Lithos 336–337 (2019) 221–241

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Lithos

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Tectono-metamorphic evolution of subduction channel serpentinites

from South-Central Chile
Gaëlle Plissart a,⁎, José M. González-Jiménez b, Leonardo N.F. Garrido c, Vanessa Colás d, Julien Berger e,
Christophe Monnier f, Hervé Diot f,h, José Alberto Padrón-Navarta g
a
Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
b
Departamento de Mineralogía y Petrología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, 18002 Granada, Spain
c
Department of Geology, Andean Geothermal Center of Excellence (CEGA), Universidad de Chile, Plaza Ercilla #803, Santiago, Chile
d
Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
e
Géosciences environnement Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, CNES, CNRS, IRD, UPS, France
f
Nantes Univ., Angers Univ., CNRS, LPG, UMR 6112, F-44000 Nantes, France
g
Géosciences Montpellier, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier & Univ. des Antilles (UMR5243), 34095 Montpellier, France
h
La Rochelle University, FST, Av M Crepeau, 17042 La Rochelle, Cedex, France

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This work provides the first comprehensive petrological and multi-scale structural investigation of a suite of
Received 10 May 2018 ultramafic bodies and enclosing metasediments from the Late Paleozoic accretionary prism of South-Central
Accepted 19 March 2019 Chile. The targeted outcrops are located in the La Cabaña area and are characterized by the presence of three
Available online 21 March 2019
main types of ultramafic rocks: (1) partially serpentinized massive peridotites, (2) antigoritic schistose serpentinites,
and (3) antigoritic mylonitic serpentinites. Partially serpentinized massive peridotites and schistose serpentinites
Keywords:
Antigorite
recorded a common first hydration event with the formation of Fe2+ porous rim in chromites (at ~500 °C),
Metamorphic olivine followed by static partial transformation of olivine to lizardite (below ~300 °C) and formation of rims of Fe3+-
Serpentinitic subduction channel rich chromite and magnetite around chromites. A second event of serpentinization linked to fluid passage
Accretionary prism through zones with focused deformation resulted in the partial transformation of partially lizarditized massive
Chile peridotites into antigoritic schistose serpentinites (at ~320–400 °C). This second event took place within the
shallower portion of the serpentinitic subduction channel, near the base of the accretionary prism and was char-
acterized by the formation of tubular folds made up of lenses of olivine-lizardite massive rocks embedded in a
matrix of schistose serpentinites. Antigoritic mylonitic serpentinites encountered in the matrix of schistose
serpentinites may locally contain metamorphic olivine (i.e., olivine-bearing mylonitic serpentinites), registering
higher temperature conditions at medium pressures (~600 °C, 11 kbar) that prevailed during the initial immature
stage of development of the subduction system. Moreover, some mylonitic serpentinites containing
Ti-clinohumite, Ti-chondrodite and metamorphic olivine still record higher pressure conditions (N15 kbar,
i.e., N50 km depth for ~500 °C), which are related with a deformational event taking place when the subduction
system had already cooled. These medium- and high-P mylonitic serpentinites preserved kinematic indicators of
burial, whereas their exhumation along the subduction channel towards the shallower schistose serpentinites
near the base of the accretionary prism could take place through discrete shear zones possibly aided by large
sheath folds. Once incorporated in the accretionary prism (c. 285 Ma ago), the serpentinites shared metamor-
phism and deformation with the enclosing metasediments. Subvertical shortening related to uplift processes
within the accretionary system took place in the stability field of antigorite (N300 °C) and, later, a subhorizontal
E-W shortening prevailed in more superficial conditions.
© 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction pressures corresponding to various tectonic settings (Guillot et al.,

2015). They have attracted the attention of many geoscientists over
Serpentinites are rocks containing up to ~13 wt% H2O formed by hy- the last decades because, when present at the plate interface within
dration of peridotites in a wide range of temperatures (b650 °C) and subduction zones, they provide insights into mechanisms for the rapid
exhumation of deep-seated high-pressure rocks such as blueschists or
⁎ Corresponding author. eclogites (e.g. Agard et al., 2009; Cloos and Shreve, 1988; Guillot et al.,
E-mail address: [email protected] (G. Plissart). 2001; Hermann et al., 2000). This important role of serpentinites resides

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2019.03.023
0024-4937/© 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
222 G. Plissart et al. / Lithos 336–337 (2019) 221–241

in their low-density and low-viscosity, which accommodate plastic the Eastern and the Western Series (Hervé, 1988) (Fig. 1a), according
strain and account for the decoupling of the mantle wedge and the to the different environments of formation of their rocks (turbiditic
downgoing slab (e.g. Amiguet et al., 2014; Hilairet et al., 2007), allowing meta-greywackes/−pelites versus continental metapsammites/
return flow of denser rocks. At depths between 30 and 80 km, the sub- −pelites with oceanic lenses), as well as contrasted metamorphic
duction interface is made of a 2–10 km thick weak layer (“serpentinitic grades (low-pressure (LP) – high-temperature (HT) and high-pressure
subduction channel”) that can be viewed as a tectonic mélange made of (HP) – low temperature (LT), respectively). The La Cabaña ultramafic
a serpentinitic matrix embedding material mainly derived from the oce- rocks pertain to the Western Series. The rocks of the Western Series ex-
anic crust (Guillot et al., 2015). Therefore, the study of subduction chan- perienced HP metamorphism due to basal underplating in the accre-
nel and associated serpentinites is necessary to understand key tionary prism whereas the Eastern Series is a lower-grade unit, which
processes occurring at convergent plate boundaries (e.g. Deschamps was overprinted locally by HT metamorphism due to the intrusion of
et al., 2013; Evans et al., 2013; Guillot and Hattori, 2013). The existence Carboniferous continental-arc batholiths (Willner, 2005) (Fig. 1a).
of the serpentinitic subduction channel is supported by both geophysi- These respective and nearly concomitant PT evolutions permitted to de-
cal imaging (e.g. Hacker et al., 2003; Hyndman and Peacock, 2003) and fine the Coastal Cordillera as a true fossil-paired metamorphic belt (e.g.
theoretical computations using numerical approaches (e.g. Angiboust Willner, 2005; Willner et al., 2005).
et al., 2012; Gerya et al., 2002; Schwartz et al., 2001). Distinct high-pressure rocks are distributed within the
Despite the importance of studying subduction channels to better metasedimentary sequence of the Western Series. In the northern
understand the evolution of subduction zones, reports of well- part, high-pressure rocks include the Pichilemu blueschists
preserved structures inside serpentinites associated with this channel (Fig. 1a), which recorded peak conditions of 9.5–10 kbar and
are not very abundant. Most of the efforts have been focused to describe 350–385 °C at c. 300 Ma in the subduction channel (Willner, 2005).
differences in deformation styles between high-P rocks and their host Additional isolated blocks of garnet-micaschist and amphibolite
serpentinites (e.g., Monviso in Wersten Alps, Angiboust et al., 2011). crop out in the northern part of the Western Series (Punta Sirena
Thus, good examples of subduction-burial and exhumation structures area), recording higher peak pressure and temperature conditions
within serpentinites are scarce and poorly known, excepting in the (12.5–14 kbar and 540–580 °C; Hyppolito et al., 2014, Fig. 1a).
Alps (Erro Tobbio, Hermann et al., 2000; Voltri, Cannaò et al., 2016; These later rocks were interpreted by Hyppolito et al. (2014) as ves-
Zermatt-Saas, Rebay et al., 2012), Japan (Happo ultramafic complex, tiges of the early stages of the subduction system (anticlockwise
Nozaka, 2005), and the Betic Cordillera in southern Spain (Cerro del path characterized by elevated prograde metamorphic gradient
Almirez massif; Padrón-Navarta et al., 2011; Jabaloy-Sánchez et al., and isobaric cooling). Ages for peak pressure conditions estimated
2015). This is due to the fact that usually, later tectono-metamorphic for Punta Sirena garnet-micaschists cluster at c. 320 Ma (Hyppolito
overprints obscured the deep structural relationships. et al., 2014; Willner et al., 2005) and have been interpreted as the be-
In the Coastal Cordillera of Chile, small bodies of ultramafic rocks are ginning of their exhumation towards the base of the accretionary
scattered among metasediments of a fossil accretionary prism, wedge, with a final incorporation inside this latter at c. 308 Ma
pertaining to a subduction system active during Late Paleozoic- (Hyppolito et al., 2014). In the southern part of the Western Series
Mesozoic times along the southwest margin of Gondwana (Hervé, (Fig. 1a), the high-pressure rocks include the Los Pabilos retro-
1988; Willner, 2005). While the deformation structures and metamor- eclogites (13 kbar and 550 °C), formed at c. 360 Ma, with a blueschist
phic evolution of the metasediments and mafic rocks of this paleo- facies overprint (9 kbar and 400 °C) at c. 325 Ma (Kato et al., 2008).
accretionary prism are relatively well studied (e.g. Hyppolito et al., Moreover, the entire metasedimentary sequence of the Western Se-
2014; Kato et al., 2008; Willner, 2005; Willner et al., 2005), little is ries seems to share “high-pressure” conditions (greenschist-
known about the petro-structural evolution of the ultramafic rocks as- blueschist transitional facies, peak conditions of 7.0–9.3 kbar and
sociated with them. Previous mineralogical and geochemical analyses 380–420 °C, with age estimations at 292–319 Ma), as indicated by
by González-Jiménez et al. (2016) of some chromitite and serpentinite high Si contents of phengite in micaschists and high Na contents of
samples of La Cabaña area suggest a possible origin of serpentinites re- amphibole in greenschist metabasites (Glodny et al., 2005; Willner,
lated to a subduction channel. More recently, González-Jiménez et al. 2005). This metasedimentary sequence has been retrogressed to
(2017) have identified humite minerals, including Ti-rich, hydroxyl- 4–7 kbar and 300–380 °C over a period extending 30 to 40 Ma after
dominant chondrodite and clinohumite at La Cabaña, thus confirming the metamorphic peak (Willner, 2005). Scattered serpentinized ul-
for the first time the presence of high-P serpentinites in Chile. tramafic bodies have also been recognized in the southern part of
In this paper, we provide the first combined multi-scale structural the Western Series (Fig. 1a) but their origin and metamorphic evolu-
and petrological analysis from La Cabaña ultramafic rocks in order to tion are still poorly known. Among them, those cropping out in the
better define their different mineral parageneses and associated micro- La Cabaña area are the largest ones (González-Jiménez et al.,
structures. Additional mineral chemistry and petrological calculations 2014a, 2016, 2017; Höfer et al., 2001; Romero et al., 2017). They
lead us to determine different pressure-temperature-deformation are surrounded by micaschists and mafic schists (Fig. 1b).
paths (P-T-d) for these rocks that we further integrated in the tectono-
metamorphic evolution of the Chilean paleo-subduction system. Our 3. Methods
innovative model for the tectono-metamorphic evolution of the
ultramafic rocks of South-Central Chile also permits to shed light on We performed detailed field structural studies on the ultramafic
the deformation regimes and mechanisms specific to subduction zones. massifs and its enclosing rocks (Fig. 1b). The ultramafic bodies are
covered by a thick lateritic soil on which a dense rainforest has de-
2. Geological setting veloped, which gives little opportunity for direct observation. On
the field, the Centinela Bajo Sur, Lavanderos and Loma Guzman bod-
The ultramafic rocks of La Cabaña area consist of four large outcrops ies show limited outcrops. Therefore, we focused our petro-
(namely Centinela Bajo Norte, Centinela Bajo Sur, Lavanderos and structural studies on the ultramafic rocks of the Centinela Bajo
Guzmán, Fig. 1) cropping out north of the town of Trovolhue, west of Te- Norte (Fig. 2). Microscopic observations of ~50 oriented thin sections
muco (Araucania, ~ 38°55′S - 73°30′W, Fig. 1a). They are part of the were undertaken to determine mineralogical assemblages and mi-
suite of rocks forming the metamorphic basement of the Chilean Coastal crostructures. Additional microphotographs were obtained by
Cordillera (32°-42°S), interpreted as a paleo-accretionary wedge devel- means of a SEM-EDS, using an EVO MA10 instrument at the Centro
oped at the end of the Paleozoic on the western margin of Gondwana de Microscopia de la Universidad Austral de Chile (Valdivia) and op-
(Hervé, 1988). The Chilean Coastal Cordillera basement is divided into erational conditions fixed at 20 kV. Deformation events have been
 G. Plissart et al. / Lithos 336–337 (2019) 221–241 223

