Green Computing:

Introduction,
Why....Green Computing?
Approaches to Green Computing Virtualization,
Power Management, Power supply,
Storage, Video Card, Display,
IT Equipment, Recycling,
Remote Conferencing & Telecommuting Strategies,
Product longevity, Resource allocation,
Terminal servers, Operating system support,
How to Implement? Examples include:
Industrial implementations of Green Computing-Blackle, Purchasing from Environmentally Committed Companies. Participating in Electronic
Recycling Programs. Deploying Virtual Technologies. Limiting Printing and Recycling
Fa-PC, Zonbu computer, Sunray thin client.
Paper.

Green computing -
Objective -
Green computing is the environmentally responsible and eco-friendly use of
computers and their resources. In broader terms, it is also defined as the study of 1. To reduce use of hazardous materials
designing, engineering, manufacturing, using and disposing of computing devices in a 2. Maximize energy efficiency during product,s lifetime
way that reduces their environmental impact. 3. Promote the recyclability or biodegrability of products.

Green computing aims at cutting down the amount of energy consumed to a minimum,
minimizing the use of harmful materials in the manufacturing process, promoting and How to implements-
using biodegradable materials wherever possible, and prolonging the lifespan of the
computing devices to the maximum possible extent. 4. Use of cloud computing- many organisation use same resources
5. E-waste dispose propely like plastic.
A Green Enterprise Architecture (GEA) considers the multiple existing systems and 6. Reduce paper consumption, to send documents email, whatsapp etc.
packages used by an organization in running its business. A GEA also provides basis for 7. LCD / CRT monitors replced by LED.
defining, assessing, measuring, analyzing, reporting, and monitoring the green IT 8. Desktop computer replaced by laptops, tablets.
systems and processes. 9. old machine replaced to new one( produce less heat, processing speed
increase
It focuses on green computing by optimizing O.S and scheduling Hardware resources. 10. All in one m/c used.
The green computing architecture for optimized OS enables computer's power 11. Web conferencing offers to used Zoom-meeting.
management features in OS for various techniques like Virtualization, Terminal servers, 12. Use of Tickets on mobile when travelling
shared memory, etc.
What technology used Green computing ? Approaches To Green Computing
Green computing includes two primary techniques: Energy efficiency and There are a number of approaches to green computing which include virtualization, data
Electronic-waste. Reduced resource usage and energy efficiency (CPUs), servers, and center, recycling of e-waste, utilization of resources, power management, and so on.
peripherals are all energy efficient. The correct dumping of electronic trash is known as The basic principles of cloud computing is to make the computing be assigned in great
e-waste. number of distributed computer or remote server.
Benefits of Green Cloud Computing-
Virtualization
Environmental Benefits of Green Cloud Computing It allows a logical and abstract view on the physical resource and individual server,
datastore, network, and software. The basic concept of virtualization is to pool physical
Reduced Energy Consumption. ...
resources and manage them in a single unit. Simply, we can say that virtualization is the
Decreased Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions. ...
process that provides the facility to create different views of the services available to a
Dematerialization. ...
different user.
Use of Renewable Energy Sources. ...
Remove the Burden From IT. ...
Decrease Costs in Infrastructure. ... What is power management,?
Facilitate Remote Working and Collaboration. ... One of the most important aspects of green computing is minimizing power usage.
Increase Availability of Resources. By reducing the amount of power used by computers, we can reduce greenhouse gas
emissions, save energy, and save money. There are a number of ways to reduce power
usage in computing. One is to use more energy-efficient components.
What are latest trends in GREEN COMPUTING?
Equipment Recycling, reduction of paper usage, virtualization, cloud computing, power Power supply -
management, Green manufacturing are the major initiatives towards Green computing. Power management subsystems enable an electronic system to function properly
by supplying and controlling its dc power. An analogy is that a power management
WHAT IS BEST Green technology? subsystem functions in a manner similar to the body's blood vessels that supply the
green technology innovations proper nutrients to keep the body alive.
Two types of power supplies exist, DC-DC and AC-DC. DC-DC power supplies allow
Waste-water electricity generator. you to plug in electrical devices into car outlets or similar sources that supply direct
Nuclear energy technology. ... current, or DC, power.
Electric vehicle polusion. ...
Carbon capture and storage. ...
Smart meters. ... Storage-
Artificial photosynthesis. ... Video memory
Molten salt energy storage. ... The memory capacity of most modern graphics cards ranges from 2 GB
Biomimicry. ... to 24 GB. But with up to 32 GB as of the last 2010s, the applications for graphics use are
becoming more powerful and widespread.video card, also called graphics card,
integrated circuit that generates the video signal sent to a computer display. The card is
usually located on the computer motherboard or is a separate circuit board but is
sometimes built into the computer display unit.
Recycling Strategy- Customer service.
The National Recycling Strategy recognizes the need to implement a circular economy Sales and marketing.
approach for all – reducing the creation of waste with local communities in mind and Information technology and computing.
implementing materials management strategies that are inclusive of communities with Education, training and coaching.
environmental justice concerns. Health care.

