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Exam 1 Study Guide - Tagged

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Exam 1 Study Guide - Tagged

Uploaded by

jlconnors941
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Microbiology Study Guide Exam #1

Chapter 1
1. Describe the key experiments of scientists who disproved spontaneous generation
2. Explain how the successful challenge to the idea of spontaneous generation led to the Golden
Age of Microbiology.
3. Describe the scientific method, using Pasteur’s swan-necked flask experiment as an example.
4. Explain the importance of microorganisms in the health of humans and the surrounding
environment.
5. List three commercial benefits of microorganisms.
6. Describe why microorganisms are useful research tools.
7. Describe the role of microbes in disease, including examples of past triumphs and remaining
challenges.
8. Compare and contrast characteristics of members of the Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
9. Explain the features of an organism’s scientific name.
10. Compare and contrast the algae, fungi, and protozoa.
11. Compare and contrast viruses, viroids, and prions.

Chapter 2

1. Describe the general structure of an atom and it’s isotopes.


2. Describe the importance of valence electrons.
3. Compare and contrast ionic bonds, covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds.
4. Explain the role of an enzyme in a chemical reaction.
5. Describe the properties of water and explain why it is so important to biological systems.
6. Explain the concept of pH and how pH of a solution relates to it’s acidity.
7. Describe the role of buffers.
8. Describe the characteristics of different kind of carbohydrates.
9. Compare and contrast structure and function of simple lipids, compound lipids and steroids.
10. Describe the factors that affect protein structure and function.
11. Compare and contrast the chemical compositions, structures and major functions of DNA, RNA
and ATP.

Chapter 3
1. Discuss the principles and importance of magnification, resolution, and contrast in microscopy.
2. Compare and contrast light microscopes, electron microscopes, and scanning probe
microscopes.
3. Describe the principles of a wet mount, a simple stain, the Gram stain, and the acid-fast stain.
4. Describe the special stains used to observe capsules, endospores, and flagella.
5. Describe the benefits of using fluorescent dyes and tags.
6. Describe the common bacterial shapes and groupings, and their significance.
7. Describe two multicellular associations of bacteria.
8. Describe the structure and chemistry of the cytoplasmic membrane, focusing on how it relates
to membrane permeability.
9. Describe how the cytoplasmic membrane is involved with proton motive force.
10. Compare and contrast the different types of prokaryotic transport systems: facilitated diffusion,
active transport, and group translocation.
11. Explain why prokaryotic cells must secrete certain proteins.
12. Describe the chemistry and structure of peptidoglycan.
13. Compare and contrast the structure and chemistry of the Gram-positive and Gram-negative cell
walls.
14. Explain the significance of lipid A and the O antigen of LPS.
15. Explain how the cell wall affects susceptibility to penicillin and lysozyme.
16. Explain how the cell wall affects Gram staining characteristics.
17. Describe the cell walls of archaea.
18. Compare and contrast the structure and function of capsules and slime layers.
19. Describe the structure and arrangements of flagella, and explain how they are involved in
chemotaxis.
20. Compare and contrast the structure and function of fimbriae and sex pili.
21. Describe the structure and function of the chromosome, plasmids, ribosomes, storage granules,
gas vesicles, and endospores.
22. Describe the significance and processes of sporulation and germination.
23. Describe the structure and function of the eukaryotic cytoplasmic membrane, comparing and
contrasting it with the prokaryotic counterpart.
24. Describe the mechanisms eukaryotic cells use to transfer molecules across the cytoplasmic
membrane.
25. Describe the structure and function of eukaryotic ribosomes, the cytoskeleton, flagella, and cilia.
26. Describe the function of the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi
apparatus, lysosomes, and peroxisomes.

Chapter 4
1. Describe binary fission and how it relates to generation time and exponential growth.
2. Describe a biofilm and explain why biofilms are important to humans.
3. Explain why microbes that grow naturally in mixed communities sometimes cannot be grown in
pure culture.
4. Describe how the streak-plate method is used to obtain a pure culture and how the resulting
culture can be stored.
5. Describe the stages of a growth curve and compare this closed system to colony growth and
continuous culture.
6. Describe the importance of a microorganism’s requirements for temperature, O2, pH, and water
availability, and define the terms that indicate these requirements.
7. Explain the significance of reactive oxygen species, and describe the mechanisms cells use to
protect against their effects.
8. List the required elements and give examples of common sources of required elements.
9. Explain the significance of a limiting nutrient.
10. Explain why fastidious microbes require growth factors.
11. Describe the energy and carbon sources used by photoautotrophs, chemolithoautotrophs,
photoheterotrophs, and chemoorganoheterotrophs.
12. Compare and contrast complex, chemically defined, selective, and differential media.
13. Explain how aerobic, microaerophilic, and anaerobic conditions can be provided.
14. Describe the purpose of an enrichment culture.

15. Compare and contrast methods used for direct cell counts, viable cell counts, measuring
biomass, and detecting cell products.

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