Fig. 1. (a) Geological setting and location of the study area in the Western Series (modified from Hervé et al., 2013). (b) Geological map of the La Cabaña area modified from Höfer et al.
(2001), with the different ultramafic bodies, the location of the good outcrop exposures in the Centinela Bajo Norte massif and the representative S2 foliation in micaschists and ultramafic
rocks (this study).

also investigated in the enclosing schists and representative photo- 20 kV. The following standards were used for external calibration: per-
graphs can be found in Supplementary Appendix S1. iclase for Mg, corundum for Al, diopside for Si, rutile for Ti, metallic V,
Contents of major and minor elements were analyzed by WD-XRF chromite for Cr, rhodonite for Mn, Fe2O3 for Fe, NiO for Ni and sphalerite
on fusion glasses and powder pellets obtained from five representative for Zn. The counting time was fixed at 10s and 5 s for peak and back-
whole-rock samples (1 dm3) of each one of the lithotypes defined in this ground intensity measurement. Data reductions were obtained by ap-
study. We used a PANalytical AXIOS instrument at the SERNAGEOMIN plication of the PAP program (Pouchou and Pichoir, 1991). Structural
(Chile) and the results can be found in Supplementary Appendix S2. formulae of chromite were calculated assuming stoichiometry
Mg-numbers (Mg/(Mg + Fe2+)) were calculated considering a Fe2+- following the procedure of Droop (1987). For antigorite, the structural
Fe3+ repartition based on the modal proportion of magnetite (see Sup- formula has been calculated normalizing to 116 oxygens, considering
plementary Appendix S6). Fetot = Fe2+ and the ideal formula M3m-3T2mO5mOH4m-6, assuming
X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses of powder aliquots of the same m = 17, where m is the number of tetrahedra along a wave (Mellini
samples were performed using a Bruker - D2 PHASER diffractometer et al., 1987). Representative microprobe analyses of main minerals can
at the Laboratorio de Superficies Funcionales de la Universidad Austral be found in Supplementary Appendix S4.
de Chile (Valdivia), in order to characterize the bulk serpentinite miner- Serpentine polymorphs have been characterized by micro-Raman
alogy and detect the presence of brucite or talc. Results are presented in spectroscopy (173 analyses) coupled with detailed petrographic obser-
Supplementary Appendix S3. vations. Micro-Raman spectroscopy was performed at the Laboratoire
Major and minor elements on silicates were measured by electron de Planétologie et Géodynamique de Nantes, in France, using a LabRam
microprobe analysis (EMPA) using a CAMECA SXFive instrument at HR Evolution (Horiba) Raman microspectrometer equipped with a laser
the Centre de Microcaractérisation Raimond Castaing (Espace Clément at an excitation wavelength of 532 nm (power 120 mW) and coupled to
Ader, Toulouse, France). The operational conditions involved a beam an Olympus microscope with X100 objective to focus the laser beam
current of 20 nA, a beam energy of 15 kV and the counting time was into 1 μm spot diameter. The spectral resolution was 0.4 cm−1 using
fixed at 10s for peak and background intensity measurements. Natural 1800 lines/mm grating. Acquisition time was 4 s with 7 accumulating
and synthetic standards were used for external calibration: Na on albite, cycles for shift ranges of 200 to 1000 cm−1 (silicate framework domain)
Al on Al2O3, Si and Ca on wollastonite, K on sanidine, Mn and Ti on and 3400 to 3600 cm−1 (OH stretching domain), corresponding to two
MnTiO3, Fe on Fe2O3, Mg on MgO, Cr on Cr2O3, Ni on Ni-G5, Zn on sphal- spectral regions characteristic of serpentine polymorphs (e.g. Schwartz
erite, F on topaze-TR and Cl on tugtupite. Major and minor elements on et al., 2013). Description of analyzed spectra is available in Supplemen-
spinels were obtained by electron microprobe analysis using a JEOL JXA- tary Appendix S5.
8230 at the Centros Científicos y Tecnológicos (Universidad de Barce- To estimate the pressure-temperature conditions of equilibration
lona, Spain), with beam current of 20 nA and accelerating voltage of of the rocks, pseudosections were performed with Perple_X 6.8.4
224 G. Plissart et al. / Lithos 336–337 (2019) 221–241

Fig. 2. Structural maps of the Centinela Bajo Norte good exposures, displaying the three recognized ductile deformation phases in the ultramafic rocks.

(Connolly, 2009), using Holland and Powell's thermodynamic database structures of ductile deformation and degrees of serpentinization
and internally consistent solid solution models for olivine O(HP), (Fig. 2): (1) chromite-bearing and generally coarse-grained partially
orthopyroxene Opx(HP), clinopyroxene Cpx(HP), chlorite Chl(HP), serpentinized massive peridotites, (2) schistose serpentinites, and
talc T and brucite B (Holland and Powell, 2004) and the solid solution (3) mylonitic serpentinites. Moreover, the contact rocks between the ul-
model of Padrón-Navarta et al. (2013) for antigorite Atg(PN), of tramafic lithologies and the enclosing micaschists is marked by a
Powell and Holland (1999) for amphibole GlTrTsPg and of Franzolin blackwall made up of anthophyllite, chloritite and talc schists
et al. (2011) for carbonates oCcm(EF). Calculations of effective chemical (Romero et al., 2017).
compositions during metamorphic peak are detailed in Supplementary The ultramafic rocks of the Centinela Bajo Norte body record three
Appendix S6. We tested two methods: 1) by modal proportions, chem- main phases of deformation (Figs. 2 and 3), although partially
ical compositions and densities of phases formed during the metamor- serpentinized massive peridotites show evidence of a previous ductile
phic peak, and 2) by bulk rock compositions obtained by WD-XRF and deformation in the mantle defined by a preferential planar fabric of
subtraction of phases not involved in the metamorphic peak. Moreover, chromian spinel. The first phase of deformation (D1) concomitant
in both cases, magnetite was subtracted from these compositions in with serpentinization is an E-W stretching event recorded by elongated
order to compute the pseudosection in the (CaO–) FeO–MgO–Al2O3– lenses and stretching lineation defined by preferred alignment of
SiO2–H2O (–CO2) system. antigorite needles and olivine aggregates (L1) (Fig. 4a, b, c) as well as
decametric sheath-like folds (namely F1,Fig. 4d, e). When stretching lin-
4. Structural analysis eation L1 is visible, the produced fabric is more linear than planar
(Fig. 4a). The tubular folds and elongated lenses produced during this
4.1. Ultramafic rocks deformation stage are made up of competent, chromite-bearing, par-
tially serpentinized massive peridotites, embedded within schistose
The Centinela Bajo Norte ultramafic body displays dispersed out- serpentinites (Fig. 4d, e). Although the orientation of the S1 foliation as-
crops clustering in four main good exposures: Contacto Este (Eastern sociated to this event was affected by the D2 deformation phase, the
part), Loma Rurik (Western part), Loma de las Ovejas (Central-Eastern geometric relationships between the crenulated S1 and the competent
part) and Rio de las Vacas (Northern part) (Figs. 1b and 2). We distin- lenses and folds tend to indicate that S1 originally wrapped around
guished three main petrostructural groups characterized by distinctive those lenses (Fig. 4d, e, h). Axes of F1 and of elongated lenses
 G. Plissart et al. / Lithos 336–337 (2019) 221–241 225

Fig. 3. Structural measurements associated to the four recognized deformation phases in the La Cabaña area, represented in stereographic equal area projections. Max. eigenvectors and
contour plots (C.I.: 2%/1% area) have been determined using the Stereonet software developed by R. W. Allmendinger (Cardozo and Allmendinger, 2013).

