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𝐴𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛30 − 𝐵𝐷 = 0
𝐴𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛30 − 12 = 0
𝐴𝐵 = 24 𝑘𝑁 [𝑇]
𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝐵𝐸 − 𝐴𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠30 + 𝐶𝐵 = 0
𝐵𝐸 − 24 𝑐𝑜𝑠30 + 10.392 = 0
𝐵𝐸 = 10. 393 𝑘𝑁 [𝐶]

@𝐽𝑂𝐼𝑁𝑇 𝐸
𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝐷𝐸 𝑠𝑖𝑛30 − 𝐴𝐸 = 0
12 𝑠𝑖𝑛30 − 𝐴𝐸 = 0
𝐴𝐸 = 6 𝑘𝑁 [𝐶]
𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝑅𝐸 − 𝐵𝐸 − 𝐷𝐸 𝑐𝑜𝑠30 = 0
𝑅𝐸 − 10.393 − 12 𝑐𝑜𝑠 30 = 0
𝑅𝐸 = 20.785 𝑘𝑁 →

@𝐽𝑂𝐼𝑁𝑇 𝐴
𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝐴𝑦 + 𝐴𝐸 − 𝐴𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠60 = 0
𝐴𝑦 + 6 − 24 𝑐𝑜𝑠60 = 0
𝐴𝑦 = 6 𝑘𝑁 ↑
𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0
−𝐴𝑥 + 𝐴𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛60 = 0
−𝐴𝑥 + 24 𝑠𝑖𝑛60 = 0
𝐴𝑥 = 20.785 𝑘𝑁 ←

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TOPIC 10: METHOD OF SECTIONS

1. Find CD.
∑Fx = 0 = Fx
∑Fy = 0 = Ay + Fy - 100 - 400
Ay + Fy + 500 N

∑MA = 0 = -100N(1M) - 400N(2m) + Fy(3m)

-100 - 800 + 3 Fy = 0
Fy = 900/3 = 300↑

Ay + 300 = 500
Ay = 200 N↑

∑Fx = 0 = BD + CD cos 45 + CE
∑Fy = 0 = 200 - 100 + CD sin 45
CD = -100/sin 45 = -144.4 N

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2. The truss in the figure is pinned to the wall at point F and supported by a roller at point C.
Calculate the force (tension or compression) in members BC, BE and DE.

𝑆𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁:
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 − 𝑎
𝛴𝐹𝑣 = 0
5
𝐹𝐵𝐸 = 80 + 60
√29
𝐹𝐵𝐸 = 150.78 𝑘𝑁 [𝑇]

𝛴𝑀𝐸 = 0
𝛴𝑀𝐸 = 6(80) + 2(60)
𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 20 𝑘𝑁 [𝐶]

𝛴𝑀𝐵 = 0
5𝐹𝐷𝐸 = 4(80)
𝐹𝐷𝐸 = 64 𝑘𝑁 [𝑇]

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3. Using method of sections, find the force in members of MO, NP, and NO.

SOLUTION:

∑𝑀𝐿 = 0

300(24) − 𝑄𝑦 (36) = 0

36𝑄𝑦 = 7200

𝑄𝑦 = 200

∑𝑄𝑦 = 0

𝑄𝑦 − 300 + 𝐿𝑦 = 0

200 − 300 + 𝐿𝑦 = 0

𝐿𝑦 = 100 𝑙𝑏

Now,
∑𝑀𝑂 = 0

100(24) − 𝑁𝑃(9) = 0

2400 = 9𝑁𝑃

𝑁𝑃 = 266.67 𝑙𝑏

∑𝑀𝑁 = 0

100(12) = 𝑀𝑂(9)

1200 = 9𝑀𝑂

𝑀𝑂 = 133.33 𝑙𝑏

∑𝑀𝑀 = 0

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12
100(12) − 266.67(9) − 𝑁𝑂 ( ) (9) = 0
15
1200 − 2400 = 7.2 𝑁𝑂

−1200 = 7.2 𝑁𝑂

𝑁𝑂 = 166.67 𝑙𝑏

Ans. 𝑀𝑂 = 133.33 𝑙𝑏; 𝑁𝑃 = 266.67 𝑙𝑏; 𝑁𝑂 = 166.67 𝑙𝑏

AVERAGE
1. An inclined truss in Fig below is loaded as shown. Determine the nature and magnitude of
the forces in the members BC, GC and GF of the truss.