What are the environmental benefits of recycling? Product Longevity

A: It conserves energy, reduces air and water pollution, reduces greenhouse gases, and
Product Longevity is a important part in the design process. With goals of producing
conserves natural resources. Stanford recycled, composted, and otherwise source
greener technology, one must strive to make the product lasts for as long as possible.
reduced 62% of its waste and reduced landfill by 35%.
Often the biggest use of resources come from making the product during the
Examples of recycling- manufacturing process.
What Can Be Recycled Curbside
why Product Longevity is a important?
Paper including newspapers, magazines, and mixed paper. While durable products can often be initially a bit more expensive, that initial cost
Cardboard (OCC) quickly balances out in the long term. Cheaper, less durable products are naturally
Glass bottles and jars. prone to much more frequent breakages, which means that repair or replacement
Rigid plastic products. expenses can quickly ramp up, making ultimately them more costly.
Metal containers, including tin, aluminum, and steel cans.
Food waste, if your city has an organics collection program.
Resource allocation in green computing
HOW RECYCLING PROTECT ENVIRONMENTS- The green cloud computing can be achieved by allocating the resources in a power
potential way. Therefore, the datacenter resources have to be distributed such that
Recycling prevents the emissions of many greenhouse gases and water pollutants, and energy efficiency is maximized.
saves energy. Using recovered material generates less solid waste. Recycling helps to
reduce the pollution caused by the extraction and processing of virgin materials.
Terminal servers-
Terminal servers have also been used in green computing. When using the system, users
Telecommuting strategies - at a terminal connect to a central server; all of the actual computing is done on the
Telecommuting is the ability for an employee to complete work assignments from server, but the end user experiences the operating system on the terminal.
outside the traditional workplace by using telecommunications tools such as email, Green computing has also made use of terminal servers. Customers connect to a central
phone, chat and video apps. database at a desktop to use the platform; ...
Telecommuting (also known as teleworking) refers to the act of completing work
assignments from a location other than an office via an internet and phone connection.
Operating system supports-
The objectives of the green computing are human power, electrical energy, time and
cost reduction with out polluting the environment while developing the
Types of Telecommuting software. Operating System (OS) Optimization is very important for Green computing,
Remote work. ... because it is bridge for both hardware components and Application Soft wares.
Virtual job. ...
Work-from-home job. ...
 2.Blackle came into being based on the concept that when a computer screen is white,
An operating system has three main functions: (1) manage the computer's resources, presenting an empty word page or the Google home page, your computer consumes
such as the central processing unit, memory, disk drives, and printers, (2) establish a 74W.
user interface, and (3) execute and provide services for applications software.
3.When the screen is black it consumes only 59W.
What are features of operating systems: Fit-PC-
Here is a list of some important features of operating systems: Fit-PC is the size of a paperback and absolutely silent, yet fit enough to run Windows XP/
• Provides a platform for running applications. Linux.
• Handles memory management and CPU scheduling.
• Provides file system abstraction. Fit-PC is designed to fit where a standard PC is too bulky, noisy and power hungry .
• Provides networking support.
• Provides security features. Fit-PC draws only 5 Watts, consuming in a day less
• Provides user interface. power than a traditional PC consumes in 1 hour.
• Provides utilities and system services. SunRay Thin Client-
What does a thin client mean?
How to Implement Green Computing Thin clients like the Sun Ray consume far less electricity than conventional desktops.
Develop a sustainable green computing plan. ...
Discard used or unwanted electronic equipment in a convenient and environmentally A SunRay on a desktop consumes 4 to 8 watts of power, because most of the heavy
responsible manner. ... computation is performed by a server.
Make environmentally sound purchase decisions. ...
Sunrays are particularly well suited for cost-sensitive environments such as call centres,
education, healthcare, service providers and finance.
Provide a clear, consistent set of performance criteria for the design of products. Zonbu Computer-
1.The Zonbu is a new, very energy efficient PC.
Organizations that use green computing methods often deploy energy-efficient central 2.The Zonbu consumes just one third of the power of a typical light bulb.
processing units (CPUs), servers, peripherals and power systems. They also focus on
reducing resource use and properly disposing of physical and electronic waste (e-waste). 3.The device runs the Linux operating system using a
The overall goal of green building is to reduce the adverse effects that buildings have on 1.2 GHz processor and 512 MB of RAM
the environment, including emission of carbon dioxide and other toxic gases and
depletion of natural resources through irresponsible harvesting of construction
materials.
The Environmental Implementation Review (EIR) helps Member States put in place
environmental policies that protect human health, preserve nature, and keep the air,
water and soil clean. EIR is a reporting tool that complements EU environmental
legislation.

Recent Implementation of
“Green Computing”
Blackle
1.Blackle is a search-engine site powered by Google Custom Search.
QUESTION Green computing
1. What Is Green Computing? Explain It? What is green computing?
2. Explain Approaches To Green Computing? Green computing, also known as green technology, is the use of computers and
3. What is power management and power supply? other computing devices and equipment in energy-efficient and eco-friendly ways.
4. write short notes on-1) STORAGE 2) Video card Organizations that use green computing methods often deploy energy-efficient
5. EXPLAIN CONCEPT OF Recycling? central processing units (CPUs), servers, peripherals, power systems and other IT
6. What are features of operating systems? equipment. They also focus on reducing resource use and properly disposing of
electronic waste.
7. How to Implement Green Computing?
8. Explain concept of Resource allocation? In many organizations, green computing is a key part of environmental, social and
9. WHAT IS BEST Green technology? governance (ESG) initiatives that focus on the adoption of sustainable and ethical
10. Why Green Computing is important? business practices. It also contributes to broader business sustainability efforts,
which aim to position companies for ongoing success based on responsible
corporate management and strategies.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 What is included in a green computing strategy?
Saving money on energy and IT costs is one driving factor for green computing
2
approaches. Government regulations related to energy conservation also drive
3 green efforts. Concern about climate change, combined with internal and external
4 pressure to be environmentally responsible, is a third factor behind the green
5 computing movement.
6
IT managers typically focus energy efficiency efforts on data centers, as well as
separate equipment rooms and data storage areas that use significant amounts of
energy or are affected by its use. For example, upgrading IT systems can help by
replacing older equipment that often uses more energy and puts out more heat
than newer technologies.

In addition, hot and cold aisle setups group together data center assets based on
energy consumption and temperature output, optimizing the efficiency of heating,
ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems.
The green computing strategies of companies can also include the following
actions, both in and beyond the data center:
• Deployment of smart technology. Organizations can use internet of
things sensors and artificial intelligence (AI) monitoring tools to collect and
analyze information about data centers and create a power usage model.
 AI-powered tools can also autonomously manage heating, cooling and power
in the data center.