(~N088/46) are subparallel to east-plunging stretching lineations shortening axis, near the vertical contacts of the competent lenses
(~N076/38) (Figs. 2 and 3). Opposite senses of shear (asymmetric defor- formed during D1 (Fig. 4e, h). In contrast, when S1 was oriented at
mation of lenses) have been observed parallel to the lineation in the high angle relatively to the D2 shortening axis, the result is a flattening
same hand-specimen sample, suggesting that a possible shearing has of the previous foliation (S1–2) (Fig. 4d, h). S1–2 and S2 display dips
predated the formation of tubular folds. Finally, rare shear bands with mainly to the east (~N024/35; Fig. 3), although dispersion in dips to
top to the east have been observed (Fig. 4b). the south and to the north can also be observed. This dispersion is likely
The second phase of deformation (D2) recorded in the serpentinites due to the presence of previous E-W elongated competent lenses of par-
is a subvertical shortening characterized by recumbent folds that over- tially serpentinized massive peridotites, which would influence the ori-
prints D1. This second phase of deformation produced a crenulation of entation of any new cleavage. In the same way, the bimodal distribution
the previous S1 foliation in the schistose serpentinites, generating a of the crenulation lineations (Fig. 3, D2, A: ~N084/28 and B: ~N041/22)
crenulation cleavage S2 that is frequently accompanied by a lineation indicates that one part of the lineation trends is subparallel to the elon-
of crenulation (L2) (Fig. 4f, g). This second phase of deformation is par- gated lenses formed during D1 (eastwards plunges), as is expected
ticularly observed when S1 was oriented at low angle relatively to the D2 alongside the lenses, whereas those distant from the lenses would
226 G. Plissart et al. / Lithos 336–337 (2019) 221–241

Fig. 4. Field observations of the deformation phases inside the ultramafic rocks, D1 (a-e), D2 (f-i), D3 (j-k). (a) Stretching lineation L1 in olivine-bearing mylonitic serpentinites, marked by
alignment of olivine-magnetite lenses. (b) Rare top-to-the-east shear band in mylonitic serpentinite. (c) Stretching lineation L1 in mylonitic serpentinites, marked by antigorite preferred
orientation. (d-e) Section of F1 tubular fold made of partially serpentinized massive peridotites enclosed in schistose serpentinites. The small photography displays the development of
antigorite foliation and crenulation at the lens borders. (d) Typical schistose serpentinites and associated S2 dipping to the east. (e) Schistose serpentinites displaying recumbent
crenulation of S1 and development of new S2 crenulation cleavage. (h) Influence of D1 competent lenses on the orientation of S2 cleavage in schistose serpentinites. (i) Folding of
pyroxenitic vein with axial plane parallel to S2. (j) S3 crenulation cleavage in schistose serpentinites. (k) Metric upright F3 in soap- white schistose serpentinites. Atg: antigorite; Ctl:
chrysotile.
 G. Plissart et al. / Lithos 336–337 (2019) 221–241 227

show orientations reflecting the crenulation event (here plunging to the 5. Petrology of the ultramafic rocks
NE). Two frequent orientations of S2 crossing at small angle can be ob-
served at the mapping scale (Fig. 2), which we interpret as the two 5.1. Microscopic observations
limbs of decametric, inclined, recumbent folds associated to D2. This is
also observed at the outcrop scale with two different orientations of X-ray diffraction was used to detect the presence of fine material un-
serpentinized relic aligned pyroxenes and with recumbently tightly identified at the microscope (Supplementary Appendix S3). Brucite and
folded serpentinized pyroxenitic veins, locally isoclinal and with talc were not identified, suggesting that, if they exist, their concentra-
stretched limbs (Fig. 4i). tion is negligible. Serpentine polymorphs (lizardite, antigorite and
The third deformation phase (D3) corresponds to a subhorizontal, chrysotile) were properly identified in the studied serpentinites by
SE-NW shortening recorded only in a few outcrops of schistose their respective spectra (Groppo et al., 2006) obtained using micro-
serpentinites. This phase produced the upright folding of S2 and de- Raman spectroscopy (Supplementary Appendix S5).
velopment of a subvertical S3 crenulation cleavage (Fig. 4j). Near the
eastern contact with the miscaschists, the schistose serpentinites 5.1.1. Partially serpentinized massive peridotites (MP)
developed a lineation of crenulation L3 (~N027/13; Fig. 3) that over- These rocks are coarse-grained meta-dunites (N90 vol% olivine) with
prints the previous one created during D2. This crenulation L3 is par- variable contents of accessory chromite and pyroxene phantoms
ticularly visible when L2 pertains to the east-plunging population, (i.e., bastite), which locally grade to meta-harzburgites. Bulk-rock anal-
thus resulting in two oblique lineations. The S3 crenulation cleavage yses (Supplementary Appendix S2) indicate low SiO2 (38.04 wt%), Al2O3
displays high dip and NNE-SSW strikes (~N023/89), which has also (0.03 wt%), and CaO (0.06 wt%), high L.O.I. (15.33 wt%), Cr and Ni con-
been observed in the Centinela Bajo Sur ultramafic body (Figs. 2 tents of 9261 ppm and 3326 ppm, respectively, and a calculated Mg-
and 3). The D 3 phase was also observed as metric anticlines in number of 0.92. The main mineral assemblage is primary olivine +
soap-white schistose serpentinites (Fig. 4k), with S3 ~N011/71 and chromite + lizardite ± chlorite ± magnetite ± late chrysotile (Ol I
L3 ~N034/28 (Fig. 3). Fragile deformation in ultramafic rocks is re- + Chr + Lz ± Chl ± Mag ± Late Ctl, Fig. 5a). Primary olivine (Ol I, up
corded by chrysotile and carbonates veins cutting across all previous to 2 mm across) is replaced (20–80%) by a pseudomorphic mesh of
structures. However, no coherent information was gained from mea- lizardite (+ dispersed tiny magnetite) (Fig. 6a), whereas pyroxene
sured orientations. (rare in meta-dunites) is completely transformed to bastite. Accessory
chromite represents b2 vol% of the rock, although it can exceed 10 vol
%, giving rise to dunites with impregnations of chromite and locally
4.2. Enclosing schists schlierens, veins and pods of massive chromitites (Barra et al., 2014;
González-Jiménez et al., 2014a, 2016). Chromite preserves homoge-
The metasedimentary schists (Supplementary Appendix S1) neous dark cores surrounded by a porous Fe2+-rich chromite rim
preserved the same deformation structures as observed in ultra- containing chlorite crystals, locally replaced by a silicate-free homoge-
mafic rocks, except from those of the first deformation phase D1. neous Fe3+-rich chromite, and finally an outer rim of polygonal Cr-
Regional studies indicate that D 1 in the micaschists is only pre- magnetite subgrains (Fig. 6b). In some samples, euhedral grains of chro-
served as graphite inclusion patterns inside albite blasts and mite show an outer halo of chlorite. Finally, late chrysotile (Late Ctl) and
could be related to processes previous to the basal accretion (i.e. carbonates veinlets crosscut the mesh structure (Fig. 6a). In the margins
in more superficial conditions) (Duhart et al., 2001), thus differing of the F1 folds, the partially serpentinized massive peridotite develops a
from the D1 phase registered in the ultramafic rocks. This D1 event local schistosity (locally schistose, partially serpentinized massive peri-
in micaschists would have been transposed by D 2 , which corre- dotites – LSch-MP, Fig. 5b) defined by nascent foliation of secondary
sponds to a regional deformation phase observed both in ultra- antigorite overprinting the lizardite mesh (Fig. 6c), which is crenulated
mafic rocks and enclosing schists (Fig. 3). The latter show poor in the vertical borders (Fig. 6d).
evidence of primary sedimentary bedding S0 and they are domi-
nated by subhorizontal S2. The recumbent, tight to isoclinal folding 5.1.2. Schistose serpentinites (SchS)
has been nearly completely transposed into the S2 axial plane foli- The schistose serpentinites (SchS) are the predominant type of rocks
ation. Folding is still observed at places of contrasted competences, in the Centinela Bajo Norte ultramafic body (Fig. 2) and host the lenses
such as garnet-quartz or quartzite layers. (Supplementary Appen- of partially serpentinized massive peridotites. Bulk-rock analyses (Sup-
dix S1 a-c). Crenulation cleavage and associated lineation (fold plementary Appendix S2) indicate low SiO2 (37.54 wt%), Al2O3 (nil),
axes and intersection lineations) are also still locally observed. Ori- and CaO (0.01 wt%), high L.O.I. (14.46 wt%), Cr and Ni contents of
entation of S2 in micaschists (~N021/23, Fig. 3) is slightly different 3508 ppm and 3909 ppm, respectively, and a calculated Mg-number
than in the partially serpentinized peridotites: it is also mainly dip- of 0.92. The mineral assemblage observed in the schistose serpentinites
ping to the east, but it can be subhorizontal and even dipping to includes primary olivine + chromite + lizardite + overgrown
the west (Fig. 3). This suggests the presence of N-S striking upright antigorite ± chrysotile associated to D2 ± magnetite ± chlorite (Ol I
folding that we associated to the D 3 phase. Unlike in ultramafic + Chr + Lz + Atg ± Ctl D2 ± Mag ± Chl, Fig. 5c, d). Antigorite first
rocks, the crenulation lineation in micaschists (~N029/13, Fig. 3) overgrew statically on the mesh lizardite (veinlets and interpenetrating
is only plunging to the NE, which could reflect regional D2 orienta- textures) and its growth continued dynamically to give rise to the S1 fo-
tion unaffected by previous competent lenses. In micaschists, the liation (Fig. 6e). It is probable that a L1 stretching lineation was associ-
D 3 phase formed a subvertical S 3 crenulation cleavage (Supple- ated with S1 but, if so, it has been erased during the D2 event.
mentary Appendix S1 d-e) striking NNE-SSW (~N206/88, Fig. 3) Similarly, the orientation of S1 in these rocks has been affected by D2,
and the associated L 3 crenulation is subhorizontal and trends to which generated both foliated (Fol-SchS) and crenulated (Cren-SchS)
the NE (~N030/07, Fig. 3). D3 locally generated L-dominated fabric schistose serpentinites (Fig. 6e). The foliated type formed by transposi-
by the formation of an intersection lineation between S2 and S3. It tion of S2 parallel to a previous S1 (S1–2) whereas the crenulated type re-
could also be responsible for the dispersion of S2 poles (Fig. 3) in sulted from the recumbent crenulation of S1, either symmetrically or
zones of more opened folding. Moreover, a fourth deformation asymmetrically (Fig. 4h). Limbs of olivine-lizardite ribbons are thinned
event, D4, is observed in micaschists; it took place in more brittle whereas fractured olivine grains concentrate in thickened hinges
conditions and is characterized by localized E-W upright kink (Fig. 6e). Chrysotile veinlets (Ctl D2) formed in the limbs of the crenula-
folds (Fig. 3) that would result from a subhorizontal N-S tion, subparallel to S2 (Fig. 6e). Chromite grains in the schistose
shortening. serpentinites display the same zonation as described in the partially
228 G. Plissart et al. / Lithos 336–337 (2019) 221–241