Solution:
From the geometry of the figure, we find that the load 8 kN at B is acting at a distance of
1.5 m from the joint A. Taking moments about A and equating the same,

𝑅𝐸 × 6 = (8 × 1.5) + (6 × 2) + (12 × 4) = 72
72
𝑅𝐸 = − 12 = 14 𝑘𝑁
6

The example may be solved by any method. But we shall solve it by the method of sections,
as one section line can cut the members BC, GC, and GF in which the forces are required to
be found out. Now let us pass section (1-1) cutting the truss into two parts as shown in Fig.
below

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Now consider equilibrium of the left part of the truss. Let the directions of the force 𝑃𝐵𝐶 ,
𝑃𝐺𝐶 and 𝑃𝐺𝐹 be assumed as shown in above. Taking moments about the joint G and
equating the same,
𝑃𝐵𝐶 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 30⁰ = (14 × 2) − (8 × 0.5) = 24

24 24
∵ 𝑃𝐵𝐶 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 30⁰ = = 24 kN (Compression) Ans.
2 × 0.5
Similarly, taking moments about the joint B and equating the same
𝑃𝐺𝐶 = 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 30⁰ = (14 × 5) − (6 × 0.5) = 24 𝑘𝑁
24 24
𝑃𝐺𝐶 = ⁰ = 0.866 = 27.7 kN (Compression) Ans.
𝑐𝑜𝑠 30
and now taking moments about the joint C and equating the same,
∵ 𝑃𝐺𝐹 = 3 𝑡𝑎𝑛 30⁰ = (14 × 3) − (6 × 1) = 24
36 12
𝑃𝐺𝐹 = 3 𝑡𝑎𝑛 30⁰ = 0.5774 = 20.8 kN (Tension) Ans.

2. Calculate the tension and compression force of members BC, BE, and DE in the truss
pinned to a wall, with the other point supported by roller.

Solution:
ΣFV = 0
4
5
FBE = 50 + 30

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80
FAB = 4
5

FAB = 100 KN Ans.

ΣME = 0
4 FBC = 50 (3 + 1.5) + 30 (1.5)
4 FBC = 225 + 45
270
FBC = 4

FBC = 67.5 KN Ans.

ΣMB = 0
4 FDE = 50 (3)
4 FDE = 150
150
FDE = 4

FDE = 37.5 KN Ans.

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DIFFICULT
1. In the figure shown, assume that counter diagonals act from B to E and from E to F in
addition to the counter diagonals CD and DG shown in the figure. Assuming that these
counter diagonals can support tension only, determine which diagonals are acting and the
force in each.

Solution:
From the Free Body Diagram of Section Through M-M
Without the diagonals
𝛴𝐹𝑉 = 190 − 80 = 110 𝑘𝑁 𝑢𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑
This 110 kN force must be countered by downward components of the diagonals.
Member CD will be in compression. Since diagonals can support only tension, the force in
member CD must be zero. The acting diagonal therefore is member BE.

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At joint G:
𝛴𝐹𝑉 = 0
3
𝐹 + 80 = 190
5 𝐵𝐸
𝐹𝐵𝐸 = 183.33 𝑘𝑁

From the Free Body Diagram of Section Through N-N

Without the diagonals:
𝛴𝐹𝑉 = 190 − 80 − 200 = −90 𝑘𝑁 = 90𝑘𝑁 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑
Since 𝛴𝐹𝑉 is downward, the counter diagonals must act upward. DG is is compression
and therefore redundant, the acting member is the diagonal EF.

𝛴𝐹𝑉 = 0
3
𝐹 + 190 = 80 + 120
5 𝐸𝐹
𝐹𝐸𝐹 = 150 𝑘𝑁

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2. Compute the force in member GM of the loaded truss.

↻
𝛴𝑀𝐴 = 0
𝑃
− 𝑅𝐾 ∙ 24 + 2
∙ 24 + 𝑃(21 + 18 + 15 + 12 + 9 + 6 + 3) = 0
𝑅𝐾 = 4𝑃 ↑
↑ 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝑅𝐴 = 4𝑃 ↑

𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1 − 1 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡:

2 6−2
= → 𝑥 = 6𝑚
𝑥 4∙3

↻+ 𝛴𝑀𝐴 = 0
𝑃
𝑅𝐾 ∙ 𝑥 − (𝐺𝑀 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)12 − ∙ 𝑥 − 𝑃(9 + 12) = 0
2
5 𝑃
4𝑃 ∙ 6 − (𝐺𝑀 ∙ )12 − 2 ∙ 6 − 𝑃(9 + 12) = 0
√34
𝐺𝑀 = 0

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TOPIC 11: GRAPHICAL METHOD

1.

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2. 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒. 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛.