• Powering down IT equipment when it isn't in use. Servers, CPUs and

other devices can be turned off during extended periods of inactivity. In
particular, energy-intensive peripherals, such as laser printers, should only be
powered up when needed.

• Strategic scheduling of computer use. Do computer-related tasks in

dedicated blocks of time, leaving hardware off at other times.

• Energy-efficient computer and display selection. Laptops use significantly

The business benefits of green computing and IT include cost savings, branding gains and
less energy than desktop computers, and liquid-crystal display monitors use
more.
less energy and give off less heat than cathode-ray tube monitors.

• Automated power management. These features can be set to automatically The importance of green computing
power down hard drives and monitors after several minutes of inactivity. 1. The key mission of green computing is to reduce energy consumption. This not only
cuts energy costs for organizations, but it also reduces carbon footprints, particularly
• Temperature check for less cooling. Newer IT devices can safely run at of IT assets. In addition to the cost savings, green approaches to computing can help
higher temperatures than older ones, so the data center may not need to be organizations on regulatory compliance and potentially give them a marketing edge
over competitors with both customers and investors.
as cool as in the past.
2. The environmental impact of IT components is important to consider in the data center
design process. Advances in energy management and energy conservation have
• Electronic waste disposal. Dispose of e-waste according to federal, state made IT systems and other computing resources highly energy-efficient. Green design
and local regulations. of data centers, office space and other facilities that consume high amounts of energy
• Alternative energy and cooling opportunities. Investigate alternative has become a key part of new construction and building upgrades to make them more
energy sources, such as wind and hydroelectric power, as well as geothermal environmentally sustainable.
cooling and other new methods of cooling data centers. 3. That includes the use of energy-efficient HVAC, power and lighting systems, and a
variety of ancillary equipment. For example, many data center components have a
• Support for remote work. The COVID-19 pandemic has spurred many
sleep mode that reduces power use or completely shuts down a system during times
changes in the workplace, including an increase in remote and hybrid work
of low or no use. Also, most IT equipment vendors support green manufacturing
that has led to reduced energy consumption. Besides decreasing the number practices. The U.S. government's Energy Star logo is an important metric when
of people commuting to and from work, it has also cut the number of selecting IT equipment and data center elements.
employees typically present in an organization's facilities, reducing the 4. Another important consideration with green computing and the related concept
demand for power and other resources needed to run computers there. of green IT is their potential to reduce an organization's use of fossil fuels. This helps
lower the amount of pollution released into the atmosphere and water sources -- such
reduced emissions have been shown to have positive effects on weather, air pollution
and water quality.
 can also ask building management for permission to upgrade physical
systems itself, but there might be a limit on how much upgrading is possible,
as spelled out in the lease agreement.
• Lack of green computing expertise. Another potential challenge is finding
experts in green computing who can assist in the data center design process
and upgrades of IT assets. For example, they could help plan a structured
sequence of actions -- over, say, a one- or two-year period -- to replace
existing devices with energy-efficient units. But such experts can be hard to
find, despite an increase in the availability of consulting services for
sustainability efforts.

How to achieve green computing

The following is a list of ways to increase green computing and energy efficiency
in data centers and other IT facilities:
• Install building environment systems that are energy-efficient.
This illustrates different ways to increase energy efficiency in data centers. • Install overhead lighting with low energy consumption, and include timers or
Green computing challenges motion detectors to control light switches and reduce the time lights are in
While green computing has many benefits, not every organization will embrace use.
the changes needed to become truly green. Challenges that organizations can • Buy energy-efficient servers, switches, laptops, desktop systems, printers,
face on green computing initiatives include the following: scanners and other IT equipment.
• Equipment replacement costs. Perhaps the biggest challenge is the cost of • Install energy-efficient windows and doors that have reflective glass to reduce
replacing existing technology assets with energy-efficient devices, such as heat.
ones that have the Energy Star certification. This can also extend to • Install fans throughout equipment racks to reduce heat.
replacements of HVAC, power and lighting systems, as well as physical • Turn off systems that aren't performing scheduled work.
security systems. Upgrading IT assets, such as servers, networking • Use refillable printer cartridges.
equipment, storage devices, and primary and backup power systems, should IT leaders should also explain the importance of green data centers and other
be easy enough to do, but the cost must be examined carefully. green computing measures to senior management and make sure to get their
• Upgrades to leased space. Organizations that lease space in buildings support for an initiative. Corporate policies that stress energy conservation and
where data centers are located can ask the building owner about plans the use of energy-efficient equipment can then be established to formalize the
to make it more energy-efficient -- for example, by adopting the U.S. Green efforts.
Building Council's Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) History of green computing
standards. But owners of older buildings are less likely to make such an 1. Data centers came into their own as major consumers of electricity in the late
upgrade, whereas newer buildings can more easily be designed or retrofitted 1960s and early 1970s. With the advent of large processing systems, such as
to achieve LEED certification. mainframes, as well as the many different peripheral devices associated with
them, data centers grew in both size and energy usage.
Even then, though, the cost to make such changes might be prohibitive -- or, if
the changes are implemented, they could result in a rent increase. A company
2. At that time, data center managers thought little, if at all, about environmental 8. In recent years, additional standards have been developed that provide
concerns. Printers generated mountains of paper, much of which was specifications and benchmarking metrics applicable to green computing. For
discarded in dumpsters -- creating large amounts of trash and the potential for example, the International Organization for Standardization, a global
data security issues due to dumpster diving by attackers. Water was used to standards organization commonly known as ISO, has several families of
cool large mainframes, especially those made by IBM, which increased water standards that can be used in planning and managing green computing
usage by companies. initiatives. That includes ISO 14000 for environmental management
3. As the computing industry grew, IT vendors designed smaller and faster systems, ISO 50001 for energy management systems, the companion ISO
systems, but the notion of green technology didn't arise until 1992 when the 50002 for energy audits and ISO/IEC 33000, an IT process assessment
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) launched the Energy Star standard developed by a joint technical committee set up by ISO and the
program to promote energy efficiency in computing hardware and various International Electrotechnical Commission.
other types of products. Buying IT equipment with the Energy Star label
meant that it would save electricity and have less of an environmental impact
overall.
4. Now run jointly by the EPA and the U.S. Department of Energy, the voluntary
program has been widely implemented by computer manufacturers and other 2) Approaches to Green Computing:
device makers. The Energy Star label is common on IT equipment, especially
for laptop computers and displays. Many European and Asian countries have 1) Virtualization:
also implemented similar programs. a) Computer virtualization abstracts computer resources, allowing multiple
5. The EPA later also funded the development of an environmental standard for logical systems to run on one set of physical hardware.
computers and other electronic products, plus a tool for assessing compliance b) Originating in the 1960s, it became commercially available for
with the standard. In 2006, the agency issued a grant to what's now known as x86-compatible computers in the 1990s.
the Global Electronics Council (GEC) to create a registry of products that c) Virtualization enables consolidation of physical systems into virtual
meet the criteria of the Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool machines on a single powerful system, reducing hardware, power, and
(EPEAT) standard. The GEC continues to manage the EPEAT registry and cooling consumption.
"ecolabel," which now covers end-user computers and displays, mobile d) Various commercial companies and open-source projects offer software
phones, servers, networking equipment, imaging devices and other non-IT packages facilitating virtual computing.
products. e) Intel and AMD have integrated proprietary virtualization enhancements
6. Organizations can use EPEAT to identify "environmentally preferable" into their CPU product lines.
technologies for purchases, according to the EPA. For example, the Federal
Acquisition Regulation, which applies to all U.S. government agencies, 2) Terminal Servers:
mandates that 95% of the electronic products procured by them are listed on a) Terminal servers deliver operating systems to end-users, with all
the EPEAT registry. computing done at the server level.
7. As the use of cloud services grew, cloud platform vendors built new data b) Users terminal into a central server, reducing energy consumption
centers with more of an emphasis on energy efficiency, reduction of compared to individual workstations.
emissions and overall sustainability. The environmentally friendly capabilities c) Thin clients, used with terminal servers, consume significantly less energy
of a green cloud approach can be another advantage of moving to the cloud, than normal workstations.
in addition to savings on equipment costs and data center space.
 d) Terminal services with thin clients are increasingly used for virtual labs, a) LCD monitors with LED backlighting consume less electricity than those
reducing energy costs and consumption. with fluorescent bulbs, reducing energy usage.