Fig. 5. Simplified drawings of representative microstructures and assemblages of ultramafic rocks from the study area. (a) MP: Partially serpentinized massive peridotites. (b) LSch-MP:
Locally schistose, partially serpentinized massive peridotites. (c) SchS: Schistose serpentinites. (d) Cren-SchS: Crenulated schistose serpentinites. (e) MyS: Mylonitic serpentinites.
(f) Cren-MyS: Crenulated mylonitic serpentinites. (g) OMyS: Olivine-bearing serpentinites. (h) Cren-TiChu&OMyS: Crenulated Ti-clinohumite and olivine-bearing serpentinites.
Mineral abbreviations (Whitney and Evans, 2010): Atg, antigorite; Ctl, chrysotile (Ctl D2: chrysotile associated to D2; Late Ctl: chrysotile crosscutting veins); Chr, chromite; Dol,
dolomite; Lz, lizardite; Mag, magnetite; Ol, olivine (Ol I: primary olivine; Ol II: metamorphic olivine); Ti-Chn, Ti-chondrodite; Ti-Chu, Ti-clinohumite.

serpentinized massive peridotites. These grains are principally found in 4a–c). They consist of a matrix of elongated antigorite blades (defining fo-
the relict mesh textures but also occur in the antigoritic foliation. In the liation S1 and pronounced stretching lineation L1) with accessory relict
latter case, the magnetite rim generally displays partial inclusions of chromite and magnetite, and chrysotile associated to D2 (Atg + Chr
antigorite (Fig. 5c–d). Tiny grains of magnetite are only observed in + Mag ± Ctl D2). This D1 matrix wraps around oriented lenses/ribbons
the lizardite mesh texture and are lacking in the antigorite foliation. made up of different mineralogical assemblages, which define three sub-
types of mylonitic rocks: (1) mylonitic serpentinites sensu stricto (MyS),
5.1.3. Mylonitic serpentinites (MyS, OMyS and TiChu&OMys) (2) olivine-bearing mylonitic serpentinites (OMyS) and, (3) Ti-clinohumite
Mylonitic serpentinites are found as small bodies (10-20 m wide) and Ti-chondrodite olivine-bearing serpentinites (TiChu&OMyS). Bulk-
dispersed within the groundmass of schistose serpentinites, from rock analyses (Supplementary Appendix S2) indicate higher SiO2
which they are distinguished in the field and thin sections by abundant (40.60–44.69 wt%) and Al2O3 (0.11–0.92 wt%), lower L.O.I.
antigorite and the preservation of the L1 mineral lineation (Figs. 2, (11.63–11.96 wt%) and higher calculated Mg-numbers (0.94–0.96) than
Fig. 6. Photomicrographs of characteristic microstructures of serpentinites from La Cabaña ultramafic massif. (a) MP. Lizardite mesh texture after primary olivine (Ol I) and crosscutting
chrysotile vein (Late Ctl). (b) MP. Representative chromite rims (reflective light). (c) LSch-MP. Veinlet-like secondary antigorite in nascent foliation superimposing mesh texture near
horizontal contact with schistose serpentinites, defining S1\ \S2. (See also hand-specimen Fig. 4d1). (d) LSch-MP. Secondary antigorite foliation S1 superimposing mesh texture and
crenulated by D2 near the vertical contact with schistose serpentinites (See also hand-specimen Fig. 4d2). Note chrysotile veinlet Ctl D2 located in the F2 limbs and subparallel to S2.
(e) Cren-SchS. Static antigorite superimposing the lizardite mesh texture and dynamic antigorite in foliation S1, later crenulated by D2. Symmetric crenulation of S1 and development
of S2 axial plane cleavage, characterized by thickened hinges and thinned limbs of the Lz-Ol I ribbons. Note Ctl D2 veinlet. (f) MyS. Interpenetrating static Atg lens in a S1 foliated
matrix antigorite, displaying a top to the west. (Crossed polarizers light with inserted compensator). Note intergrowth between static Atg and magnetite in interpenetrating Atg lens.
(g) MyS. Typical chromite rims (reflective light). Note the inclusions of Atg in the magnetite outer rim, which are absent in the chromite from MP and SchS. (h) Cren-MyS. Symmetric
crenulation of S1 and development of S2 axial plane cleavage, generally erasing previous static Atg lenses. (i) OMyS. Lens of Ol II + Dol + Atg + Mag in a foliated S1 antigorite. Ol II
poikiloblast occurs as small grains in optical continuity englobing Atg needles inclusions and magnetite. (j) OMyS. Ribbon of Ol II + Dol + Mag in a foliated S1 antigorite. Note the
shape preferred orientation of Ol II and magnetite grains. (k) OMyS. Details of ribbons displaying magnetite inclusions in Ol II and Dol, evidencing the metamorphic character of these
minerals. Zoom in reflective light on Ol II inclusions inside magnetite and smooth contacts between Mag and Ol II. (l) OMyS. Typical chromite rims, similar as in MyS but with reduced
core and developed outer Atg-Mag rim (reflective light). (m) OMyS. SEM microphotograph displaying dolomite, Ol II and Atg as inclusions inside magnetite. (n) TiChu&OMyS.
Relationships between Ol II, Ti-Chu, Atg and Mag. Note the smooth contacts between Ol II and Ti-Chu (small-scale intergrowths). Antigorite needles are found as continued inclusions
in TiChu, Ol II and Mag (arrows). Note magnetite inclusions in Ol and TiChu. (o) TiChu&OMyS. Crenulation of S1 and development of S2 axial plane cleavage, characterized by
thickened hinges and thinned limbs of the Ol + TiChu + Mag + Atg ± Ti-Chn ribbons. Note the presence of Ctl D2 veinlet. Mineral abbreviations as in Fig. 5.
230 G. Plissart et al. / Lithos 336–337 (2019) 221–241