𝑆𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁:
↺ + 𝛴𝑀𝐴 = 0
𝑅𝐸 (6) − 40000(1.5) − 40000(3) = 0
𝑅𝐸 = 0

↑ + 𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝑅𝐴𝑦 + 3000 − 4000 − 4000 = 0
𝑅𝐴𝑦 = 5000

PART MEASUREMENT FORCE NATURE

AB 18.75 cm 62500 N C

AH 11.25 cm 37500 N T

BC 11.25 cm 37500 N C

BH 3 cm 10000 N T

CD 6.75 cm 22500 N C

CF 11.25 cm 37500 N C

CG 0 0

CH 3.75 cm 12500 N C

DE 11.25 cm 37500 N C

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DF 9 cm 30000 N T

EF 6.75 cm 22500 N T

FG 13.5 cm 45000 N T

GH 13.5 cm 45000 N T

𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒: 3 𝑐𝑚 = 1000 𝑁

3.

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SCALE:
1m = 1cm
1kN = 1cm

MEMBER FORCE
AB 6.9 kN
BC 7 kN
CD 10 kN
ED 4.8 kN
AE 3.5 kN
EC 5.2 kN

AVERAGE
1. A beam AB of 6 m span is loaded as shown in Fig. below. Determine the reactions at A
and B.

Solution:
Given:
Span = 6 m, let,
𝑅𝐴 = Reaction at A
𝑅𝐵 = Reaction at B

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We know that as the beam is supported on rollers at the right hand support (B), therefore the
reaction 𝑅𝐵 will be vertical (because of horizontal support). Moreover, as the beam is hinged at
the left support (A) and it is also carrying inclined load, therefore the reaction at this end will be
the resultant of horizontal and vertical forces, and thus will be inclined with the vertical.

Graphical Method:

Steps:
1. First of all, draw the *equivalent space diagram of the beam, and name all the loads and
reactions according to Bow’s notations.
2. Select some suitable point p and draw pq, qr and rs parallel and equal to the loads 5 kN, 3
kN (equivalent load) and 4 kN to some scale.
3. Select any point o and join op, oq, or and os.
4. Now extend the lines of the loads PQ, QR, RS and the reaction 𝑅𝐵 . Through A draw
𝐴𝑝1 parallel to op intersecting the line of action of 5 kN load at 𝑝1 .
5. Similarly, draw 𝑝1 𝑝2 , 𝑝12 𝑝3 and 𝑝3 𝑝4 parallel to oq, or and os respectively. Join A and 𝑝4 .
Through o, draw a line parallel to this line. Now through s, draw a vertical line (as the
reaction 𝑅𝐵 is vertical) meeting the line through o at t. Join tp.
6. Now the lengths tp and st, in the vector diagram, give the magnitudes and direction of the
reaction 𝑅𝐴 and 𝑅𝐵 respectively to the scale as shown in Fig. (a) and (b). By measurement,
we find that 𝑅𝐴 = tp = 6.5 kN ; 𝑅𝐵 = st = 5.0 kN and θ = 26°

2. Calaca City is building a bridge to connect a disparate barangay to the other community. Solve
for the forces in the trust using graphical method.

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ΣMA = 0
4 RE - 50 (1) – 50 (2)
4 RE = 50 + 100
150
RE = 4

RE = 37.5 KN

ΣFy = 0
RAy + 37.5 – 50 - 50
RAy = 100 - 37.5
RAy = 62.5 KN

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AB = 6.9 cm

AH = 4.15 cm

BC = 4.15 cm

BH = 1.2 cm

CD = 2 cm

CF = 4.2 cm

CG = 0 cm

CH = 1.9 cm

DE = 4.2 cm

DF = 3.75 cm

EF = 2 cm

FG = 3.75 cm

GH = 3.75 cm

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DIFFICULT

1. Determine the force in each member of the structure shown below.

From equilibrium:
2kN 3kN 𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐷 = 2 + 1 + 3
B C
𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐷 = 6𝑘𝑁 ⇒
𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐷 = 6𝑘𝑁
𝛴 𝑀𝐴 = 0
𝑅𝐴 + 3.25 = 6
12𝑅𝐷 = 9(3) + 6(1) + 3(2)
E 𝑅𝐴 = 2.75𝑘𝑁
60° 60° 60° 60°
A D 12𝑅𝐷 = 27 + 6 + 6
6m 6m 𝑅𝐷 = 3.25 𝑘𝑁
RA 1kN RD

2k 3k
N N
a
B b C
h d
g g b
a
f h c e
E f
60 60 60 60
A ° e ° ° d ° D
6 6
2.75 m 1k m 3.25 c
kN N kN