3) Power Management: 8) Operating System Issues:

a) ACPI standard allows operating systems to control power-saving aspects a) Microsoft's operating systems historically lacked energy efficiency out of
of hardware, enabling automatic shutdown of inactive components. the box, though improvements have been made in Vista.
b) Hibernation mode turns off most components, further reducing power b) Central power management configuration has been added, though some
consumption. administrators find it lacking in flexibility.
c) Undervolting adjusts CPU voltages, reducing heat production and c) Third-party software products have been developed to address these
electricity consumption. shortcomings.
d) Some CPUs feature automatic undervolting technologies like Intel's
"SpeedStep" and AMD's "PowerNow!"/"Cool'n'Quiet". 9) Materials Recycling:
a) Outdated computer systems can be repurposed, donated to charities, or
recycled.
4) Power Supply: b) Recycling prevents harmful materials like lead and mercury from entering
a) Desktop computer power supplies are generally 70–75% efficient, with landfills, though there are concerns about e-waste being shipped to
remaining energy dissipated as heat. developing countries.
b) The 80 PLUS initiative certifies PSUs that are at least 80% efficient,
reducing energy wastage. 10) Telecommuting:
a) Teleconferencing and telepresence technologies reduce greenhouse gas
5) Storage: emissions by minimizing travel.
a) Smaller form factor hard disk drives and solid-state drives generally b) Telecommuting reduces overhead costs for office space, heating, lighting,
consume less power than larger drives. etc.
b) Flash-based drives have no moving parts, reducing power consumption c) Voice over IP (VoIP) reduces telephony wiring infrastructure and enables
compared to traditional hard drives. hot desking, further reducing energy consumption.
c) Increasing online storage capacity has led to higher power consumption,
prompting research into reducing energy usage in large storage arrays.