Fig. 6 (continued).
 G. Plissart et al. / Lithos 336–337 (2019) 221–241 231

the massive partially serpentinized peridotites and schistose serpentinites 5.2.1. Silicates
whereas Cr and Ni contents are comparable (3452–3944 ppm and Relict olivine (n = 79) preserved in partly serpentinized peridotites
3173–3218 ppm, respectively). CaO contents are nil except in the and schistose serpentinites is forsterite (Fo = 89–93, typical of mantle
olivine-bearing mylonitic serpentinite that contains dolomite (0.38 wt olivine compositions, Scambelluri et al., 1991) with NiO contents of
%). The Ti-clinohumite and Ti-chondrodite sample displays a small en- 0.28–0.43 wt% and low MnO contents (0.10–0.26 wt%) without
richment in TiO2 (0.056 wt%), V (47 ppm) and Cu (109 ppm). core to rim zoning (Fig. 7a). In contrast, secondary olivine (i.e., Ol II;
In the mylonitic serpentinites ss (MyS), the lenses consist of interpen- n = 60) identified in the mylonitic serpentinites is overall richer in
etrating antigorite ± chromite ± magnetite (Fig. 5e), with asymmetry MgO (Fo = 90–97, probably controlled by bulk rock composition),
indicating a top to the west displacement (Fig. 6f). The contacts be- NiO (0.32–0.54 wt%) and MnO (0.10–0.66 wt%) (Fig. 7a; Supplementary
tween lenses and matrix-oriented antigorite are usually sharp, evidenc- Appendix S4a). This secondary olivine displays core-to-rim zoning
ing the growth of different generations of antigorite and/or a focused characterized by an increase of the Fo content (Fig. 7b; Supplementary
strain. In this latter case, the focalization of the deformation during the Appendix S4a).
circulation of fluids triggering the antigorite crystallization could result Mesh lizardite (n = 10) in partly serpentinized massive peridotites
in the formation of distinct microstructures such as S1-L1 oriented yields variable MgO (36.27–40.75 wt%), low SiO2 (30.60–39.27 wt%),
blades and static, randomly distributed blades (Fig. 6f). Chromite grains high total FeO (4.42–8.12 wt%) and low total major element contents
show poorly preserved magmatic cores surrounded by Fe2+ and Fe3+- (79.97–83.12 wt%), with very little amounts of Al2O3 (nil to 0.03 wt%,
rich chromite rims and an outer rim of magnetite, containing inclusions except for one analysis at 0.8 wt%). (Supplementary Appendix S4b). In
of antigorite (Fig. 6g). Sometimes, magnetite is intergrown with contrast, mesh lizardite (n = 2) in schistose serpentinites and
antigorite or forms veinlets (up to 3 mm thick) subparallel or discordant static haloes around secondary olivine is almost pure with
to the foliation (Fig. 5e). Folding during D2 produced a S2 crenulation MgO = 39.27–40.22 wt%, SiO2 = 42.77–43.43 wt%, low total
cleavage accompanied by thin chrysotile Ctl D2 veinlets in the limbs FeO =1.35–3.17 wt% and normal total major element contents
(Cren-MyS, Fig. 5f), which has the effect of locally erasing the interpen- (85.26–85.24 wt%) (Supplementary Appendix S4b).
etrating antigorite lenses (Fig. 6h). Chrysotile in veinlets associated to the S2 crenulation (Ctl D2) dis-
In the olivine-bearing mylonitic serpentinites (OMyS), embedded plays MgO = 37.54 wt%, SiO2 = 42.43 wt%, total FeO =3.12 wt% and
as metric zones inside mylonitic serpentinites ss, similar lenses of in- normal total major element contents (83.28 wt%).
terpenetrating antigorite are observed but they also display lenses Antigorite (n = 57; Supplementary Appendix S4b) displays mean
and ribbons with olivine II + Atg + Mag ± Chr ± Dol, showing re- MgO of 39.59 wt%, high SiO2 (mean of 44.10 wt%), low total FeO
crystallization tails and curvature of the antigorite blades inside (mean of 2.12 wt%), mean total major element contents of 86.23 wt%
the S1 foliation (Fig. 5g). The olivine II forms poikiloblasts hosting and variable amounts of Al2O3 (mean of 0.94 wt%). Al contents are par-
needles of antigorite ± magnetite (Fig. 6i) or elongated grains, up ticularly high in the antigorite from the low-schistose partially
to 1 mm, lacking internal solid-state deformation and with frequent serpentinized massive peridotites (0.97–3.03 apfu; Fig. 7c). Overall, an
magnetite inclusions (Fig. 6j, k), which is characteristic of metamor- increase of the Al contents can be observed in antigorite blades from
phic olivine (Ol II). Dolomite displays tabular elongated untwinned schistose serpentinites (0.31–0.60 apfu) to mylonitic serpentinites
grains (Fig. 6j) or poikiloblasts with sharp contacts with antigorite (0.10–1.19 apfu) and to Ti-clinohumite and Ti-chondrodite olivine-
needles and magnetite inclusions (Fig. 6i). Antigorite is hosted as in- bearing mylonitic serpentinites (0.35–1.55) (Fig. 7c), except for the
clusions in olivine, dolomite and magnetite. Olivine and dolomite antigorite from olivine-bearing mylonitic serpentinites, which shows
have been found as inclusions in magnetite (Fig. 6m). Chromite low Al contents (0.03–0.43, Fig. 7c). We assumed that Fe3+ in antigorite
grains (Fig. 6l) display similar features as in mylonitic serpentinites, is very low as its Mg# considering Fe2+ = Fetot (OMyS: 0.98–0.99;
but with a very well-developed outer magnetite rim containing large TiChu&OMyS: 0.96–0.97) approaches the value in equilibrium with cor-
antigorite inclusions. Late lizardite statically replaces olivine responding metamorphic olivine (OMyS: 0.96–0.97; TiChu&OMyS:
borders. 0.90–0.92) (Evans et al., 2012).
The Ti-clinohumite and Ti-chondrodite olivine-bearing serpentinites González-Jiménez et al. (2017) have recently reported the composi-
(TiChu&OMyS) were found nearby diopside veins and exhibit the same tion of Ti-clinohumite and Ti-chondrodite identified in mylonitic
petrostructural features as the olivine-bearing serpentinites, excepting serpentinite (Supplementary Appendix S4c). The analyzed grains ex-
for the lack of dolomite and the presence of Ti-clinohumite and rare Ti- hibit stoichiometry close to theoretical formula with the ratios 2Si/
humites and Ti-chondrodite (Fig. 5h). The Ti-clinohumite and Ti-humite [2n/(2n + 1) * MTi] ratios (n = 4, 3 and 2 for clinohumite, humite and
are usually intergrown with olivine II, generally found at their rims, chondrodite, respectively; Jones et al., 1969) approaching 1
whereas Ti-chondrodite occurs as fine lamellae inside Ti-clinohumite (1.014–1.058, 1.003–1.005; 1.017–1.047, respectively). Fluorine con-
(Fig. 6n, see also González-Jiménez et al., 2017). Antigorite included in ol- tents are overall very low or below detection limits (b0.22 wt%) in Ti-
ivine and Ti-clinohumite is clear under reflected light microscope whereas clinohumite and Ti-humite and slightly higher in Ti-chondrodite (up
that forming the matrix may exhibit a characteristic pale yellow/brown to 0.587 wt%) (Supplementary Appendix S4c). TiO2 contents are high
pleochroism due to the presence of several inclusions of retrograde (Chu: 3.5–5.2 wt%; Hu: 6.5 wt%: Chn: 7.8–9.3 wt%) and vary within
lizardite-chrysotile laths (Fig. 6o). Like the mylonitic serpentinites, the S1 the following ranges of x = 0.34–0.43 (TiChu), 0.42–0.43 (Hu) and
antigorite was highly bended during the D2 deformation phase, producing 0.36–0.43 (TiChn) in the general formula nM2SiO4 M1-x(OH,F)2-2x.
the S2 crenulation cleavage and local recrystallization of antigorite (Fig. 5h) TixO2x (Fig. 7d), thus below the Ti-saturation limit of x = 0.5 (Jones et
whereas chrysotile veinlets (Ctl D2) crystallized in the crenulation limbs, al., 1969). MnO contents show quite elevated ranges: 0.52–0.70 wt%
subparallel to the crenulation D2 axial plane (Fig. 6o). in Chu, 0.63–0.65 wt% in Hu and 0.61–0.70 wt% in Chn.

5.2.2. Chromite and magnetite

5.2. Mineral chemistry Chromite (n = 28) from all the different lithotypes exhibits homo-
geneous dark cores with composition varying from the high-Al to
About 350 electron microprobe analyses were carried out on high-Cr types [Cr# = Cr/(Cr + Al) atomic ratio = 0.57–0.71] and vari-
rock-forming minerals (silicates, chromite, magnetite and able Mg# [Mg/(Mg + Fe2+) atomic ratio = 0.34–0.63] (Fig. 8a). These
carbonates) from polished sections from the different lithotypes cores are surrounded by an internal rim of Fe2+-rich (up to 25.29 wt%
identified in this study. Representative analyses are given in Sup- FeO) porous chromite (n = 13) with higher Cr# (0.85–0.99) and
plementary Appendix S4. lower Mg# (0.17–0.31), and an outer homogeneous rim of Fe3+-rich
232 G. Plissart et al. / Lithos 336–337 (2019) 221–241

Fig. 7. Compositional diagrams for the main silicate minerals observed in the ultramafic rocks from La Cabaña ultramafic massif. (a) Mn versus Fo contents in olivine. Note high Mn
contents in OMyS and TiChu&OMyS indicating metamorphic origin. Fo contents seem mainly controlled by bulk rock composition (values of Mg# of 0.956 and 0.940 for OMyS and
TiChu&OMyS, respectively) and possibly by partitioning coefficients with the associated mineralogical assemblage. (b) Mn and Fo contents core to rim profiles in olivine. Note that Fo
contents increase towards rim in OMyS and TiChu-OMyS whereas Mn contents decrease in OMyS. (c) Al versus Si in antigorite. Note high Al contents in MP and increasing Al contents
from SchS to MyS to TiChu&OMyS. (d) Ti versus metals diagram for Ti-clinohumite, Ti-humite and Ti-chondrodite, showing the theoretical compositional vector TiO2Mg−1F−2. We
noted an inverse correlation between TiO2 and SiO2, MgO or OH(calc.).

Fig. 8. Compositional diagrams for chromites of the ultramafic rocks from La Cabaña massif. (a) Cr# [Cr/(Cr + Al) atomic ratio] versus Mg# [Mg/(Mg + Fe2+) atomic ratio] diagram
discriminating core, Fe2+-rich porous, Fe3+-rich homogeneous and magnetite rims in chromite grains from the different ultramafic lithotypes. Dashed lines in (a) denote the
composition of olivine in equilibrium with chromite at a nominal temperature of 1200 °C (Dick and Bullen, 1984). Cr-spinels from forearc peridotites from Arai and Ishimaru (2007).
Chromite cores from La Cabaña Centinela Bajo Norte chromitites from González-Jiménez et al. (2016). (b) Ternary Al-Cr-Fe3+ diagram discriminating core and Fe2+-rich porous, Fe3+-
rich homogeneous and magnetite rims in chromite grains from the different ultramafic lithotypes.
 G. Plissart et al. / Lithos 336–337 (2019) 221–241 233

chromite (i.e., ferrian chromite; n = 20) with 16.39–45.79 wt% Fe2O3, in these rocks (Fig. 9), otherwise it would have erased the low T
Cr# = 0.75–0.99 and Mg# = 0.18–0.40 (Fig. 8a, b). Chemistry of the minerals.
chromite cores and their surrounding rims is relatively constant in sam- The observation of homogeneous rims of Fe3+-rich chromite over-
ples of the same lithotype but strongly varies among lithotypes (Fig. 8; growing on, or replacing, the pre-existing Fe2+-rich porous chromite
Supplementary Appendix S4d). Magnetite overgrowing on the Fe3+- rims suggests a second event of alteration related with the circulation
rich rim and magnetite individual grains (n = 40) have Cr# = of oxidizing fluids carrying magnetite component. The formation of this
0.84–1.00 and Mg# = 0.03–0.24 (Fig. 8). A comparison of TiO2, MnO, rim can be explained by the following reaction (Gervilla et al., 2012):
ZnO and NiO contents in chromite core, rims and magnetite from the
different lithotypes can be found in Supplementary Appendix S4d. Fe2þ −rich Chr þ Mag ðaqÞ ¼ 2 Fe3þ −rich Chr: ð6Þ

5.2.3. Dolomite
Dolomite (Supplementary Appendix S4e) displays consistent and This second retrograde alteration could be concomitant with the first
nearly pure composition, with an average of Ca49Mg50Fe0.6Mn0.4. lizarditization event recorded in partially serpentinized massive

6. Discussion

6.1. Metamorphic conditions

6.1.1. Retrograde serpentinization of mantle peridotites

Partially serpentinized massive peridotites and schistose serpentinites
exhibit whole rock Mg-numbers varying between 0.91 and 0.93 (Supple-
mentary Appendix S2), which is typical of abyssal or mantle wedge
serpentinized mantle peridotites (Deschamps et al., 2013). Olivine in
rocks with scarce pyroxene phantoms (i.e., bastite) displays Fo contents
of 91–93 typical of mantle dunites (Fig. 8a; Supplementary Appendix
S4a), whereas rocks with higher proportion of bastite yield lower Fo con-
tents (89–90) as is typical for mantle harzburgites. These rocks preserve
a first retrograde event of serpentinization marked by the static replace-
ment (80 vol% modal) of primary olivine by mesh lizardite (Fig. 6a, c,
e) at temperatures b300 °C (Evans, 2004). The lack of brucite in these sam-
ples suggests that olivine could transform to lizardite without brucite for-
mation via its interaction with silica-rich fluids (Frost and Beard, 2007):

3 Ol I þ 2 SiO2ðfluidÞ þ 4 H2 O ¼ 2 Lz ð1Þ

or that brucite eventually formed during lizarditization was removed from

the system by reaction with these silica-rich fluids through the following
reactions (Frost and Beard, 2007):

2 Ol I þ 3 H2 O ¼ Lz þ Brc ð2Þ

followed by.

