PLUS ONE

PHYSICS
THERMAL PROPERTIES
OF MATTER

INSTA LEARN
 THERMAL PROPERTIES LINEAR EXPANSION
The expansion of length due to the increase in
OF MATTER temperature is called linear expansion.

∆l
• Temperature is the measure of hotness of
a body
• Heat is a form of energy transferred be-
tween two system (or system to surround-
ing) by virtue of temperature difference.
• The SI unit of heat is joule (J)
• The SI unit of temperature is kelvin (K) AREA EXPANSION
The expansion of area due to the increase in
temperature is called area expansion.

Relation between 0C, 0F and K A + ∆A

C F-32 K-273.15
100 = 180 = 100

Tk = tc+273.15

∆A

Temperature of a normal human body is

98.6 F. What is the corresponding tem-
perature in degrees Celsius?
VOLUME EXPANSION
The expansion of volume due to the increase
in temperature is called volume expansion.

V+∆V

There are three types of thermal expansion

V
• Linear expansion
• Area expansion
∆V
• Volume expansion

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Derive the relation between coefficient of lin-
ear expansion, area expansion and volume
expansion.
Consider the cube of length l, due to the in-
crease in temperature ΔT. Length of the cube
increased by Δl in all directions.
Coefficient of linear expansion

INCREASE IN AREA OF CUBE

This means that water has a maximum density

at 4 °C. This property has an important envi-
ronmental effects

Volume of one kg of water (x10-3m3

v
1.04343

DUE TO ΔT, THE INCREASE IN VOLUME OF THE 1.00013

CUBE IS 1.00000
T
0 5 10 100
Temperature (o C)
(a)

lakes and ponds, freeze at the top

first.
As a lake cools toward 40C, water near the
surface loses energy to the atmosphere, be-
comes denser, and sinks; the warmer, less
ANOMALOUS BEHAVIOUR OF WATER dense water near the bottom rises. However,
once the colder water on top reaches tem-
Generally volume of liquid increases with
perature below 40C, it becomes less dense
rise in temperature. When water is heated
and remains at the surface, where it freezes.
it's volume starts to decrease from 00C and
If water did not have this property, lakes and
reaches minimum at 40C. Hence density of
ponds would freeze from the bottom up, which
water is maximum at 40C.
would destroy much of their animal and plant
life.

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heat capacity The rod experience a compressive strain due
to the external forces provided by the rigid
Heat capacity of substance is the quantity of support at the ends. The corresponding stress
heat required to increase the temperature of set up in the rod is called thermal stress.
whole substance. If ΔQ is the heat required to
rise the temperature by ΔT, the heat capacity.
S=ΔQ/ΔT
Change of state
Matter normally exists in three states: solid,
liquid, and gas. A transition from one of these
Specific heat capacity states to another is called a change of state.

Specific heat capacity of a substance is de-

fined as amount of heat required to increase
Change of Name of
temperature of unit mass of substance by one
state transition
unit.
S=S/m Solid ⇒ Liquid Melting

Liquid ⇒ Solid Fusion 2019 march

Liquid ⇒ gas Vaporisation 2021 march

Molar specific heat capacity Gas ⇒ Liquid Condensation

Molar specific heat capacity of a substance is jolid ⇒ Gas Sublimation

the amount of heat required to increase the
temperature of 1 mole of substance by one
unit. During the change of state, the two different
If a sample has n moles of substance, then it's state co-exist in thermal equilibrium and tem-
molar specific heat capacity is given by perature remains constant, until the comple-
Molar specific heat capacity at constant vol- tion of change of state
ume (Cv)
Molar specific heat capacity at constant pres-
sure (Cp)

The change of state from liquid to solid is

called _____________.
Note:
• Water has high specific heat capacity so it is
used as coolent in automobile radiators
• Due to high specific heat capacity of water
land is more warmer than water during day
time.

Thermal stress
What happens by preventing the thermal ex-
pansion of a rod by fixing its ends rigidly?

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Melting point
The temperature at which solid and liquid co- Cooking is difficult at high altitude why?
exist in thermal equilibrium with each other is
called melting point.
The melting point decrease with pressure.
The melting point of a substance at standard
atmosphere pressure is called it's normal
melting point.

At high altitudes, atmospheric pressure is

Regelation lower, reducing the boiling point of water as

compared to that at sea level. On the other
hand, boiling point is increased inside a pres-
Take an ice block, put a metal wire over the sure cooker by increasing the pressure. Hence
ice block and attach 5 kg block at two ends of cooking is faster.
wire as shown. Then we can see that the metal
wire passes through the ice block to the other
side without splitting it
• The change of state from liquid to vapour is
called vaporisation
• The change from solid state to vapour state
without passing through the liquid state is
called sublimation, and the substance is
said to sublime.