6) Video Card: Absolutely, here's a detailed explanation of Power Management and

a) GPUs can be significant power consumers in a computer. Power Supply in pointwise format, including diagrams:
b) Energy-efficient display options include no video card (using shared
terminals or desktop sharing software), using motherboard video output,
Power Management
or reusing older, low-power video cards.
Power management refers to the strategies and tools used to optimize the energy
7) Display: consumption of a computer system. It involves regulating power usage to reduce electricity
costs, extend battery life for laptops, and minimize environmental impact.
Here's a breakdown of power management functionalities: The power supply unit (PSU), also known as a power adapter or switcher, is a hardware
component that converts incoming alternating current (AC) mains power to the low-voltage
1. Hardware Device Control: direct current (DC) required by various electronic components within a computer system.
o Power management enables the operating system to control power states of
various hardware components like monitors, hard drives, and USB devices. Here's a breakdown of the power supply's functionalities:
o When inactive for a specific period, these components can be put into sleep
mode or hibernation, significantly reducing power consumption. 1. AC Input:
2. CPU Power Management: o The PSU receives AC mains power from the wall outlet, typically at 100-240
o Techniques like dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) adjust the volts depending on the region.
CPU's clock speed and voltage based on workload demands. 2. EMI Filter:
o During low-intensity tasks, the CPU can operate at a lower clock speed and o An electromagnetic interference (EMI) filter helps suppress electrical noise
voltage, conserving power. generated by the PSU from entering the AC power line and affecting other
3. Operating System Power Settings: electronic devices.
o Modern operating systems provide power management configuration options 3. Primary Stage (Rectification):
that allow users to customize power-saving behavior. o The AC voltage is rectified, converting it from a sine wave to a pulsating DC
o These settings typically involve defining sleep timeouts for displays and hard voltage using a bridge rectifier circuit.
drives, enabling automatic screen dimming, and adjusting power profiles 4. Secondary Stage (Smoothing):
(balanced, power saver, high performance) that prioritize performance or o The pulsating DC voltage from the primary stage is smoothed using a
battery life. combination of capacitors and inductors to create a stable DC voltage.
Diagram: 5. Voltage Regulation:
+-----------------------+ o Voltage regulators ensure consistent voltage outputs (+3.3V, +5V, +12V) for
| Operating System |
+-----------------------+
different components within the computer.
| 6. Overload Protection:
v o The PSU incorporates protection circuits to safeguard against overcurrent,
+-----------------------+
overvoltage, and short circuits, preventing damage to the power supply and
| Power Management |
+-----------------------+ other system components.
| 7. DC Output:
V
o The PSU delivers stable, regulated DC voltage rails (+3.3V, +5V, +12V) to the
+---------------------+ +--------------------+
| Device Drivers | | Hardware Components| motherboard and other connected devices.
+---------------------+ +--------------------+ Diagram:
| | +-----------------+
v v | AC Power Input |
+---------+ +---------+ +---------+ +---------+ +-----------------+
|
| Monitor | | CPU | | Storage | | Others |
v
+---------+ +---------+ +---------+ +---------+ +-----------------------+
| EMI Filter |
- Power management software in the operating system interacts with device +-----------------------+
|
drivers. v
- Device drivers manage the power states of individual hardware components. +-----------------------+
| Rectifier |
Power Supply +-----------------------+
|
v
+-----------------------+
| Transformer |
+-----------------------+
|
larger HDD portion for bulk storage. They offer a balance between speed,
v capacity, and cost.
+-----------------------+
| Filter Circuit | 4. Optical Drives: Use lasers to read and write data on optical discs like
+-----------------------+
| CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs. Primarily used for archival purposes or
v distributing large datasets.
+-----------------------+
| Voltage Regulator | • Storage Capacity and Performance:
+-----------------------+
| 1. Capacity: Measured in gigabytes (GB) or terabytes (TB), it denotes the
v
+-----------------------+
total amount of data a storage device can hold.
| Overload Protection | 2. Access Time: The average time it takes for the storage device to locate
+-----------------------+
| and retrieve a specific piece of data. Lower access times indicate faster
v
+-----------------------+
performance.
| DC Outputs | (+3.3V, +5V, +12V) 3. Transfer Rate: The speed at which data can be transferred between the
+-----------------------+
| storage device and the computer's memory. Measured in megabytes per
v
To Motherboard second (MB/s) or gigabytes per second (GB/s). Higher transfer rates
and other components indicate faster data movement.
• Factors to Consider When Choosing Storage:
By effectively managing power consumption and utilizing an efficient power
1. Capacity Needs: Consider the amount of data you need to store.
2. Performance Requirements: How important are fast access times and
1. Storage transfer rates for your applications?
3. Budget: Costs vary significantly between different storage technologies
Data storage refers to the hardware and software technologies used to and capacities.
electronically store information. It's a crucial component of any computer system, 4. Form Factor: Size and physical dimensions of the storage device.
as it allows data to be persisted even after the power is turned off. Here's a Consider the available space within your computer case.
breakdown of storage in detail, pointwise: 5. Noise Level: HDDs can generate more noise due to moving parts,
whereas SSDs operate silently.
• Types of Storage Devices:
1. Hard Disk Drives (HDDs): Traditional storage solution utilizing a
spinning disk and a read/write head. HDDs offer high capacities at lower
costs but are slower and more susceptible to physical damage due to 2. Video Card (Graphics Processing Unit - GPU)
moving parts.
2. Solid-State Drives (SSDs): Employ flash memory chips to store data The video card, also known as the graphics processing unit (GPU), is a specialized
electronically. SSDs are significantly faster than HDDs, offer lower access processor responsible for rendering images and video on your computer screen. It
times, and are more durable due to the lack of moving parts. However, handles graphics-intensive tasks like displaying high-resolution visuals, running
they typically come with lower capacities at higher costs per gigabyte. video games, and performing video editing. Here's a detailed breakdown of video
3. Hybrid Drives (SSHDs): Combine the advantages of HDDs and SSDs. cards:
SSHDs feature a smaller SSD portion for frequently accessed data and a
• Functions of a Video Card:
 1. 3D Graphics Rendering: Processes and generates images for 3D
5) Recycling: A Pillar of Sustainable Material
applications like games and design software.
2. Video Decoding/Encoding: Assists with accelerating video playback Management
and encoding for video editing or streaming.