3 Brc þ 2 SiO2ðfluidÞ ¼ Lz þ H2 O ð3Þ

The SiO2-rich fluids could derive from the dehydration of metase-

diments from the subducting slab (Manning, 1997) and/or complemen-
tary from the hydration of pyroxenes present in the meta-dunites or
meta-harzburgites such as suggested by Frost and Beard (2007) and
Evans et al. (2013):

Opx þ H2 O ¼ Lz þ SiO2ðfluidÞ : ð4Þ

This first stage of retrograde alteration of the mantle peridotites is

also recorded in these rocks by the formation of porous Fe2+-rich
inner rims containing chlorite (Fig. 9ii) in accessory chromite grains.
These rims may have formed by the retrograde reaction between chro-
mite and host olivine possibly aided by the infiltration of reducing fluids
with relatively high SiO2 (aq) in the peridotites at 510–560 °C (González-
Jiménez et al., 2016):
Fig. 9. Chromite alteration stages and relationships with serpentine minerals. (i) to
4Chr þ 4Ol þ 2SiO2ðaqÞ þ 8H2 O ¼ Chl þ Fe2þ −rich Chr: ð5Þ (iv) represent evolution from fresh dunite material to lizarditic meta-dunite
during retrograde path and local prograde antigoritization. (i) and (ii) represent initial
These temperatures are higher than the estimations for the and Fe2+ porous rim chromite formation, respectively, and correspond to stages
partially overprinted by (iii) formation of Fe3+ homogeneous chromite, magnetite and
lizarditization (b300 °C) observed in the partially serpentinized massive lizarditization and (iv) recrystallization of magnetite rims and antigoritization. (v) and
peridotites and schistose serpentinites. Thus, the formation of the Fe2+ (vi) represent prograde path between mylonitic antigoritite and olivine-bearing
porous chromite rim indeed predates the lizarditization event recorded antigoritite. D2 responsible for crenulation is not considered in this figure.
234 G. Plissart et al. / Lithos 336–337 (2019) 221–241

peridotites and schistose serpentinites (Fig. 9iii). Silica incorporated by of olivine (Ol II), which clearly attests an event of partial dehydration
the serpentinizing fluids could have enhanced the alteration of chromite (e.g. Li et al., 2004; Nagaya et al., 2014). Moreover, this secondary olivine
(Colás et al., 2017) while the excess of Fetotal in the structure of the sec- (Ol II) is characterized by high MnO contents (Fig. 7b), as is typical of
ondary Fe3+ rich chromite may explain the formation of outer magne- metamorphic olivine described in serpentinites that have experienced
tite rims surrounding these chromite grains. partial dehydration elsewhere (Scambelluri et al., 1991; Trommsdorff
et al., 1998; Li et al., 2004; López Sánchez-Vizcaíno et al., 2005;
6.1.2. Prograde antigoritization of serpentinites Padrón-Navarta et al., 2011; De Hoog et al., 2014; Nagaya et al., 2014).
A second event of serpentinization is related to the formation of pro- The deformed Atg + Mag + Ol (+ Dol) lenses and the shape preferred
grade antigorite as: (i) static blades overgrowths on the mesh lizardite orientation of olivine, magnetite and dolomite grains inside the ribbons
at the margins of the F1 folded partially serpentinized massive perido- (Fig. 6i, j) indicate that this event of partial dehydration was associated
tites (Fig. 6c, d) and in the schistose serpentinites (Fig. 6e); (ii) dynamic with the D1 deformation phase.
recrystallization of oriented blades (i.e., foliation S1) in the schistose In the mylonitic serpentinites consisting of Ol II + Atg + Mag ± Dol
serpentinites (~50% modal antigorite) (Fig. 6e); (iii) deformed lenses ± Chr, olivine is in textural equilibrium with antigorite, magnetite and
of static interpenetrating antigorite in the mylonitic serpentinites locally dolomite (Fig. 6i, j). The static lenses of antigorite and magnetite
(Fig. 6f); and (iv) L1-S1 mylonitic fabric in the mylonitic serpentinites strings seem to correspond to places for the preferential nucleation of
(100% modal antigorite, Fig. 6f) containing or not metamorphic olivine the new assemblage Ol II + Atg + Mag ± Dol. Moreover, the fact that
and/or Ti-clinohumite and Ti-chondrodite (Fig. 6i, j, o). These differ- crystal-shaped dolomite is included in magnetite while displaying tex-
ences in the antigorite microstructures suggest that the deformation as- tural equilibrium with the other minerals (Fig. 6m) clearly indicates
sociated to the D1 phase was localized, and that the fluid infiltration that the carbonate was part of the metamorphic peak assemblage. A
producing antigorite (re-)crystallization very likely took place at differ- pseudosection computed for the dolomite-free assemblage (Ol II
ent temperatures. + Atg + Mag; Fig. 10c; sample CA-15-3a; Supplementary Appendix
In the margins of the F1 folded lenses of partially serpentinized mas- S6 for calculations details) in the FMASH system predicts the existence
sive peridotites and in the schistose serpentinites wrapping these folded of a tetravariant field with coexisting olivine and antigorite between
lenses, the coexistence of lizardite and antigorite restricts the tempera- 450 °C and 600 °C at 10 kbar. As shown in Fig. 10c, the formation of
ture of hydration at 320–390 °C (Schwartz et al., 2013) (Figs. 9iv, 10a). the metamorphic olivine at expenses of antigorite should take place ac-
The observation that, in these rocks, antigorite has higher SiO2 contents cording to this reaction:
(40.4–44.5 wt%) than the coexisting lizardite (30.6–42.77 wt%) suggests
that the transformation of lizardite to antigorite was very likely pro- Atg þ Brc ¼ 2Fo þ 3H2 O: ð8Þ
moted by the progressive infiltration of SiO2-rich fluids, probably re-
leased by the subducting slab (Manning, 1997). This transformation of However, the mylonitic serpentinite used for pseudosection
lizardite to antigorite in presence of silica-rich fluids could be explained computations lacks of brucite as attested by the bulk-rock XRD anal-
by the following reaction (Evans, 2004; Frost and Beard, 2007): ysis (Supplementary Appendix S3), suggesting either that these
serpentinites derived from a rock already lacking brucite, or that
16Lz þ 2SiO2ðaqÞ ¼ Atg þ H2 O ð7Þ brucite was completely consumed during reaction 8, or that its
presence in the pseudosection derives from uncertainties inherent
Noteworthy antigorite in the margins of the F1 folded lenses of to calculations. Similarly, a pseudosection performed for the
partially serpentinized massive peridotites displays higher Al 2 O 3 dolomite-rich domain of this mylonitic serpentinite (Ol II + Atg
and lower SiO 2 than antigorite found in the nearby schistose + Mag + Dol; Fig. 10d; CA-15-3b; Supplementary Appendix S6 for
serpentinites (Fig. 7c), reflecting the analysis of a lizardite/antigorite calculations details) in the CFMASHC system predicts a more re-
intergrowth and thus an incomplete antigoritization of lizardite in stricted stability field for the assemblage olivine + antigorite + do-
these zones. lomite, thus better constraining the metamorphic peak of this rock
On the other hand, the complete antigoritization observed in at 11 kbar also at 600 °C. These later P-T conditions were estimated
mylonitic serpentinites (Fig. 9v) could reflect higher fluid/rock ratios dur- considering XCO2 [nCO2/(nH2O + nCO2)] = 0.02, which produced
ing hydration by silica-rich fluids or higher temperature-pressure the best possible fit between the Ol + Atg + Dol field and the iso-
conditions of equilibration than in partly serpentinized massive perido- pleths of observed volume proportions of olivine (21.5%), antigorite
tites and schistose serpentinites. Indeed, the relatively high Al contents (76.9%) and dolomite (1.6%) and the measured XAl in antigorite
in the antigorite (up to 1.186 apfu; Fig. 7c) suggest serpentinization at (0.053) of the studied rock. Such XCO2 value is lower than those es-
relatively higher temperatures (390–460 °C; Schwartz et al., 2013), al- timated for fluids associated to high-P ophicarbonate assemblage
though below the stability field of metamorphic olivine. Consistently, (Scambelluri et al. 2016). The results of the above calculations for
the pseudosection performed in the FMASH system for a representative dolomite-free (Fig. 10c) and dolomite-bearing (Fig. 10d) domains
sample of olivine-free mylonitic serpentinite (Fig. 10b; sample CA-15-5; in the same sample are very close to each another, thus the superpo-
Supplementary Appendix S6 for calculations details) predicts the exis- sition of the stability fields obtained from both pseudosections
tence of a pentavariant field consisting of the assemblage antigorite + yields ~600 °C at 11 kbar as the metamorphic peak. The slight differ-
talc (91 vol% + 9 vol% respectively) stable at temperatures below ences observed between the two assemblages in the same rock may
~550 °C at 10 kbar (the upper limit corresponding to the production of be attributed to uncertainties inherited to pseudosection calcula-
metamorphic olivine). The fact that we have not detected talc neither tions as well as scattered presence of dolomite, which reflects the
in thin section nor by XRD bulk-rock analysis of these samples might re- heterogeneous circulation of CO2 and Ca-bearing-fluids.
flect differences between the pure (Si = 34 apfu, Mg = 48 apfu) and On the other hand, a third type of mylonitic serpentinites identified
measured (Simean = 34.4 apfu; (Mg + Fe + Mn + Ni)mean = 46 apfu) in the La Cabaña ultramafic massif contains Ti-clinohumite, Ti-humite
antigorite. and Ti-chondrodite in equilibrium with olivine, magnetite and
antigorite (6n, o). González-Jiménez et al. (2017) estimated a metamor-
6.1.3. Partial dehydration of serpentinites phic peak for these rocks at ca. 1.5–2.5 GPa and 450–650 °C on the basis
Mylonitic serpentinites containing olivine (i.e., OMyS and of the P-T grid constructed by Shen et al. (2015) for F-free assemblages
TiChu&OMyS) are characterized by olivine in textural equilibrium and Ti-poor rocks. The results of this approach are fully consistent with
with antigorite, magnetite and locally dolomite and humite minerals (1) the new bulk-rock data provided in this study showing that these
(Fig. 6i-o). This suggests a metamorphic origin of this second generation rocks have relatively low TiO2 contents (0.056 wt%, Supplementary
 G. Plissart et al. / Lithos 336–337 (2019) 221–241 235