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Member Force Nature

AB af 3.15kN C

BC hg 2kN C

CD ch 3.75kN C

DE dh 1.87kN T

EA ef 1.6kN T

EB fg 0.85kN T

EC gh 0.25kN T

2.. Determine the force in each member of the Warren Bridge truss shown. State whether each
member is in tension or compression. Use Graphical Method.

mo

𝑆𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁:

↺ + 𝛴 𝑀𝐴 = 0
𝑅𝐺 (54) − 6(18) − 6(36) = 0
𝑅𝐺 = 6 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 →
↑ + 𝛴𝑀𝐴 = 0
𝑅𝐴𝑌 + 6 − 6 − 6 = 0
𝑅𝐴𝑌 = 6 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 ↑

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Member Measurement Force Nature

15 cm
AB 7.5 kips C

9 cm
AC 4.5 kips T

15 cm
BC 7.5 kips T

18 cm
BD 9 kips C

0
CD 0

18 cm
CE 9 kips T

0
DE 0

18 cm
DF 9 kips C

15 cm
EF 7.5 kips T

9 cm
EG 4.5 kips T

FG 15 cm 7.5 kips C

𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 ∶ 2 𝑐𝑚 = 1 𝑘𝑖𝑝

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138
 CHAPTER XII
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES PARABOLIC CABLE

TOPIC 12: PARABOLIC CABLE

EASY
1. A cable which carries uniformly distributed load along the horizontal is 45.4 m long and is
supported between two posts at the same level, 40 m apart. Determine the sag of the cable.

S = L + 8d²/3L - 32d⁴/5L³
45.4 = 40 + 8d²/3(40) - 32d⁴/5(40)³
d= 9.71359 meters

2. The cable AE supports 3 vertical loads from the points indicated. If point C is 5ft below the
left support, determine (a) the elevation of points B and D, and (b) the maximum slope and
maximum tension in the cable.

𝑆𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁:
𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝐴 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑒
𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐸.

𝛴 𝑀𝐸 = 0
20 𝐴𝑥 = 60 𝐴𝑦 + 40(6) + 30(12) + 15(4)
20 𝐴𝑥 = 60 𝐴𝑦 + 660 = 0

𝐴𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐶.
𝛴 𝑀𝐶 = 0
−5 𝐴𝑥 − 30 𝐴𝑦 + 10(6)

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒,
𝐴𝑥 = 18 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝐴𝑦 = 5 kips

𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐵 𝑏𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐴𝐵 𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 − 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝐵

𝛴 𝑀𝐵 = 0

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𝑌𝐵 (18) − 5(20) = 0
𝑌𝐵 = −5.56 𝑓𝑡

𝑁𝑒𝑥𝑡, 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐷 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 − 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦

𝛴𝑀 = 0
- 𝑌𝐷 (18) − 45(5) + 25(6) + 15(12) = 0
𝑌𝐷 = 5.83 𝑓𝑡
𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝐷𝐸

14.7 18 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
15 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝜃 = 43. 4∘ 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 24.8 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

3. The parabolic cable shown carries a uniform horizontal load of 20 kN/m. Determine the:
(a) value of a, (b) tension at A, and (c) tension at C.

SOLUTION:

Cable carrying a uniform horizontal load of 20 kN/m

L = 30m
ℎ1 = 6𝑚
ℎ2 = 12𝑚

Value of a
𝐿√ℎ2
𝑎=
√ℎ1 + √ℎ2

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30√12
𝑎=
√6 + √12
𝑎 = 17.57 𝑚

Solving for H
𝑤𝑎2 𝑤𝑏 2
𝐻= =
2ℎ2 2ℎ1
𝑤𝑎2 20(17.57)2
𝐻= =
2ℎ2 2(12)
𝐻 = 257.25 𝑘𝑁

Now,
∑𝑀𝐴 = 0

𝑅𝑐 (30) = 20(30)(15) − 𝐻(6)

20(30)(15) − (257.25)(6)
𝑅𝑐 =
30
𝑅𝑐 = 248.55 𝑘𝑁

∑𝑀𝐶 = 0

𝑅𝐴 (30) = 20(30)(15) + 𝐻(6)

20(30)(15) + (257.25)(6)
𝑅𝑐 =
30
𝑅𝑐 = 351.45 𝑘𝑁

Tension at A

𝑇𝐴 = √𝑅𝐴 2 + 𝐻2

𝑇𝐴 = √(351.45)2 + (257.25)2

𝑇𝐴 = 435.54 𝑘𝑁

Tension at C

𝑇𝐶 = √𝑅𝐶 2 + 𝐻2

𝑇𝐶 = √(248.55)2 + (257.25)2

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𝑇𝐶 = 357.7 𝑘𝑁

Ans.
𝑎 = 17.57 𝑚
𝑇𝐴 = 435.54 𝑘𝑁

𝑇𝐶 = 357.7 𝑘𝑁

AVERAGE
1. A Cable is suspended and loaded as shown in Fig. below :

a. Compute the length of the cable;

b. Compute horizontal component of tension in the cable, and
c. Determine the magnitude and position of the maximum tension occuring in the cable.