3. Display Output: Generates the signal sent to the monitor to produce the Recycling is a cornerstone of sustainable material management, encompassing
image. the collection and reprocessing of waste materials into valuable resources for the
4. General-Purpose Computing (GPGPU): Modern GPUs can be utilized creation of new products. It serves as a critical strategy to address the
for non-graphical tasks like scientific computing and machine learning due ever-growing challenges of resource depletion, environmental pollution, and
to their parallel processing capabilities. landfill overflow.
• Components of a Video Card:
Environmental and Resource Benefits:
1. GPU: The main processing unit dedicated to graphics processing.
• Reduced Reliance on Virgin/Primary Materials: Recycling lessens
2. Video Memory (VRAM): High-speed memory used to store textures,
dependence on the extraction and processing of primary resources, such as
frame buffers, and other graphics data readily accessible by the GPU.
timber for paper or ores for metals. This conservation effort helps preserve
3. Cooling System: Video cards often require dedicated fans or heatsinks
natural ecosystems and minimize the environmental impact associated with
to dissipate heat generated during operation.
resource extraction activities like deforestation and mining.
4. Video Output Ports: Ports like HDMI, DisplayPort, or DVI used to
• Minimized Landfill Waste: By diverting waste from landfills, recycling
connect the video card to the monitor.
contributes significantly to a more sustainable waste management approach.
• Factors to Consider When Choosing a Video Card:
Landfills, when overflowing, pose environmental threats such as methane
1. Performance Needs: Consider the level of graphical processing
emissions, a potent greenhouse gas, and potential groundwater
required for your tasks (gaming, video editing, etc.).
contamination. Additionally, reduced landfill waste translates to conserving
2. Budget: Video cards can range significantly in price based on
land for alternative uses.
performance capabilities.
• Energy Conservation: Manufacturing new products from recycled materials
3. Compatibility: Ensure the video card is compatible with your
often requires less energy compared to virgin materials. This translates to a
motherboard and power supply.
lower carbon footprint due to reduced greenhouse gas emissions associated
4. Power Consumption: High-performance video cards require more
with energy production.
power. Ensure your power supply can handle the additional wattage.
5. Form Factor: The size of the video card needs to fit within your • Pollution Mitigation: Recycling processes can be less polluting compared to
computer case. extracting and processing virgin materials. This contributes to improved air
and water quality.
By understanding the storage options and video card functionalities, you can make The Recycling Process:
informed decisions when choosing these crucial components for your computer 1. Collection: Waste materials are gathered from various sources, including
system. households, commercial establishments, and industrial facilities. Collection
methods encompass curbside pickup programs, designated drop-off centers,
and specialized collection initiatives for specific materials.
2. Sorting: Collected materials undergo a meticulous sorting process to
categorize them according to their type (plastics, paper, glass, metals, etc.).
 Sorting can be achieved manually at dedicated facilities or through the responsible waste management practices, resource conservation efforts, and the
implementation of automated sorting technologies. promotion of a circular economy, we can minimize our environmental footprint and
3. Processing: Sorted materials are subjected to various processing steps ensure the availability of resources for future generations.
depending on the material type. These steps may involve cleaning, shredding,
melting, or other treatments to prepare the materials for their transformation
into usable resources.
4. Manufacturing: Processed recycled materials serve as feedstock for the 6) What are the features of Operating Systems?
creation of new products. For instance, recycled paper can be transformed
into new cardboard boxes, and recycled plastic bottles can be repurposed into
clothing fibers. The features of operating systems are increasing day by day. Because at the
Challenges and Opportunities: starting development of the OS it was used to handle storage taps but now it is
working on GUI by throwing brilliant colours.
• Contamination: Improperly cleaned or sorted waste materials can
contaminate entire batches during collection, rendering them unusable for Given below are the features of the operating system −
recycling. Educational initiatives and improved collection infrastructure are
crucial to address this challenge. Memory Management
• Market Demand: The economic viability of recycling hinges on the market
demand for recycled materials. When demand for a specific recycled material The operating system controls the primary memory or main memory.
is low, the collection and processing may not be economically feasible.
Promoting the use of products with recycled content can incentivize market Primary memory is a large array of bytes or words where each byte or word is
growth. assigned a certain address.
• Technological Advancements: Not all materials can be efficiently recycled
with current technologies. Continued research and development efforts are It is a fast storage, and it can be accessed directly by the CPU which is present
inside the system. If a program wants to be executed, it should be first loaded in
needed to expand the applicability and efficiency of recycling processes.
the main memory.
Promoting a Culture of Recycling:
• Waste Reduction: The most impactful approach is to generate less waste in The following activities are performed by operating system for memory
the first place. This can be achieved through adopting practices like using management −
reusable items, opting for products with minimal packaging, and prioritizing
repair over disposal. • It keeps track of primary memory.
• Proper Recycling Practices: Familiarizing oneself with local recycling • Memory addresses that have already been allocated and the memory addresses of the
memory that has not yet been used.
guidelines and diligently sorting waste materials ensures efficient and • In multiprogramming, the OS decides for how long the process must stay and the order in
effective recycling efforts. which processes are granted access to memory.
• Supporting Recycled Products: Making a conscious effort to purchase • It allocates the memory to a process when the process requests it and deallocates the
products with recycled content directly contributes to creating a robust market memory when the process has terminated.
demand for these materials, thereby incentivizing further recycling initiatives.
Processor Management
By embracing a comprehensive understanding of the concept and significance of
recycling, we can collectively contribute to a more sustainable future. Through
The OS manages the order in which processes have access to the processor, and The operating system helps the processor in communicating to the IO devices.
how much processing time that each process must stay in the multiprogramming These communications are Special instruction I/O, Memory mapped I/O, Direct
environment. This is called process scheduling. memory access.