Appendix S2), overlapping those reported for other HP serpentinites 6.1.4. Final retrogression of the low, medium and high-pressure
containing this mineral assemblage (e.g., Scambelluri et al., 2001; serpentinites
Shen et al., 2015), and (2) the very low F contents (b0.22 wt%) in Ti- An event of antigorite recrystallization associated with the D2 defor-
clinohumite (Supplementary Appendix S4c). mation phase is recorded in all the lithotypes, i.e., partially

Fig. 10. (a) PT diagram displaying stability fields of serpentine minerals (from Schwartz et al., 2013) and worldwide prograde subduction paths (from Penniston-Dorland et al., 2015). The
base of the Chilean paleo-accretionary prism, based on metamorphic peak registered in metasediments in the Western Series (Willner, 2005), is showed for comparison. (b) Pseudosection
calculated in the FMASH system with H2O in excess for mylonitic serpentinite, displaying a large field for Atg + Tlc. Isopleths of XAl (Atg) = Al(apfu)/8 (defined by Padrón-Navarta et al.,
2013) are showed as dotted blue lines. Note that a minimum of XAl (Atg) = 0.095 is observed in the pseudosection whereas interpenetrating and foliation blades display values of 0.082
and 0.079, respectively. (c) Pseudosection calculated in the FMASH system with H2O in excess for olivine-bearing mylonitic serpentinite, displaying the field Atg + Ol. Isopleths of XAl (Atg)
are showed as dotted blue lines, volume amounts of olivine as red lines, Fo contents as dotted yellow lines and volume amounts of brucite in dotted black lines. Field for Atg + Ol + Dol
reproduced from (d) and star corresponding to intersection of (c) and (d). (d) Pseudosection calculated in the CFMASH system with H2O-CO2 (XCO2 = 0.02) in excess for dolomite and
olivine-bearing mylonitic serpentinite, displaying the field of Atg + Ol + Dol. The carbonate solid solution (Cb*) mainly consists of magnesite and siderite, with very low amounts of calcite
(b1%). Same isopleths color code as (c), volume amounts of dolomite in magenta lines.
236 G. Plissart et al. / Lithos 336–337 (2019) 221–241

serpentinized massive peridotites, schistose serpentinites, mylonitic deformation phase, localizing the deformation and differentiating low
serpentinites and (Ti-clinohumite +) olivine-bearing mylonitic viscosity zones (Fig. 9iv). This is consistent with the observed tubular
serpentinites. During this second phase of deformation D2, the S1 folds between schistose serpentinites and competent, partly
antigorite blades were crenulated or recrystallized giving rise to the S2 serpentinized massive peridotites lenses (Fig. 4d,e). Such structures
antigorite crenulation cleavages (Fig. 6d, e, h, o). The fact that antigorite (Fig. 12a) suggest a combination of vertical shortening and
recrystallized suggests that the D2 phase took place still within the sta- subhorizontal simple shearing, usually related with processes operating
bility field of antigorite at ~320–460 °C (Schwartz et al., 2013). More- near or within the subduction channel (Angiboust et al., 2012; Cloos and
over, the Ctl D2 veinlets filling the voids in the limbs of the D2 Shreve, 1988). This suggests that the previously statically hydrated
crenulation (Fig. 6d, e, o) suggest that the formation of chrysotile was protolith was displaced to higher depths, near the subduction channel
also linked to this deformation phase. This observation confirms the re- (Fig. 11c), which could be related to a progressive thickening of the ac-
sults of experiments obtained by Evans (2004) who showed that the cretionary prism and/or to corner mantle flow allowing burial of mantle
stability field of chrysotile in serpentinites may be controlled by a high wedge peridotites. However, the widespread preservation of primary
fluid/rock ratio rather than solely temperature and/or pressure. olivine and lizardite indicates that these rocks never underwent a signif-
The latest events of hydration are marked by (i) static lizarditization icant burial but rather remained near the shallow portions of the
of metamorphic olivine and (ii) a second generation of veins of chryso- serpentinitic subduction channel. In the above scenario, relatively hot
tile (Late Ctl) and carbonates cutting the D2 structures in all lithological and silica-rich fluids may have infiltrated the already lizarditized mantle
types. This observation suggests that this late infiltration of fluids took wedge peridotites while producing partial antigoritization through
place once D2 deformation ceased. zones with focused strain. Once formed, these zones could in turn
have allowed further focusing of deformation and channeling of incom-
6.2. Tectono-metamorphic evolution ing fluids, enhancing the formation of a weaker matrix of schistose
serpentinites whereas preserving panels of portions of partly
6.2.1. Pre-subduction retrograde stage lizarditized mantle peridotites amidst further fluid infiltration and
Bulk-rock geochemical data on partially serpentinized massive peri- antigoritization (Fig. 12b). This is consistent with the fact that antigorite
dotites and schistose serpentinites of La Cabaña display patterns similar blades are located at the margins of the lenses of partially serpentinized
to those of mantle wedge serpentinites with dunitic and harzburgitic massive peridotite but not in their innermost zones (Fig. 6c, d). Thus,
protoliths (González-Jiménez et al., 2016; TiO2 contents b0.015 wt% an- both rocks followed a similar subduction PT path close to the deeper
hydrous, Supplementary Appendix S2). This is consistent with the com- parts of the accretionary prism (Fig. 11c).
position of the primary cores of accessory chromite in these rocks As noted above, mylonitic serpentinites (MyS, OMyS, TiChu&OMyS)
characterized by high Cr# (0.57–0.71) and Mg# of 0.34–0.63, which record higher temperature conditions, thus suggesting a different
overlap the compositional field of accessory Cr-spinel of sub-arc perido- evolution. Because mylonitic serpentinites sensu stricto and olivine-
tites (e.g. Barnes et al., 2013) (Fig. 8a). This is also consistent with the bearing mylonitic serpentinites crop out together on the field and
presence of chromitites hosted in these types of rocks, which were display similar L1 stretching lineation evidenced by antigorite blades
formed within the protolitic dunites (representing pathways for melt and shape preferred orientation of olivine and magnetite in ribbons
extraction) in the back-arc mantle above a subduction zone (Fig. 4a, b, c), they could have suffered a concomitant, non-coaxial D1
(González-Jiménez et al., 2014a). The high Fo contents (between 89 strain within the serpentinitic subduction channel. Moreover, kinemat-
and 90 and 91–93) in the massive partially serpentinized peridotites ics indicators associated to D1 show a general vergence to the west
and the schistose serpentinites (Fig. 7a) are also consistent with a (Fig. 6f) compatible with burial, which would be in agreement with
strongly depleted nature of the peridotite protolith, as high rates of hy- the prograde Fo zoning preserved in metamorphic olivine (Figs. 7b,
drous partial melting (N25%) are necessary to promote formation of 10c, d). We thus suggest that both rocks equilibrated at similar PT con-
chromitites and host dunites in the suprasubduction mantle ditions (estimations of ~ 11 kbar - 600 °C considering the uncertainties
(González-Jiménez et al., 2014b). The existence of a small back-arc inherent to pseudosection calculations) and that the presence or ab-
basin developed in the rear of an intra-oceanic island arc (Fig. 11a) sence of metamorphic olivine could reflect local variations in their
has already been suggested for the southern part of the Central bulk compositions. This is consistent with the geometry of the
Chilean paleo-subduction system on the basis of the following evi- pseudosections (Fig. 10b, c, d), which display the formation of meta-
dences: (1) presence of volcanic massive sulfides deposits, which are morphic olivine at lower temperatures for OMyS (~450 °C) than for
typical in back-arc settings (Alfaro and Collao, 1990), (2) subduction- MyS (~575 °C) for a same pressure of 11 kbar. We thus consider that
related basalts with faint Nb anomalies (Orellana et al., 2015), and these rocks reached ~40 km depth inside the serpentinitic subduction
(3) a population of zircons in metasediments that yield an age of c. channel and recorded a hot, anti-clockwise PT pathway, when the sub-
380 Ma, very unusual for detrital zircons from metasediments of the duction system was still thermally immature (Fig. 11b, c). This evolution
paleoprism, which could represent remnants of a Devonian volcanic would be similar to the counterclockwise PT path recorded by nearby
arc (Romero et al., 2017). garnet-bearing amphibolites (12 kbar - 610 °C, Moral et al., 2018) or
The retrograde static events of chromite alteration and by other rocks inside the Chilean paleo-prism (Punta Sirena, Hyppolito
lizarditization (down to ~300 °C), now well preserved in partly et al., 2014; Los Pabilos, Kato et al., 2008). The (olivine-bearing)
serpentinized massive peridotites and schistose serpentinites, can be mylonitic serpentinites were probably located at the boundary between
linked with an event of hydration within the seafloor of the slow the hanging wall and the nascent subduction channel because they
spreading center in the back-arc basin and/or following the closure of were not dragged within the channel, but rather remained stagnant at
this small back-arc basin leading to progressive hydration of the hang- the same depth while undergoing isobaric cooling (Fig. 11c).
ing mantle by slab-derived fluids (Fig. 11b). As noted above, the Ti-clinohumite and Ti-chondrodite olivine-
bearing mylonitic serpentinites would have registered higher pressure
6.2.2. Progressive subduction and exhumation in the subduction channel conditions than the other serpentinites of La Cabaña (field of 450 °C
Partly serpentinized massive peridotites and schistose serpentinites b T b 650 °C and 15 kbar b P b 26 kbar; González-Jiménez et al., 2017).
record a second serpentinization event at 320–390 °C with the superim- The Fo zoning in olivine suggests that these rocks preserved a prograde
position of antigorite on previous lizardite (Fig. 6c, d, e). The growth of path (Fig. 7b) and the abundance of antigorite indicates an incomplete
non-oriented blades overprinting the lizardite mesh suggests that dehydration of these rocks, which probably entered the Atg + Ol
fluid percolation was first static whereas antigorite S1 foliation indicates + Ti-Chu + Ti-Chn field along a cool, clockwise pathway. This subduc-
that, subsequently, this transformation took place during the D1 tion event of the serpentinites down to depths of 60 km had to take
G. Plissart et al. / Lithos 336–337 (2019) 221–241 237
238 G. Plissart et al. / Lithos 336–337 (2019) 221–241