• During the sublimation process both the

solid and vapour states of a substance co-
exist in thermal equilibrium
Eg : dry ice ,camphor, naphthalene
EXPLANATION
The melting point of ice is just below the wire
decreases due to increase in pressure. Latent heat
As ice melts, wire passes and refreeze( due
to decrease in pressure) this process is called The amount of heat per unit mass transferred
regelation. during change of state of the substance is
called latent heat of the substance for the
process.
Boiling point • The latent heat for solid - liquid phase
change is called latent heat of fusion (Lf)
The temperature at which liquid and vapour
• The latent heat for liquid - gas change is
state co exist in thermal equilibrium with each
called Latent heat of vaporisation (Lv)
other is called boiling point.
The boiling point increases with increase in
pressure and decreases with decrease in
pressure

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 22.6x105J/kg
heat transfer
(540kcal/kg)
Boiling Phase Heat transfer occurs due to temperature dif-
point Change Gas phase
100 (steam) ference
3.33 x 105 J/kg
Temperature (oC)

(80Kcal/kg)
Melting Phase Liquid phase The three mode of heat transfer are
point Change
0 (water)
• Conduction
• Convection
Heat (energy) • Radiation

• Note that when heat is added (or removed)

during a change of state, the temperature
remains constant.
• Note that the slopes of the phase lines are
not all the same, which indicates that spe-
cific heats of the various states are not
equal.
• For water, the latent heat of fusion and
vaporisation are Lf =3.33×105J kg-1 and
Lv=22.6×105 J kg-1 respectively.
Conduction
• VIt is a transfer of heat by direct physical
contact.
Calculate the amount of heat energy • It is due to the temperature difference, heat
required to convert 10 kg of water to steam. flows from high temperature region to low
(Latent heat of vaporisation of water is temperature region.
22.6×105 J/kg. ) • It occurs in solids due to molecular colli-
sions, without the actual flow of matter.
• It is a slow process

in this steady state, the rate of flow of heat

(or heat current) H is proportional to the
temperature difference and the area of
cross section A and is inversely proportional
Burns from is steam is usually serious than
to the length L
burns from boiling water
The constant of proportionality is called K
thermal conductivity

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 Same cooking pots have copper coating
an its bottom. Why ?

Forced convection
In Forced convection, materiel is forced to
move by a pump or by some other physical
convection means. The common examples of forced con-
vection systems are forced-air heating sys-
• 1t is a transfer of heat by motion af flud tems in home, the human circulatory system.
• It ia due the the difference in density heat
flows from low density region to high density
region. Radiation
• It accurs in fluda by actual flow af Mather.
• It is a transfer of heat by electromagnetic
• it is dao a aleer procenta waves
Convection can be natural or forced. • It can takes place at large distance.
• It propagate at the speed of light
• Needs no medium for the heat transfer.
Natural convection • Conduction and convection require some
material as a transport medium. These
• In natural convection, gravity plays an im- modes of heat transfer cannot operate be-
portant part. When a fluid is heated from tween bodies separated by a distance in
below, the het part expends and, therefore, vacuum.
becomes less dense It rises and the upper • The third mechanism for heat transfer
elder part replaces it this again gets heated, needs no medium; it is called radiation and
rise up end is replaced by the colder part of the energy so radiated by electromagnetic
the fluid. The process goes on. waves is called radiant energy.
• When this thermal radiation falls on other
bodies, it is partly reflected and partly ab-
Sea breeze and land breeze sorbed. The amount of heat that a body can
absorb by radiation depends on the colour
of the body.
• Daring the day the land heats up more
quickly then water in lake (due to high spe- • We find that black bodies absorb and emit
cific heat capacity of water). The air an the radiant energy better than bodies of light-
surface of earth hat heated, expands be- er colours. This fact finds many applications
comes less dense and rise up. The colder air in our daily life. We wear white or light co-
[wind] replaces the apace created by hat loured clothes in summer so that they ab-
air. It create sea breeze. At night the land sorb the least heat from the sun. However,
losses ifs heat wary quickly than maker. Sa during winter, we use dark coloured clothes
water remains more warmer at night. which absorb heat from the sun and keep
our body warm.

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 Space for keynotes

Among the various modes of heat trans-

fer, which one is the fastest?

The untensils for cooking purpose are

blackened at the bottom. Why?

The modes of heat transfer is shown

below. Identify A and B.

Newtons law of cooling

The rate of loss of heat –dQ /dt of a body in
directly proportional to the difference of tem-
perature between body and surrounding.

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