The following activities are performed by operating system for processor Security Management
management −
The confidential data stored in the system is protected by the operating system
• Keep tracks of the status of processes. and does not allow the unauthorised person to access the system. It helps the
• The program to track the status is known as traffic controller. system from malware attack and it acts as supervisor mode and gives the system
• It allocates the CPU. a strongly protected firewall.
• And de-allocates the processor when it is not required.
The figure given below shows the features of operating systems
Device Management

An OS manages device communication through respective drivers.

The following activities are performed by operating system for device

management −

• Keeping track of all devices connected to the system.

• Designates a program that is responsible for every device called the Input/output
controller.
• It decides which process gets access to a device and for how long and allocates devices in
an effective and efficient way.
• And de-allocates devices when they are not required.

File Management
7) Implementing Green Computing: A Multi-Pronged
Operating system also keeps track of the file system of a computer normally the
file system is divided in directories which can be handled by the OS.
Approach
Green computing refers to environmentally conscious practices employed to minimize the
I/O Management environmental impact of using computers. It encompasses various strategies that promote
energy efficiency, resource conservation, and the reduction of electronic waste (e-waste).
I/O management is one of the important tasks of the operating system. OS Here's a breakdown of how you can implement green computing practices:
manages the IO devices like mouse, keyboard, printer, display, LED's etc.
Hardware Considerations:
I/O devices can be of two types − • Energy-Efficient Hardware: When purchasing new equipment, prioritize
energy-efficient models. Look for certifications like Energy Star, which signify that
• Synchronous I/O − Here, CPU waits for the I/O device the hardware meets strict energy consumption standards.
• Asynchronous I/O − Here, the CPU execution takes place parallel to the IO device.
 • Upgrade Existing Hardware: Consider upgrading existing hardware • Peripheral Management: Disconnect or power down peripherals like printers and
components to improve efficiency. For instance, replacing older processors with scanners when not in use.
newer, more energy-efficient models can significantly reduce power consumption. • Printing Optimization: Print only what's necessary and consider double-sided
• Right-Size Your Hardware: Ensure your hardware capabilities match your printing to reduce paper consumption.
workload requirements. Avoid using excessively powerful hardware for tasks that • E-Waste Recycling: Properly dispose of old or unused electronics through certified
don't necessitate it, as this leads to unnecessary energy use. e-waste recycling programs. This prevents harmful materials from entering landfills
• Proper Cooling: Maintain proper airflow and ventilation within your computer and allows for the recovery of valuable resources.
system to prevent overheating. This allows for efficient cooling and reduces the Remember: Green computing is an ongoing process. By implementing these strategies
need for additional cooling fans, which consume extra power. and fostering a culture of environmental awareness, individuals and organizations can
Software Optimization: significantly reduce the environmental impact of their computing activities.
• Power Management Settings: Utilize built-in power management features within
your operating system to automatically turn off monitors, hard drives, and other 8) Explain concept of Resource allocation?
peripherals during periods of inactivity.
• Software Updates: Regularly update your operating system and applications. In the context of green technology, resource allocation refers to the strategic planning and
Updates often include performance enhancements that can lead to improved distribution of limited resources to maximize environmental benefits and achieve
energy efficiency. sustainability goals. It involves making informed decisions about how to utilize resources
• Uninstall Unused Software: Remove any software programs you no longer use. like energy, materials, and land in a way that minimizes environmental impact while
Unnecessary software running in the background consumes resources and achieving the desired technical outcomes.
contributes to higher power consumption.
• Energy-Efficient Hardware Settings: Many hardware components like graphics Here's a breakdown of the concept of resource allocation in green technology:
cards offer options within their control panels to adjust power consumption
settings. Explore these options to find a balance between performance and Key Considerations:
efficiency. • Energy Efficiency: A central focus of resource allocation in green technology is
Resource Management: prioritizing energy efficiency. This involves selecting technologies and processes that
• Virtualization: Consider implementing virtualization technologies. This allows consume less energy while delivering the same or even better performance. For
you to run multiple virtual machines on a single physical server, consolidating instance, allocating resources towards installing energy-efficient lighting systems or
resources and reducing overall power consumption. upgrading to renewable energy sources can significantly reduce a facility's
environmental footprint.
• Cloud Computing: For specific tasks, explore utilizing cloud computing services.
This eliminates the need for maintaining dedicated hardware, potentially reducing • Material Selection: Resource allocation strategies in green technology emphasize
your overall energy footprint. utilizing materials with minimal environmental impact throughout a product's life cycle.
This includes considering factors like the embodied energy (energy used to extract,
• Data Storage Optimization: Regularly clean up and organize your data storage.
process, and transport a material) and the potential for recycling or reusing materials at
Delete unnecessary files and consider migrating infrequently accessed data to
the end of a product's life.
archive storage solutions. This frees up disk space, allowing for more efficient
storage management and potentially reducing power consumption. • Land Use Optimization: Green technology initiatives often involve careful planning
for land use. This could involve strategies like utilizing brownfield redevelopment
Additional Practices:
(redeveloping previously developed land) for new projects, minimizing the footprint of
• Monitor Usage: Turn off monitors when not actively using the computer. Modern new infrastructure, and prioritizing sustainable construction practices.
monitors often have built-in power saving features that automatically enter sleep mode
during inactivity. Strategies for Effective Resource Allocation:
• Life Cycle Assessment (LCA): Conducting LCA studies is crucial for effective There's no single "best" green technology as the most suitable option depends on various
resource allocation. LCA analyzes the environmental impact of a product, process, or factors like application, location, and existing infrastructure. However, here are some strong
technology throughout its entire life cycle, from resource extraction to disposal. This contenders that can make a significant impact:
information can guide decision-making regarding resource allocation by highlighting
areas for improvement and identifying the most environmentally friendly options. Renewable Energy Sources:
• Cost-Benefit Analysis: When allocating resources, a balanced approach is • Solar Power: Capturing sunlight and converting it into electricity through photovoltaic
necessary. While environmental benefits are paramount, economic feasibility must also (PV) panels is a mature and widely adopted technology. Solar energy offers scalability,
be considered. Conducting cost-benefit analyses helps evaluate the economic from powering individual homes to large utility-scale farms.
implications of different resource allocation choices and identify solutions that are both • Wind Power: Wind turbines harness the power of wind to generate electricity. This
environmentally sound and financially viable. technology is well-suited for areas with consistent winds and offers a significant
• Innovation and Technology Adoption: Technological advancements play a critical renewable energy source.
role in green technology solutions. Allocating resources towards research and • Hydropower: Utilizing the energy of moving water to generate electricity through
development of innovative technologies that promote energy efficiency, sustainable dams or turbines. Hydropower is a mature and reliable renewable energy source,
materials, and cleaner production processes is crucial for long-term environmental though considerations for environmental impact on ecosystems need to be addressed.
progress. • Geothermal Energy: Leveraging the Earth's internal heat to generate electricity.
Geothermal power plants are particularly suitable for areas with geothermal resources
Benefits of Effective Resource Allocation: like hot springs or geysers.