Solution:
Given : Span (l) = 45 m; Depth of the lowest point from it support A (yc) = 2 m or difference
between the levels of the supports (d) = 8 – 2 = 6 m and uniformly distributed load over the span
(w) = 20 kN/m

a. Length of the cable

Let, 𝑙1= Horizontal length of CB, and
𝑙2 = Horizontal length of AC
We know that ratio of horizontal length,
𝑙1 𝑦 +𝑑 2+6
=√ 𝑐 =√ =2
𝑙2 𝑦𝑐 2

∵ 𝑙1 = 2𝑙2
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙1 + 𝑙2 = 45 𝑚
∵ 2𝑙2 + 𝑙2 = 45 𝑚 𝑜𝑟 3𝑙2 = 45

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45
𝑜𝑟 𝑙2 = = 15 𝑚
3
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙1 = 2𝑙2 = 2 × 15 = 30𝑚
2(𝑦𝑐 +𝑑)2 2𝑦𝑐2
∵ Length of the cable, 𝐿=𝑙+ +
3𝑙1 3𝑙2
2(2+6)2 2(2)2
= 45 + + 3 × 15= 46.6 m Ans.
3 × 30
a. Horizontal component of tension in the cable
We know that horizontal component of tension in the cable,

𝑤𝑙12 20(30)2
𝐻 = 2(𝑦 = = 1125 kN
𝑐 +𝑑) 2 (2 + 6)
b. Magnitude and position of maximum tension occurring in the cable
We also know that maximum tension will occur at the support B. Vertical reaction B,
𝑤𝑙 𝐻𝑑
𝑉𝑏 = +
2 𝑙
20 × 45 1125 × 6
= + = 600 𝑘𝑁
2 45
∵ Maximum Tension,

𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √𝑉𝑏2 + 𝐻 2

= √(600)2 + (1125)2
= 1275 kN Ans.

2. Solve for the maximum tension of the cable present in the bridge.

Solution:

13

6.25

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13
tan θ = 6.25
13
θ = tan-1 6.25

θ = 64.32318432°

ΣFy = 0
TA sin (64.32318432) + TB sin (64.32318432)
Tmax (1.802504849) = 5000
Tmax = 2773.9176 N Ans.

DIFFICULT

1. A suspension bridge cable subjected to a uniform load of 240 N/m is suspended between
two supports at the same altitude 20 m apart. If the cable has a central sag of 4 m,
determine the horizontal reactions at the supports, the minimum and maximum tension in
the cable, and the total length of the cable.

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Solution:

Horizontal reactions. Applying the general cable theorem at point C suggests the following:
𝐿
When 𝑥 = 2 ′ ℎ = 4𝑚
𝑤𝐿² 240(20)²
+↺ 𝛴𝑀𝑥 = = = 12000𝑁𝑚
8 8
𝑤𝐿² 240(20)²
+↺ 𝛴𝑀𝐵 = = = 48000𝑁𝑚
2 2
𝐴𝑥 (4) = 48000 − 12000
𝐴𝑥 = 𝐵𝑥 = 9000 𝑁
Maximum and minimum tensions:
𝑥
𝑤𝑥( 2) 240(10)²
𝑇0 = = = 3000 𝑁
ℎ 2(4)
𝑇 = √(𝑇0 )² + (𝑤𝑥)² = √(3000)² + (240 × 10)² = 3841.87 𝑁
Total length of the cable:
2 4 2 4
𝑠 = (2)(10)[1 + ( )² − ( )⁴]
3 10 5 10
2 4 2 4
= (20)[1 + ( )² − ( )⁴]
3 10 5 10
= 21.93 𝑚

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2. Determine the maximum and minimum tension in the parabolic cable and the force in each of
the hangers. The girder is subjected to the uniform load and is pin connected at B. Draw the shear
and moment diagrams for the pin-connected girders AB and BC. The cable has a parabolic shape.