Fig. 12. (a) 3D sketch showing where the La Cabaña ultramafic lithotypes formed and their incorporation inside the shallow serpentinitic channel, in a context of subduction channel and
accretionary prism, between 0 and 80 km depth. View of the subduction channel architecture inspired from Angiboust et al. (2012). (Olivine-bearing) mylonitic serpentinites derived from
the stagnant hanging wall whereas Ti-clinohumite & olivine-bearing mylonitic serpentinites exhumed form higher depths. D1 corresponds to the deformation associated to the subduction
channel (stretching perpendicular to the trench) and prevails at different temperatures (linked to different depths and/or different times in the evolution of the subduction system). At high
depths, rheological contrasts are attenuated whereas in shallower parts, near the base of the accretionary prism, these phenomena are dominant and similar to those in the deepest parts of
the prism. D2 corresponds to a subvertical shortening inside the accretionary prism, once the ultramafic rocks were already incorporated within the prism. D3 is a subhorizontal E-W
shortening occurring in more superficial conditions. (b) Widening of the serpentinitic subduction channel at shallow depths. The partially statically lizarditized hanging mantle is
progressively antigoritized, with high localization of fluids circulation and D1 deformation, generating competent massive domains embedded in low-viscous schistose matrix.

place when the subduction system was already thermally mature heterogeneous metamorphic evolutions have also been reported by
(Fig. 11c). Federico et al. (2007) in the Voltri massif, Guillot et al. (2009), Blanco-
Rare senses of shear with top-to-the-east (opposite to the one of Quintero et al. (2011) in Cuba and Bebout and Penniston-Dorland
subduction) are preserved in mylonitic serpentinites (Fig. 4b). This ob- (2016).
servation suggests that, before to be incorporated into shallow schistose
serpentinites, medium and high-P rocks (MyS, OMyS and TiChu&OMyS) 6.2.3. Incorporation of the ultramafic rocks into the accretionary prism and
were exhumed along discrete shear zones inside the subduction chan- subsequent co-evolution
nel, similarly to reported for the Erro Tobio (Voltri) unit in the Italian As noted above, the different lithotypes from the La Cabaña ultra-
Alps (Hermann et al., 2000). In addition, sheath-like folds could also mafic rocks share the D2 crenulation also characteristic of the enclosing
take part in the exhumation, with the medium- and high-pressure micaschists (Fig. 3). This suggests that the different ultramafic lithotypes
rocks preserved in their “head” (Fig. 12a). This suggests that the La Ca- were already juxtaposed before their incorporation inside the
baña massif corresponds to a shallow portion of a serpentinitic channel metasediments from the paleo-accretionary prism (Fig. 11d). This incor-
derived from mantle wedge (MP, SchS) inside which were emplaced poration of the ultramafic bodies inside the prism probably followed the
rare, exotic rocks registering other PT conditions (MyS, OMyS, style of D1 initiated in the shallow portions of the serpentinitic subduc-
TiChu&OMyS). Subduction channels with serpentinites exhibiting tion channel. Indeed, similar sheath-like folds have been described in

Fig. 11. Tectono-metamorphic evolution of La Cabaña ultramafic rocks in the paleo-subduction setting of South-Central Chile. Note the different evolutions between southern (opening of a
back-arc basin) and northern parts. (a) Localization of dunites-harzburgites-chromitites in an incipient back-arc basin at 380–370 Ma. (b) Closure of the back-arc basin and arc subduction,
leading to static hydration of the hanging wall (spinel alteration and lizarditization I). Formation of the mylonitic and olivine-bearing mylonitic serpentinites at depths in the subduction
channel. (c) Accretionary prism thickening. The former hanging wall is captured by the subduction channel, leading to partial antigoritization of the partially serpentinized massive peri-
dotites, which are now embedded in schistose serpentinites. Formation of Ti-clinohumite & olivine-bearing mylonitic serpentinites at depths in the subduction channel. (d) Exhumation of
deep-seated serpentinites (MyS, OMyS and Ti-ChuOMyS) along the subduction channel and their incorporation inside the schistose serpentinites near the base of the accretionary prism.
(e) Incorporation of all ultramafic rocks from the La Cabaña massif in the accretionary prism. Grey field: Limits of prograde worldwide oceanic subduction paths of Penniston-Dorland et al.
(2015). Box of garnet-bearing amphibolites from nearby Loma Guzman in (b) from Moral et al. (2018). Field of Ti-Chu + Ti-Chn + Ol + Atg in (c) from Shen et al. (2015).
 G. Plissart et al. / Lithos 336–337 (2019) 221–241 239

metasedimentary and mafic rocks in other parts of Chile (Bahia Mansa domains and the deformation prevailing near the base of the prism gen-
Metamorphic Complex, Maule Valley), which resulted from strain acting erated the tubular-like folds and lenses of partially serpentinized mas-
at the base of the accretionary prism (Duhart et al., 2001; Glodny et al., sive peridotites embedded in schistose serpentinites. Olivine-free and
2005; Plissart et al., 2015; Richter et al., 2007). The observation that olivine-bearing mylonitic serpentinites probably formed in a thermally
the D1 fabric is preserved both in the serpentinites and the enclosing immature subduction system (600 °C– 11 kbar; ~40 km). By contrast,
metasedimentary schists suggests that there was a continuum in the Ti-clinohumite and Ti-chondrodite olivine-bearing metamorphic
style of deformation from the shallow portions of the serpentinitic sub- serpentinites would have formed deeper (450 °C b T b 650 °C and
duction channel to the base of the accretionary prism (Fig. 12a). Al- 15 kbar b P b 26 kbar; ~60 km) in an already cooled subduction system.
though this tectonic mixing was not complete (no metasediments The exhumation of these medium- and high-pressure rocks towards the
have been encountered inside ultramafic rocks), there was development shallow schistose serpentinites would have occurred either by discrete
of a metasomatic reaction zone between the more rigid ultramafic body shear zones or inside sheath fold heads. All the ultramafic rocks of La Ca-
and the host metasediments (i.e., black-wall; Höfer et al., 2001). Metaso- baña were then incorporated inside the accretionary prism, following
matic zircons date the formation of this black-wall at 283.4 ± 7 Ma the deformation style of D1 near the base of the prism. Since then,
(Romero et al., 2017), and therefore the incorporation of the ultramafic they shared the same evolution as the enclosing metasediments, re-
rocks inside the base of the accretionary prism (Fig. 11e). According to cording the subvertical D2 shortening during uplift processes within
Höfer et al. (2001), the assemblage of tremolite + antigorite constrains the accretionary system and, later, the subhorizontal E-W D3 shortening
the temperature of formation of this black-wall at 520–550 °C. However, in more superficial conditions.
these conditions were obtained by comparing a stability diagram con-
structed for an average serpentinite and not for the composition of the Acknowledgements
observed metasomatic rock, and this bimineralic, high variance assem-
blage is probably stable over a wide PT range. Moreover, these condi- The editors of Lithos are thanked for the final editing of this paper.
tions contradict with the preservation of mesh lizardite in partly Anonymous referees are also thanked for their constructive review of
serpentinized peridotites and the lack of widespread metamorphic oliv- the paper. This work was supported by Fondecyt Iniciación Grants
ine in the La Cabaña rocks. Rather, our petrological observations indicate (#11150635 and #11140005), and the RYC-2015-17596 to José Maria
that the temperatures did not exceed ~ 400 °C (Fig. 11e), consistent with González-Jiménez. We also acknowledge Laurent Lenta (University of
the PT conditions estimated for mixed metasediments-mafic rocks from Nantes) and Jesús Montes-Rueda (University of Granada) for their care-
the base of this accretionary prism (380–420 °C and 7.0–9.3 kbar; ful preparation of thin sections, Philippe De Parseval and Sophie Gouy
Willner, 2005; Glodny et al., 2005). (Centre de Microcaractérisation Raimond Castaing) for assistance of
Once incorporated in the accretionary prism, the subvertical short- EMPA work, Yann Morizet (University of Nantes) for assistance during
ening D2 event (Fig. 12a), characterized by crenulation of S1 and forma- Raman analyses, Ricardo Silva for SEM analyses (UACh) and Loreto
tion of S2 presently dipping mainly to the east (Fig. 4f-i), affected the Troncoso for DRX assistance (UACh).
whole ultramafic rock suite as well as the enclosing metasediments.
Glodny et al. (2005) interpreted this deformation event, based on the Appendix A. Supplementary data
tectono-metamorphic evolution of micaschists from the Valdivia area
(40°S) and analogue experiments, as an erosion-dominated unroofing Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.
with uplift governed by the ongoing underplating. Although the pres- org/10.1016/j.lithos.2019.03.023.
sure is not constrained for D2, the recrystallization of antigorite in the
S2 cleavages (Fig. 7e, h, o) suggests that it prevailed at temperatures
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