• Reduced Environmental Impact: By prioritizing energy efficiency, sustainable Energy Efficiency Solutions:
materials, and responsible land use, resource allocation strategies in green technology • LED Lighting: Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) offer significantly higher energy efficiency
contribute to minimizing greenhouse gas emissions, conserving resources, and compared to traditional incandescent or fluorescent bulbs. They last longer and provide
reducing pollution. excellent luminous efficacy (amount of light produced per unit of energy).
• Cost Savings: Implementing energy-efficient technologies and optimizing operational • Smart Grid Technology: Utilizing digital communication and automation to optimize
processes can lead to significant cost savings in the long run. Reduced energy the electricity grid. Smart grids can improve efficiency by reducing transmission losses,
consumption translates to lower energy bills and creates a strong business case for integrating renewable energy sources, and enabling demand-side management
green technology adoption. (adjusting electricity consumption based on real-time needs).
• Enhanced Brand Reputation: Demonstrating a commitment to sustainability through • Building Automation Systems: Implementing intelligent controls for heating,
responsible resource allocation fosters a positive brand image and attracts ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems can significantly lower energy
environmentally conscious consumers and investors. consumption in buildings. These systems optimize energy use based on occupancy
and environmental conditions.
By strategically allocating resources within the framework of green technology principles, Other Green Technologies:
organizations and individuals can create a more sustainable future. This approach ensures • Electric Vehicles (EVs): Transitioning from gasoline-powered vehicles to EVs
that technological advancements contribute to environmental well-being, paving the way for powered by electricity reduces tailpipe emissions and dependence on fossil fuels.
a future where economic growth and environmental responsibility go hand-in-hand. Technological advancements are continuously improving battery range and charging
infrastructure.
• Vertical Farming: Utilizing vertically stacked layers to grow crops in controlled
environments with minimal land use and water consumption. This technology is
9. WHAT IS BEST Green technology? particularly promising for urban areas and areas with limited arable land.
• Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS): Capturing carbon dioxide emissions from
power plants and industrial facilities and storing them underground. CCS offers a
 potential solution for mitigating climate change, though long-term storage safety and maintenance and repair reduces reliance on frequent replacements. Additionally,
economic viability require further exploration. green computing promotes responsible e-waste disposal, ensuring the recovery of
Choosing the Right Green Technology: valuable materials for use in new products. This focus on responsible resource
management minimizes environmental damage associated with resource extraction
The optimal green technology choice depends on several factors: and processing activities.

• Specific Needs: Are you looking to generate clean electricity, improve energy • Pollution Reduction Champion: Traditional computing practices often rely heavily
efficiency in buildings, or reduce transportation emissions? on fossil fuel-powered electricity generation, contributing to air and water pollution.
• Local Conditions: What renewable energy resources are abundant in your area Green computing initiatives, by promoting energy efficiency and potentially leading to
(sunlight, wind)? a shift towards renewable energy sources, directly address this challenge. Reduced
• Existing Infrastructure: Is there existing infrastructure to support the chosen reliance on fossil fuels translates to cleaner air and water, safeguarding human health
technology (e.g., smart grid for renewable energy integration)? and fostering a healthier environment.
• Cost and Return on Investment (ROI): Consider the initial investment and potential Economic Powerhouse:
cost savings or environmental benefits of the technology. • Cost Savings Catalyst: Green computing offers a compelling economic proposition.
Implementing energy-efficient hardware and software practices minimizes electricity
By carefully evaluating these factors, you can identify the green technology that best aligns consumption, leading to significant cost savings on energy bills for both individuals and
with your goals and contributes most effectively to a sustainable future. organizations. Extending equipment lifespans and responsible e-waste disposal
practices further reduce hardware replacement costs. These combined savings can
translate to substantial financial benefits over time.
10) Why Green Computing is important? • Efficiency Engine: Green computing initiatives often involve optimizing workflows
The Enduring Significance of Green Computing in the Digital Age and streamlining processes to minimize resource wastage. This translates to improved
operational efficiency, allowing individuals and organizations to achieve more with less.
Green computing has become an indispensable facet of environmental Reduced resource waste, coupled with potential increases in productivity, can lead to
responsibility within the contemporary information landscape. Its importance significant economic gains.
transcends mere energy conservation; it represents a holistic approach to • Brand Image Booster: In today's environmentally conscious marketplace,
mitigating the environmental impact of technology while fostering economic demonstrating a commitment to green computing fosters a positive brand image.
benefits and promoting a culture of sustainability. Consumers and investors increasingly value environmental responsibility, and
businesses that embrace green initiatives can gain a competitive edge. This can
Environmental Imperative: translate to increased brand loyalty, improved customer satisfaction, and potentially
attract new investments.
• Combating Climate Change: The Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
sector is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. Green computing
strategies directly address this challenge by promoting energy efficiency. This Cultural Shift Facilitator:
encompasses utilizing renewable energy sources, implementing power management
features, and encouraging energy-efficient hardware and software. By minimizing Green computing serves as a catalyst for a broader cultural shift promoting
energy consumption, green computing plays a crucial role in mitigating climate change sustainability across all aspects of our lives. By advocating for responsible
and fostering a cleaner environment. resource management and energy efficiency within the technology sector, it sets
a positive example that transcends the digital realm. Green computing
• Resource Conservation Advocate: Our reliance on technology necessitates the encourages individuals and organizations to adopt similar practices in other areas,
extraction and processing of various resources. Green computing champions resource fostering a collective effort towards environmental responsibility. This cultural shift
conservation through multiple means. Extending hardware lifespans through proper is crucial for building a more sustainable future for generations to come.
In conclusion, green computing's importance extends far beyond simply reducing
the environmental footprint of technology. It's a comprehensive approach that
promotes responsible resource management, fosters innovation in clean
technologies, and paves the way for a more sustainable future. By embracing
green computing practices, we can create a win-win scenario for both the
environment and the economy, ensuring a healthier planet and a thriving digital
landscape for all.