𝑆𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁:
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑦 = (1/2)𝑎𝑥 2 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 = 𝑤/𝑇0 ,
𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠. 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒,

1 1
𝑦𝐿 = 50 = 𝑎𝑥𝐿2 ; 100 = 𝑎𝑥𝑅2
2 2

𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠\

𝑥2𝑅 10
=
𝑥2𝐿 5

𝑇ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑥𝑅 − 𝑥𝐿 =

100𝑓𝑡. 𝑆 𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠 𝑥𝑅 = 60𝑓𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥𝐿 =
40 𝑓𝑡. 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎, 𝑤𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛

1
𝑦𝑅 = 2 𝑎𝑥𝑅2
1
100 = 𝑎(60)2
2
𝑎 = 0.05 𝑓𝑡 −1

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠

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𝑤 13000
𝑇0 = = 0.05𝑓𝑡 −1 = 260000 𝑙𝑏
𝑎

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑑. 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ

𝑇 = 𝑇0 √(1 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 ) = 260 √(1 + 0,052 ∗ 602 )

𝑇 = 822.192 𝑘𝑖𝑝

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TOPIC 13: CATENARY CABLE

EASY
1. Find the length of the cable.

S = 75 ft
X = 50 ft
W0 = 6 lb. ft
TH = ?
H=?

S = C ( sinh) (x/c)
S/C = sin h (x/c)

75/C SIN h (50/C)

3.75 6.05

2.5 2.5528

C ≈ 30.8

TH = 30.8 (6) = 184.8 lb

Y = √30.8 ² + 75² = 81.08
H = y - c = 81.08 - 30.8 = 50.28 ft

2. A 200-lb load is applied at point G of beam EFGH, which is attached to cable ABCD by
vertical hangers BF and CH. Determine (a) the tension in each hanger, (b) the maximum
tension in the cable, © the bending moment at F and G.

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𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠. 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑤 𝑎 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒
− 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑜𝑓
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒. 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝛴𝑀 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑢𝑚.

𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝐵𝑜𝑑𝑦: 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝐵

+↺ 𝛴𝑀𝐵 = 0:
𝑇𝑂 (2𝑓𝑡) − 𝐴𝑦 (5𝑓𝑡) = 0
𝐴𝑦 =0.4 𝑇𝑂

𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝐵𝑜𝑑𝑦: 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝐵𝐶

+↺ 𝛴𝑀𝐶 = 0:
𝑇𝑂 (3𝑓𝑡) − 0.4𝑇𝑂 (10𝑓𝑡) + 𝐹𝐵𝐹 (5𝑓𝑡) = 0
𝐹𝐵𝐹 =0.2 𝑇𝑂

𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝐵𝑜𝑑𝑦: 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝐷

+↺ 𝛴𝑀𝐶 = 0:
𝐷𝑦 (5𝑓𝑡) − 𝑇𝑂 (3𝑓𝑡) = 0
𝐷𝑦 = 0.6 𝑇𝑂

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𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝐵𝑜𝑑𝑦: 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐵𝐶𝐷

+↺ 𝛴𝑀𝐵 = 0:
0.6 𝑇𝑂 (10𝑓𝑡) − 𝑇𝑂 (2𝑓𝑡) − 𝐹𝐶𝐻 (5𝑓𝑡) = 0
𝐹𝐶𝐻 =0.8 𝑇𝑂

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑢𝑚.

𝐹𝐶𝐻 =0.8 𝑇𝑂
𝐹𝐵𝐹 =0.2 𝑇𝑂

𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝐵𝑜𝑑𝑦: 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝐸𝐹𝐻

+↺ 𝛴𝑀𝐸 = 0:
0.2 𝑇𝑂 (5𝑓𝑡) − (0.8𝑇𝑂 )(10𝑓𝑡) − (200𝑙𝑏)(7.5𝑓𝑡) = 0
𝑇𝑂 =166.67 𝑙𝑏

𝐹𝐶𝐻 =0.8(166.67 𝑙𝑏) = 𝐹𝐶𝐻 = 133.33 𝑙𝑏 𝑇

𝐹𝐵𝐹 =0.2(166.67 𝑙𝑏) = 𝐹𝐵𝐹 = 33.33 𝑙𝑏 𝑇

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 .

𝑇𝑂 =166.67 𝑙𝑏
𝐷𝑦 = 0.6 𝑇𝑂

𝑇𝑚 =√𝑇𝑂 ² + (0.6𝑇𝑂 )²
= 1.1662 𝑇𝑂
= 1.1662(166.67)
𝑇𝑚 =194.4 𝑙𝑏

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STATIC OF RIGID BODIES ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐺 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒

+↺ 𝛴𝑀𝐺 = 0:
(133.33𝑙𝑏)(2.5𝑓𝑡) − 𝑀𝐺 = 0
𝑀𝐺 = +333 𝑙𝑏𝑓𝑡

+↺ 𝛴𝑀𝐹 = 0:
(133.33𝑙𝑏)(5𝑓𝑡) − (200𝑙𝑏)(2.5𝑓𝑡) − 𝑀𝐹 = 0
𝑀𝐹 = +166.7 𝑙𝑏𝑓𝑡

3. Determine the following:

a. value of c
b. value of y
c. 𝑇0
d. 𝑇𝑀𝑎𝑥

GIVEN:
h = 10m
w = 20N/m
𝑥𝐵 = 10𝑚

SOLUTION:
𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ
𝑐
𝑥
ℎ + 𝑐 = 𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ
𝑐
ℎ 𝑥
+ 1 =𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ
𝑐 𝑐

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STATIC OF RIGID BODIES ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS

c 𝑥 ℎ
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ +1
𝑐 𝑐
9 1.683 2.111
8 1.888 2.250
6 2.742 2.667
6.1 2.673 2.639
6.19 2.615 2.616

∴ 𝑐 = 6.19𝑚

Then,
𝑦 = ℎ + 𝑐 = 10𝑚 = 6.19𝑚
𝑦𝐵 = 16.19𝑚

Solve for 𝑇𝐵
𝑇𝐵 = 𝑤𝑦
20𝑁
𝑇𝐵 = ( ) (16.19𝑚)
𝑚
𝑇𝐵 = 328.8𝑁

Solve for 𝑇0
𝑇0 = 𝑤𝑐
20𝑁
𝑇0 = ( ) (6.19𝑚)
𝑚
𝑇0 = 128.8𝑁

𝑇 − 𝑇0 = 𝑤ℎ
20𝑁
𝑇 − 𝑇0 = ( ) (10𝑚)
𝑚
𝑇 − 𝑇0 = 200𝑁

Ans.
𝑐 = 6.19𝑚;
𝑦𝐵 = 16.19𝑚;

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STATIC OF RIGID BODIES ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS

𝑇0 = 128.8𝑁;
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 200𝑁

AVERAGE
1. A heavy string ABCDE 10 m long hangs over two smooth pegs B and D as shown in Fig.
below. Locate the position of vertex C from the peg B along the string.

Solution:
Given: Total length of string (L) = 10 m
Let 𝑙= Length of the strings BC
We know that length of string BCD,
= 10 − 2.5 − 2.0 = 5.5 𝑚
Length of the strings CD,
= 5.5 − 1
We know that for the peg B,
𝑦 = 2.5 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠 = 𝑙 𝑚
Similarly for peg D
𝑦 = 2.0 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠 = (5.5 − 𝑙) 𝑙 𝑚
Substituting above values in the general equation of the catenary
𝑦2 = 𝑐2 + 𝑠2
2.52 = 𝑐 2 + 𝑙 2
6.25 = 𝑐 2 + 𝑙 2 …(i)
and
2.02 = 𝑐 2 + (5.5 − 𝑙)2
4 = 𝑐 2 + 30.25 + 𝑙 2 − 11𝑙 …(ii)
Subtracting equation (ii) from (i),
2.25 = −30.25 + 11𝑙
11𝑙 = 30.25 + 2.25 = 32.5
𝑙=3m Ans.

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STATIC OF RIGID BODIES ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS

2. A rope is connected into two poles with a height of 8 m and 4 m, and the rope is in
contact with the ground. The length of rope between the point of surface contact and the
top of the shorter pole is 6 m. Find the rope’s total length.

Solution:
y = √(C1 + s2) + C2
Since y = 0 and s = 0;
0 = √(C1 + 0) + C2

-√C1 = C2

y = √(C1 + s2) - √C1

y + √C1 = √(C1 + s2)

y2 + 2y√C1 + C1 = C1 + s2

y2 + 2y√C1 = s2
Substituting the values;
42 + 2(4)√C1 = 62

16 + 8√C1 = 36

8√C1 = 20

√C1 = 2.5

y2 + 2y (2.5) = s2

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STATIC OF RIGID BODIES ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS

y2 + 5y = s2
Since y = 5:
52 + 5(5) = s2
√50 = √s2

S = 5√2

Total length = 6 m + 5√2

= 13.0711 m Ans.

DIFFICULT
1. A cable weighing 25 N/m is suspended from point A and passes over the small pulley at
B. Calculate the mass of the attached cylinder in kilograms. Using (a) equations for
catenary cable and (b) approximation of a parabolic cable.

y
B

2
1
9 m
m

0 x

39. 60.4
6m m

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STATIC OF RIGID BODIES ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS

Solution:

CATENARY

𝑇𝑜 𝑤𝑥
y= [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ℎ ( 𝑇𝑜 ) − 1]
𝑤
𝑇𝑜 25 (39.6)
@A ; 9 = [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ℎ ( ) − 1]
25 𝑇𝑜
𝑇𝑜 25 (60.4)
@B ; 9 = [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ℎ ( ) − 1]
25 𝑇𝑜
To = 2238.6 N

Tension @B = TB = 2238.6 + 25(y)

TB = 2238.6 + 25(21)
TB = 2763.6 N
TB to mg;
2763.6
m= 9.81
m = 281.713 kg

PARABOLIC

𝑤𝑥 2
y= 2𝑇𝑜
25(39.6)2
To = 2(9)
To = 2178 N

2. A cable is to be hung between two poles of equal height that are 20 feet apart. It can be shown
that such a hanging cable assumes the shape of a catenary, the general form of which is
𝑎
𝑠𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑥/𝑎 = 2 (𝑒 𝑥/𝑎 + 𝑒 −𝑥/𝑎 ). In this case, suppose that the cable takes the shape of y =
5(𝑒 𝑥/10 +𝑒 −𝑥/10), for -20 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 20. How long is the cable?

156
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS

𝑆𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁:

𝑏
𝑠 = ∫ √(1 + [𝑓′(𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥)
𝑎
20
𝑒 𝑥/20 𝑒 −𝑥/20 2
𝑠 = ∫ √(1 + ( − ) 𝑑𝑥)
−20 2 2
20
1
𝑠 = ∫ √(1 + (𝑒 𝑥/10 − 2 + 𝑒 −𝑥/10 )𝑑𝑥)
−20 4
20
1
𝑠 = ∫ √ (𝑒 𝑥/10 + 2 + 𝑒 −𝑥/10 )𝑑𝑥)
−20 4
20
1
𝑠 = ∫ √ (𝑒 𝑥/20 + 𝑒 −𝑥/20 )𝑑𝑥)
−20 4
20 1
𝑠 = ∫−20 (𝑒 𝑥/20 + 𝑒 −𝑥/20 )𝑑𝑥
2
𝑠 = 5(𝑒 𝑥/20
− 𝑒 −𝑥/20 )∣20
−20

157
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS

TOPIC 1
Calculate the components of each force along x and y axes
oriented parallel and perpendicular to the incline.

TOPIC 2
Calculate the magnitudes of the forces C and T, which operate on
the bridge-truss joint along with the other three forces illustrated.

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STATIC OF RIGID BODIES ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS

TOPIC 3
A flexible belt runs from A over the compound pulley B and back
over P to a 200lb load. The coefficient of fraction is 1/pi between the line belt and the
compound pulley P. Solve for the maximum weight W that can be supported without
rotating the pulley

TOPIC 4
Calculate the force necessary to begin the wedge given
in the figure below. All surfaces in contact have a 20°
angle of friction

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STATIC OF RIGID BODIES ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS

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STATIC OF RIGID BODIES ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS

TOPIC 5
Determine the x- and y-coordinates of the shaded area's centroid

161
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS

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STATIC OF RIGID BODIES ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS

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STATIC OF RIGID BODIES ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS

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STATIC OF RIGID BODIES ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS

TOPIC 6

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STATIC OF RIGID BODIES ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS

TOPIC 7
Calculate the polar moment of inertia with respect to the point P. Use the
rectangular area as the reference shown.

TOPIC 8

Find the moment of the inertia of the composite shape given as shown in the
figure, about the centroidal x and y axes.

166
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS

167
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS

TOPIC 9

168
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS

Determine the stress in each member of the truss shown.

169
STATIC OF RIGID BODIES ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS

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STATIC OF RIGID BODIES ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS

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STATIC OF RIGID BODIES ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS

TOPIC 10
Use the method of sections to compute the force in members AB, AD, BC, and BD of
the truss shown in Figure.

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STATIC OF RIGID BODIES ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS

TOPIC 11

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STATIC OF RIGID BODIES ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS

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STATIC OF RIGID BODIES ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS

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STATIC OF RIGID BODIES ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS

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STATIC OF RIGID BODIES ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS

TOPIC 12

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STATIC OF RIGID BODIES ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS

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STATIC OF RIGID BODIES ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS

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STATIC OF RIGID BODIES ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS

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STATIC OF RIGID BODIES ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS

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STATIC OF RIGID BODIES ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS

182